Complex regional pain syndrome in adults

Rheumatology

Volumn 50, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1739-1750

  Goebel, Andreas ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b THE WALTON CENTRE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chronic pain; Complex regional pain syndrome; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Neuropathic pain; Pain

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ASCORBIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GABAPENTIN; GUANETHIDINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; KETAMINE; LENALIDOMIDE; MAGNESIUM; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; STEROID; TADALAFIL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; DELAYED DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; FIBROMYALGIA; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIMB ISCHEMIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING; TIBIA FRACTURE; TOURNIQUET; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS; MALE; REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY;

EID: 80053138720     PISSN: 14620324     EISSN: 14620332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker202     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. deMos M, De Bruijn AG, Huygen FJ, Dieleman JP, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MC. The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: a population-based study. Pain 2007;129:12-20.
2. Veldman PH, Reynen HM, Arntz IE, Goris RJ. Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet 1993;342:1012-6.
3. de Rooij AM, Perez RS, Huygen FJ et al. Spontaneous onset of complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain 2010;14:510-3.
4. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Stanton-Hicks M, Wilson PR. Proposed new diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med 2007;8:326-31.
5. van der Laan L, Veldman PH, Goris RJ. Severe complications of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: infection, ulcers, chronic edema, dystonia, and myoclonus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:424-9.
6. Stanton-Hicks M. Plasticity of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in children. Pain Med 2010;11:1216-23.
7. Finniss DG, Murphy PM, Brooker C, Nicholas MK, Cousins MJ. Complex regional pain syndrome in children and adolescents. Eur J Pain 2006;10:767-70.
8. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS et al. Development of a severity score for CRPS. Pain 2010;151:870-6.
9. de Mos M, Huygen FJ, Hoeven-Borgman M, Dieleman JP, Stricker BH Ch, Sturkenboom MC. Outcome of the complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain 2009;25: 590-7.
10. Birklein F. Complex regional pain syndrome. J Neurol 2005;252:131-8.
11. Phillips C, Main C, Buck R, Aylward M, Wynne-Jones G, Farr A. Prioritising pain in policy making: the need for a whole systems perspective. Health Policy 2008;88: 166-75.
12. Kemler MA, Furnee CA. Economic evaluation of spinal cord stimulation for chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 2002;59:1203-9.
13. Kemler MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 2000;343: 618-24.
14. Wolfe F, Hawley DJ. Measurement of the quality of life in rheumatic disorders using the EuroQol. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:786-93.
15. Guttmann O, Wykes V. Images in clinical medicine. Complex regional pain syndrome type 1. N Engl J Med 2008;359:508.
16. Lewis JS, Kersten P, McCabe CS, McPherson KM, Blake DR. Body perception disturbance: a contribution to pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 2007;133:111-9.
17. de Mos M, Huygen FJ, Dieleman JP, Koopman JS, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MC. Medical history and the onset of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 2008;139:458-66.
18. de Mos M, Huygen FJ, Stricker BH, Dieleman JP, Sturkenboom MC. The association between ACE inhibitors and the complex regional pain syndrome: suggestions for a neuro-inflammatory pathogenesis of CRPS. Pain 2009;142:218-24.
19. Forouzanfar T, Koke AJ, van Kleef M, Weber WE. Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Eur J Pain 2002;6:105-22.
20. Sudeck P. Ueber die acute entzuendliche Knochenatrophie. Arch Klin Chir 1900;62:147-56.
21. Rather LJ. Disturbance of function (functio laesa): the legendary fifth cardinal sign of inflammation, added by Galen to the four cardinal signs of Celsus. Bull N Y Acad Med 1971;47:303-22.
22. Huygen FJ, De Bruijn AG, De Bruin MT, Groeneweg JG, Klein J, Zijistra FJ. Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Mediators Inflamm 2002;11:47-51.
23. Kingery WS. Role of neuropeptide, cytokine, and growth factor signaling in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med 2010;11:1239-50.
24. Wesseldijk F, Huygen FJ, Heijmans-Antonissen C, Niehof SP, Zijlstra FJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 are not correlated with the characteristics of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 in 66 patients. Eur J Pain 2008;12:716-21.
25. Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I. The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand 1982;148:653-5.
26. Taskaynatan MA, Ozgul A, Tan AK, Dincer K, Kalyon TA. Bier block with methylprednisolone and lidocaine in CRPS type I: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004;29:408-12.
27. Munts AG, van der Plas AA, Ferrari MD, Teepe-Twiss IM, Marinus J, Van Hilten JJ. Efficacy and safety of a single intrathecal methylprednisolone bolus in chronic complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain 2010;14:523-8.
