Impact of interval and combination therapies on the management of actinic keratosis: Review and clinical considerations

Journal of Dermatological Treatment

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 288-297

  Martin, George M ^a  

^a Dermatology and Laser Center of Maui   (United States)

Author keywords

5 fluorouracil; Actinic keratosis; combination therapy; cryotherapy; Diclofenac; Imiquimod; Interval therapy; photodynamic therapy; Squamous cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; DICLOFENAC; FLUOROURACIL; IMIQUIMOD; ISOTRETINOIN; RETINOIC ACID; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID;

ACTINIC KERATOSIS; APPLICATION SITE IRRITATION; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CRYOTHERAPY; CURETTAGE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRY SKIN; ERYTHEMA; EVENING DOSAGE; HUMAN; MORNING DOSAGE; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; REVIEW; SKIN REDNESS; SKIN ULCER; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMEXFOLIATION; CRYOSURGERY; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; KERATOSIS, ACTINIC; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; RETINOIDS;

EID: 80053090095     PISSN: 09546634     EISSN: 14711753     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09546631003797072     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K. Time trends and familial risks in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:885-889. (Pubitemid 36898923)
2. Diepgen TL, Mahler V. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(suppl 61):1-6.
3. Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM, Tollefson MM, Otley CC, Weaver AL, et al. Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA. 2005;294:681-690. (Pubitemid 41159287)
4. Cockerell CJ. Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma ('actinic keratosis'). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):11-17.
5. Ackerman AB, Mones JM. Solar (actinic) keratosis is squa-mous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:9-22. (Pubitemid 43876387)
6. Dinehart SM, Nelson-Adesokan P, Cockerell C, Russell S, Brown R. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma derived from actinic keratosis. Cancer. 1997;79:920-923. (Pubitemid 27089875)
7. Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet. 1988; (i):795-797. (Pubitemid 18094914)
8. Guenthner ST, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas consistently show histologic evidence of in situ changes: A clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41(3 Pt 1):443-448. (Pubitemid 29418513)
9. Czarnecki D, Meehan CJ, Bruce F, Culjak G. The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arise in actinic keratoses. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002;6:207-219.
10. Glogau RG. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):S23-S24. (Pubitemid 30481727)
11. Fuchs A, Marmur E. The kinetics of skin cancer: Progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:1099-1101. (Pubitemid 47339694)
12. Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, Luque C, Eide MJ, Bingham SF, for the Department of Veteran Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial Group. Actinic keratoses: Natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemopreven-tion Trial. Cancer. 2009;115:2523-2530.
13. Jorizzo J, Weiss J, Vamvakias G. One-week treatment with 0.5% fluorouracil cream prior to cryosurgery in patients with actinic keratoses: A double-blind, vehicle-controlled, long-term study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:133-139.
14. Korman N, Moy R, Ling M, Matheson R, Smith S, McKane S, et al. Dosing with 5% imiquimod cream 3 times per week for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Results of two phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled trials. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:467-473. (Pubitemid 40547405)
15. Jorizzo J, Stewart D, Bucko A, Davis SA, Espy P, Hino P, et al. Randomized trial evaluating a new 0.5% fluorouracil formulation demonstrates efficacy after 1-, 2-, or 4-week treatment in patients with actinic keratosis. Cutis. 2002;70:335-339. (Pubitemid 41757441)
16. Menter A, Vamvakias G, Jorizzo J. One-week treatment with once-daily fluorouracil cream 0.5% in participants with actinic keratoses. Cutis. 2008;81:509-516.
17. Weiss J, Menter A, Hevia O, Jones T, Ling M, Rist T, et al. Effective treatment of actinic keratosis with 0.5% fluorouracil cream for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Cutis. 2002;70(2 suppl):22-29.
18. Unis ME. Short-term intensive 5-fluorouracil treatment of actinic keratoses. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21:162-163.
19. Epstein E. Twice daily vs. four times daily 5-fluorouracil therapy for actinic keratoses: A split face study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:794-795. (Pubitemid 43374123)
20. Tan JK, Thomas DR, Poulin Y, Maddin F, Tang J. Efficacy of imiquimod as an adjunct to cryotherapy for actinic keratoses. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:195-201.
21. Lebwohl M, Dinehart S, Whiting D, Lee PK, Tawfik N, Jorizzo J, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Results from two phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:714-721. (Pubitemid 38580548)
22. Zeichner JA, Stern DW, Uliasz A, Itenberg S, Lebwohl M. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized pilot study of imiquimod 5% cream applied once per week for 6 months for the treatment of actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:59-62.
23. Levulan Kerastick [package insert]. Wilmington, MA: DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2009.
24. Smith S, Piacquadio D, Morhenn V, Atkin D, Fitzpatrick R. Short incubation PDT versus 5-FU in treating actinic kera-toses. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2:629-635.
