Cancer: Beyond Speciation

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 112, Issue , 2011, Pages 283-350

  Vincent, Mark D ^a  

^a LONDON REGIONAL CANCER PROGRAM   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adaptive; Causality; Gene flow; Resilience; Speciation; Trait

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CRIZOTINIB; DNA; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; ERLOTINIB; FOLIC ACID; GEFITINIB; IMATINIB; PEMETREXED; SORAFENIB; TAMOXIFEN; TIVANTINIB; TRASTUZUMAB; VEMURAFENIB;

ADAPTATION; BOOK; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CARCINOGENESIS; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DNA REPAIR; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TARGETING; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC TRAIT; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTO ONCOGENE; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; THEORY; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 80053061834     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387688-1.00010-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Arens N.C., West I.D. Press-pulse: a general theory of mass extinction?. Paleontol. Soc. 2008, 34:456-471.
2. Arranz J.A., Climent M.A., Gonsalez-Larriba J.L., Leon L., Maroto J.P. Sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma. Crit. Rev. Oncol/Hematol. 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
3. Axelrod R., Axelrod D.E., Pienta K.J. Evolution of cooperation among tumor cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:13474-13479.
4. Berger A.H., Pandolfi P.P. Haplo-insufficiency: a driving force in cancer. J. Pathol. 2011, 223:137-146.
5. Bergstein I. A non-Darwinian role for mutagenesis in stem cell-derived cancers. Mol. Carcinog. 2003, 36:1-5.
6. Blackford A., Parmigiani G., Kensler T.W., Wolfgang C., Jones S., Zhang X., Parsons D.W., Lin J.C., Leary R.J., Eshleman J.R., Goggins M., Jaffee E.M., et al. Genetic mutations associated with cigarette smoking in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:3681-3688.
7. Blanke C.D., Rankin C., Demetri G.D., Ryan C.W., von Mehren M., Benjamin R.S., Raymond A.K., Bramwell V.H., Baker L.H., Maki R.G., Tanaka M., Hecht J.R., et al. Phase III randomized, intergroup trial assessing imatinib mesylate at two dose levels in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing the kit receptor tyrosine kinase: S0033. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:626-632.
8. Boca S.M., Kinzler K.W., Velculescu V.E., Vogelstein B., Parmigiani G. Patient-oriented gene set analysis for cancer mutation data. Genome Biol.o 2010, 11:R112.
9. Bonomi P., Gale M., Von Roenn J., Anderson K., Johnson P., Wolter J., Economou S. Quantitative estrogen and progesterone receptor levels related to progression-free interval in advanced breast cancer patients treated with megestrol acetate or tamoxifen. Seminars Oncol. 1988, 15:26-33.
10. Bonneterre J., Buzdar A., Nabholtz J.M., Robertson J.F., Thurlimann B., von Euler M., Sahmoud T., Webster A., Steinberg M. Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy in hormone receptor positive advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer 2001, 92:2247-2258.
11. Boyer M.J., Tannock I.F. Chapter 17. The Basic Science of Oncology 2005, 349-375. McGraw-Hill, New York. 4th Edn. J. Tannock (Ed.).
12. Bozic I., Antal T., Ohtsuki H., Carter H., Kim D., Chen S., Karchin R., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B., Nowak M.A. Accumulation of driver and passenger mutations during tumor progression. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:18545-18550.
13. Butts C.A., Ding K., Seymour L., Twumasi-Ankrah P., Graham B., Gandara D., Johnson D.H., Kesler K.A., Green M., Vicnent M., Cormier Y., Goss G., et al. Randomized phase III trial of vinorelbine plus cisplatin compared with observation in completely resected stage IB and II non-small-cell lung cancer: updated survival analysis of JBR-10. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28:29-34.
14. Cairns J. Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature 1975, 255:197-200.
15. Campbell P.J., Yachida S., Mudie L.J., Stephens P.J., Pleasance E.D., Stebbings L.A., Morsberger L.A., Latimer C., McLaren S., Lin M.L., McBride D.J., Varela I., et al. Nature 2010, 467:1109-1113.
16. Cao Y. Off-tumor target--beneficial site for antiangiogenic cancer therapy?. Nat. Rev.: Clin. Oncol. 2010, 7:604-608.
17. Caren H., Erichsen J., Ollsson L., Enerback C., Sjoberg R.M., Abrahamsson J., Kogner P., Martinsson T. High-resolution array copy number analyses for detection of deletion, gain, amplification and copy-neutral LOH in primary neuroblastoma tumors: four cases of homozygous deletions of the CDKN2A gene. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:353.