28. Huygen FJ, Niehof S, Zijlstra FJ, van Hagen PM, van Daele PL. Successful treatment of CRPS 1 with anti-TNF. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;27:101-3.
29. Goebel A, Baranowski AP, Maurer K, Ghiai A, McCabe C, Ambler G. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:152-8.
30. Robinson JN, Sandom J, Chapman PT. Efficacy of pamidronate in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain Med 2004;5:276-80.
31. Manicourt DH, Brasseur JP, Boutsen Y, Depreseux G, Devogelaer JP. Role of alendronate in therapy for posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I of the lower extremity. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3690-7.
32. Varenna M, Zucchi F, Ghiringhelli D et al. Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1477-83.
33. Adami S, Fossaluzza V, Gatti D, Fracassi E, Braga V. Bisphosphonate therapy of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:201-4.
34. Brunner F, Schmid A, Kissling R, Held U, Bachmann LM. Biphosphonates for the therapy of complex regional pain syndrome I-systematic review. Eur J Pain 2009;13: 17-21.
35. Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R. Vascular abnormalities in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery. Arch Neurol 1999;56:613-20.
36. Drummond PD, Finch PM, Smythe GA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: the significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs. Brain 1991;114:2025-36.
37. Drummond PD, Skipworth S, Finch PM. Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin Sci 1996;91:73-7.
38. Schattschneider J, Hartung K, Stengel M et al. Endothelial dysfunction in cold type complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2006;67:673-5.
39. Evans JA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy; report on 57 cases. Ann Intern Med 1947;26:417-26.
40. Hannington-Kiff JG. Intravenous regional sympathetic block with guanethidine. Lancet 1974;1:1019-20.
41. Livingstone JA, Atkins RM. Intravenous regional guanethidine blockade in the treatment of post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (algodystrophy) of the hand. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84:380-6.
42. Price DD, Long S, Wilsey B, Rafii A. Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients. Clin J Pain 1998;14: 216-26.
43. Rodriguez RF, Bravo LE, Tovar MA, Castro F, Ramos GE, Daza P. Study of the analgesic efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade in the management of the complex regional pain syndrome in patients with pain mediated by sympathetic nervous system: preliminary study. Rev Soc Esp Dolor 2006;4:230-7.
44. Schattschneider J, Binder A, Siebrecht D, Wasner G, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndromes: the influence of cutaneous and deep somatic sympathetic innervation on pain. Clin J Pain 2006;22:240-4.
45. Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R. Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value. Brain 2001;124:587-99.
46. Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain 2009;10:895-926.
47. Sigtermans MJ, Van Hilten JJ, Bauer MC et al. Ketamine produces effective and long-term pain relief in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Pain 2009; 145:304-11.
48. Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Paylor T, Reichenberger E, Perreault M. Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Pain 2009;147:107-15.
49. Kiefer RT, Rohr P, Ploppa A et al. Efficacy of ketamine in anesthetic dosage for the treatment of refractory complex regional pain syndrome: an open-label phase II study. Pain Med 2008;9:1173-201.
50. Bell RF, Moore RA. Intravenous ketamine for CRPS: making too much of too little? Pain 2010; 150:10-1.
51. Collins S, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ, van Hilten BJ, Perez RS. Intravenous magnesium for complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS 1) patients: a pilot study. Pain Med 2009;10:930-40.
52. Goebel A, Vogel H, Caneris O et al. Immune responses to Campylobacter and serum autoantibodies in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 162:184-9.
53. Blaes F, Schmitz K, Tschernatsch M et al. Autoimmune etiology of complex regional pain syndrome (M. Sudeck). Neurology 2004;63:1734-6.
54. Kohr D, Tschernatsch M, Schmitz K et al. Autoantibodies in complex regional pain syndrome bind to a differentiation-dependent neuronal surface autoantigen. Pain 2009;143:246-51.
55. Goebel A, Leite MI, Yang L et al. The passive transfer of immunoglobulin G serum antibodies from patients with longstanding complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain 2011;15:504.e1-6.
56. Goebel A, Stock M, Deacon R, Sprotte G, Vincent A. Intravenous immunoglobulin response and evidence for pathogenic antibodies in a case of complex regional pain syndrome 1. Ann Neurol 2005;57:463-4.
57. Rose NR, Bona C. Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited). Immunol Today 1993;14:426-30.
58. Steinman L. Inverse vaccination, the opposite of Jenner's concept, for therapy of autoimmunity. J Intern Med 2010; 267:441-51.
59. Coderre TJ, Bennett GJ. A hypothesis for the cause of complex regional pain syndrome-type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy): pain due to deep-tissue microvascular pathology. Pain Med 2010;11:1224-38.