25. Touma D, Yaar M, Whitehead S, Konnikov N, Gilchrest BA. A trial of short incubation, broad-area photodynamic therapy for facial actinic keratoses and diffuse photodamage. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:33-40. (Pubitemid 38090268)
26. Redbord KP, Hanke CW. Topical photodynamic therapy for dermatologic disorders: Results and complications. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:1197-1202.
27. Szeimies RM, Karrer S, Radakovic-Fijan S, Tanew A, Calza-vara-Pinton PG, Zane C, et al. Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate compared with cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: A prospective, randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:258-262.
28. Freeman M, Vinciullo C, Francis D, Spelman L, Nguyen R, Fergin P, et al. A comparison of photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) with single cycle cryotherapy in patients with actinic keratosis: A prospective, randomized study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14:99-106. (Pubitemid 36648700)
29. Pearlman DL. Weekly pulse dosing: Effective and comfortable topical 5-fluorouracil treatment of multiple facial actinic ker-atoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:665-667.
30. Epstein E. Does intermittent 'pulse' topical 5-fluorouracil therapy allow destruction of actinic keratoses without significant inflammation? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:77-80. (Pubitemid 28100469)
31. Robins P. Pulse therapy with 5-FU in eradicating actinic keratoses with less than recommended dosage. J Drugs Der-matol. 2002;1:25-30.
32. Labandeira J, Pereiro M Jr, Valdes F, Toribio J. Intermittent topical 5-fluorouracil is effective without significant irritation in the treatment of actinic keratoses but prolongs treatment duration. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 1):517-520. (Pubitemid 38529591)
33. Salasche SJ, Levine N, Morrison L. Cycle therapy of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp with 5% topical imiquimod cream: An open-label trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:571-577.
34. Krawtchenko N, Roewert-Huber J, Ulrich M, Mann I, Sterry W, Stockfleth E. A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immu-nocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: A comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(suppl 2):34-40. (Pubitemid 350179628)
35. Hanke CW, Beer KR, Stockfleth E, Wu J, Rosen T, Levy S. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: Results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 3-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:573-581.
36. Swanson N, Abramovits W, Berman B, Kulp J, Rigel DS, Levy S. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: Results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:582-590.
37. Abadir DM. Combination of topical 5-fluorouracil with cryo-therapy for treatment of actinic keratoses. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1983;9:403-404. (Pubitemid 13100392)
38. Gilbert DJ. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential combination of 5-fluorouracil and photodynamic therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4:161-163.
39. Shaffelburg M. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential use of photodynamic therapy; and imiquimod 5% cream. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8:35-39.
40. Martin GM. Changing paradigms and emerging therapies in the treatment of actinic keratoses. J Clin Aesthetic Derm. 2010;3:S4-S10.
41. Katz BE. The fluor-hydroxy pulse peel: A pilot evaluation of a new superficial chemical peel. Cosmet Dermatol. 1995;8:24-30.
42. Marrero GM, Katz BE. The new fluor-hydroxy pulse peel. A combination of 5-fluorouracil and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24:973-978. (Pubitemid 28453045)
43. Ditre C. Combination therapy using 5-FU and 70% glycolic acid peels [abstract]. 4th Annual Advances in Cosmetic and Medical Dermatology Meeting; 25 February-1 March 2008; Wailea, Maui, HI, USA.
44. Ditre CM. The treatment of photodamaged skin with 5% 5-fluorouracil peels. Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;20:568-572. (Pubitemid 47573241)
45. Humphreys TR, Werth V, Dzubow L, Kligman A. Treatment of photodamaged skin with trichloroacetic acid and topical tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:638-644. (Pubitemid 26098014)
46. Price NM. The treatment of actinic keratoses with a combination of 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod creams. J Drugs Der-matol. 2007;6:778-781.
47. Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ, Moshell AN, Tarone RE, Peck GL. Prevention of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmento-sum with the use of oral isotretinoin. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1633-1637.
48. Peck GL, DiGiovanna JJ, Sarnoff DS, Gross EG, Butkus D, Olsen TG, et al. Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19(1 Pt 2):176-185.
49. Hong WK, Lippman SM, Itri LM, Karp DD, Lee JS, Byers RM, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:795-801. (Pubitemid 20303877)
50. Smith MA, Parkinson DR, Cheson BD, Friedman MA. Retinoids in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10: 839-864.
51. Sander CA, Pfeiffer C, Kligman AM, Plewig G. Chemotherapy for disseminated actinic keratoses with 5-fluorouracil and isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(2 Pt 1): 236-238. (Pubitemid 27078918)
52. Bercovitch L. Topical chemotherapy of actinic keratoses of the upper extremity with tretinoin and 5-fluorouracil: A double-blind controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 1987;116: 549-552. (Pubitemid 17036882)