18. Carter H., Chen S., Isik L., Tyekucheva S., Velculescu V.E., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B., Karchin R. Cancer-specific high-throughput annotation of somatic mutations: computational prediction of driver missense mutations. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:6660-6667.
19. Choi Y.L., Soda M., Yamachita Y., Ueno T., Takashima J., Nakajima T., Yatabe Y., Takeuchi K., Hamada T., Haruta H., Ishikawa Y., Kimura H., et al. EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer that confer resistance to ALK inhibitors. New Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363:1734-1739.
20. Citrin D., Cotrim A.P., Hyodo F., Baum B.J., Krishna M.C., Mitchell J.B. Radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. The Oncologist 2010, 15:360-371.
21. Cox C., Bignell G., Greenman C., Stabenau A., Warren W., Stephens P., Davies H., Watt S., Teague J., Edkins S., Birney E., Easton D.F., et al. A survey of homozygous deletions in human cancer genomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102:4542-4547.
22. Davidson M.R., Larsen J.E., Yang I.A., Hayward N.K., Clarke B.E., Duhig E.E., Passmore L.H., Bowman R.V., Fong K.M. MicroRNA-218 is deleted and downregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2010, 5:e12560.
23. Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene 1976, Oxford University Press, NY City, ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
24. Desai N., Trieu V., Damascelli B., Soon-Shiong P. SPARC expression correlates with tumor response to albumin-bound paclitaxel in head and neck cancer patients. Trans. Oncol. 2009, 2:59-64.
25. Dhar S., Lippard S.J. Mitaplatin, a potent fusion of cisplatin and the orphan drug dichloroacetate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:22199-22204.
26. Dhobzansky T. Genetics and the origin of species 1937, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
27. Dhobzhansky T. Biology, molecular and organismic. Amer. Zool. 1964, 4:443-452.
28. di Pietro A., Vries E.G., Gietema J.A., Spierings D.C., de Jong S. Testicular germ cell tumours: the paradigm of chemo-sensitive solid tumours. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2005, 37:2437-2456.
29. Donovan J.C.H., Slingerland J., Tannock I.F. Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth. The Basic Science of Oncology 2005, 1-3. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 4th Edn. L. Harrington, R.G. Bristow, R.P. Hill, I. Tannock (Eds.).
30. Druker B.J., Guilhot F., O'Brien S.G., Gathmann I., Kantarjian H., Gattermann N., Deininger M.W., Silver R.T., Goldman J.M., Stone R.M., Cervantes F., Hochhaus A., et al. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355:2408-2417.
31. Duesberg P., Li R. Multistep carcinogenesis: a chain reaction of aneuploidizations. Cell Cycle 2003, 2:202-210.
32. Duesberg P., Rasnick D. Aneuploidy, the somatic mutation that makes cancer a species of its own. Cell Motility Cytoskeleton 2000, 47:81-107.
33. Elion G.B. Selectivity-key to chemotherapy: presidential address. Cancer Res. 1985, 45:2943-2950.
34. Evers B., Helleday T., Jonkers J. Targeting homologous recombination repair defects in cancer. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2010, 31:372-380.
35. Fabarius A., Hehlmann R., Duesberg P.H. Instability of chromosome structure in cancer cells increases exponentially with degrees of aneuploidy. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2003, 143:59-72.
36. Falkson C.I., Falkson H.C. A randomised study of CGS 16949A (fadrozole) versus tamoxifen in previously untreated postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. Annals Oncol. 1996, 7:465-469.
37. Farnie G., Clarke R.B. Mammary stem cells and breast cancer-role of Notch signalling. Stem Cell Rev. 2007, 3:169-175.
38. Fisher R. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 1930, Oxford University Press, London.
39. Gavrilets S. Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution 2003, 57:2097-2215.
40. Gimenéz-Bonafé P., Tortosa A., Pérez-Tomás R. Overcoming drug resistance by enhancing apoptosis of tumor cells. Current Cancer Drug Targets 2009, 9:320-340.
41. Gisselsson D., Jonson T., Peterson A., Strombeck B., Dal Cin P., Hoglund M., Mitelman F., Mertens F., Mandahl N. Telomere dysfunction triggers extensive DNA fragmentation and evolution of complex chromosome abnormalities in human malignant tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 98:12683-12688.
42. Gisselsson D. Aneuploidy in cancer: sudden or sequential?. Cell Cycle 2011, 10:359-361.
43. Gisselsson D. Mechanisms of whole chromosome gains in tumors-many answers to a simple question. Cytogenet. Gen. Res 2011, 133:190-201.