60. Coderre TJ, Xanthos DN, Francis L, Bennett GJ. Chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP): a novel animal model of complex regional pain syndrome-type I (CRPS-I; reflex sympathetic dystrophy) produced by prolonged hindpaw ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. Pain 2004;112: 94-105.
61. Koban M, Leis S, Schultze-Mosgau S, Birklein F. Tissue hypoxia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2003; 104:149-57.
62. Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW, Breederveld RS. Effect of vitamin C on frequency of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in wrist fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:2025-8.
63. Groeneweg G, Huygen FJ, Niehof SP et al. Effect of tadalafil on blood flow, pain, and function in chronic cold complex regional pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008;9:143.
64. Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Patterns of cortical reorganization in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2003;61:1707-15.
65. Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Cortical reorganization during recovery from complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2004;63:693-701.
66. Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004;108:192-8.
67. McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, Halligan PW, Wall PD, Blake DR. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Rheumatology 2003;42:97-101.
68. Cacchio A, De Blasis E, Necozione S, di Orio F, Santilli V. Mirror therapy for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and stroke. N Engl J Med 2009;361:634-6.
69. Novak V, Freimer ML, Kissel JT et al. Autonomic impairment in painful neuropathy. Neurology 2001;56:861-8.
70. Oaklander AL, Fields HL. Is reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome type I a small-fiber neuropathy? Ann Neurol 2009;65:629-38.
71. van der Laan L, ter Laak HJ, Gabreels-Festen A, Gabreels F, Goris RJ. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD): pathology of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve. Neurology 1998;51:20-5.
72. Albrecht PJ, Hines S, Eisenberg E et al. Pathologic alterations of cutaneous innervation and vasculature in affected limbs from patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2006;120:244-66.
73. Oaklander AL, Rissmiller JG, Gelman LB, Zheng L, Chang Y, Gott R. Evidence of focal small-fiber axonal degeneration in complex regional pain syndrome-I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Pain 2006;120:235-43.
74. Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2008;70:1630-5.
75. Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Backonja M et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007;132: 237-51.
76. van de Vusse AC, Stomp-van den Berg SG, Kessels AH, Weber WE. Randomised controlled trial of gabapentin in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1 [ISRCTN84121379]. BMC Neurol 2004;4:13.
77. Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S, Weber M. The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2001;57:2179-84.
78. Leis S, Weber M, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in unaffected limbs of patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2004; 359:163-6.
79. de Rooij AM, de Mos M, Van Hilten JJ et al. Increased risk of complex regional pain syndrome in siblings of patients? J Pain 2009;10:1250-5.
80. Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL. Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: assessment of their nature. Muscle Nerve 2000;23:198-205.
81. Beerthuizen A, van't Spijker A, Huygen FJ, Klein J, de Wit R. Is there an association between psychological factors and the complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) in adults? A systematic review. Pain 2009;145: 52-9.
82. Mailis-Gagnon A, Nicholson K, Blumberger D, Zurowski M. Characteristics and period prevalence of self-induced disorder in patients referred to a pain clinic with the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain 2008;24:176-85.
83. Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977;196:129-36.
84. Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 1999;80:1-13.
85. de Jong JR, Vlaeyen JW, Onghena P, Cuypers C, den Hollander M, Ruijgrok J. Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: the application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain 2005;116:264-75.
86. Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, de Boo T, Goris RJ. Pain and reduced mobility in complex regional pain syndrome I: outcome of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy. Pain 1999;83:77-83.
87. Kemler MA, de Vet HC, Barendse GA, van den Wildenberg FA, van Kleef M. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy-five-year follow-up. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2394-6.
88. Kemler MA, de Vet HC, Barendse GA, van den Wildenberg FA, van Kleef M. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg 2008;108: 292-8.
89. Veldman PH, Goris RJ. Surgery on extremities with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Unfallchirurg 1995;98:45-8.
90. Perez RS, Zollinger PE, Dijkstra PU et al. [Clinical practice guideline 'Complex regional pain syndrome type I']. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2007;151:1674-9.
91. Stanton-Hicks MD, Burton AW, Bruehl SP et al. An updated interdisciplinary clinical pathway for CRPS: report of an expert panel. Pain Pract 2002;2:1-16.
92. Moseley GL. Imagined movements cause pain and swelling in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2004;62:1644.