44. Goldschmidt R. The Material Basis for Evolution 1940, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp205-6, ISBN 0300028237.
45. Gorringe K.L., Jacobs S., Thompson E.R., Sridhar A., Qiu W., Choong D.Y., Campbell I.G. High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis of epithelial ovarian cancer reveals numerous microdeletions and amplifications. Clinical Cancer Res. 2007, 13:4731-4739.
46. Goymer P. Natural selection: the evolution of cancer. Nature 2008, 454:1046-1048.
47. Gradishar W.J. Albumin-bound paclitaxel: a next-generation taxane. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2006, 7:1041-1053.
48. Greaves M. A Darwinian eye view of cancer. Evolution and Medicine: How New Applications Advance Research and Practice 2007, The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks Ltd., London. R. Nesse (Ed.).
49. Greaves M. Cancer: The Evolutionary Legacy 2000, Oxford University Press, London.
50. Gusev Y., Kagansky V., Dooley W.C. Long-term dynamics of chromosomal instability in cancer: A transition probability model. Math. Comput. Model. 2001, 33:1253-1273.
51. Haldane J.B.S. A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection. Trans. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.; Genet. 1924-1934, 19:412-429.
52. Hall M.D., Handley M.D., Gottesman M.M. Is resistance useless? Multidrug resistance and collateral sensitivity. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2009, 30:546-556.
53. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000, 100:57-70.
54. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011, 144:646-674.
55. Harrap K.R. Towards selectivity in cancer chemotherapy: a biochemical overview. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1978, 17:457-478.
56. Helleday T. Homologous recombination in cancer development, treatment and development of drug resistance. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31:955-960.
57. Heng H.H. The genome-centric concept: resynthesis of evolutionary theory. BioEssays 2009, 31:512-525.
58. Heng H.H., Bremer S.W., Stevens J., Ye K.J., Miller F., Liu G., Ye C.J. Cancer progression by non-clonal chromosome aberrations. J. Cell. Biochem. 2006, 98:1424-1435.
59. Heng H.H., Stevens J.B., Bremer S.W., Ye K.J., Liu G., Ye C.J. The evolutionary mechanism of cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 2010, 109:1072-1084.
60. Hurwitz H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W., Cartwright T., Hainsworth J., Heim W., Berlin J., Baron A., Griffing S., Holmgren E., Ferrara N., Fyfe G., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350:2335-2342.
61. Huxley J. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis 1942, Allen & Unwin, London.
62. Huxley J. Cancer biology: comparative and genetic. Biol. Rev. 1956, 31:474-514.
63. Inoue T., Hibi K., Nakayama G., Komatsu Y., Fukuoka T., Kodera Y., Ito K., Akiyama S., Nakao A. Expression level of thymidylate synthase is a good predictor of chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. J. Gastroen. 2005, 40:143-147.
64. Isakoff S.J., Baselga J. Trastuzumab-DM1: building a chemotherapy-free road in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29:351-354.
65. Israël L. Accelerated genetic destabilization and dormancy: two distinct causes of resistance in metastatic cells; clinical magnitude, therapeutic approaches. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 1990, 8:1-11.
66. Israël L. Tumour progression: random mutations or an integrated survival response to cellular stress conserved from unicellular organisms?. J. Theor. Biol. 1996, 178:375-380.
67. Israël L. Malignant progression and resistance of cancer cells: an inducible survival program similar to the SOS system of unicellular organisms induced by environmental assaults. Bulletin de l'Academie Nationale de medicine 1998, 182:49-57.
68. Jain R.K. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 2005, 307:58-62.
69. Kim J.E., Ryoo B.Y., Ryu M.H., Chang H.M., Suh D.J., Lee H.C., Lim Y.S., Kim K.M., Kang Y.K. Sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma according to Child-Pugh class of liver function. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
70. Klein A., Li N., Nicholson J.M., McCormack A.A., Graessmann A., Duesberg P. Transgenic oncogenes induce oncogene-independent cancers with individual karyotypes and phenotypes. Cancer Gen. Cytogen. 2010, 200:79-99.
71. Koppenol W.H., Bounds P.L., Dang C.V. Otto Warburg's contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2011, 11:325-337.
72. Kwak E.L., Bang Y.J., Camidge D.R., Shaw A.T., Solomon B., Maki R.G., Ou S.H., Dezube B.J., Janne P.A., Costa D.B., Varella-Garcia M., Kim W.H., et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363:1693-1703.
73. Lai E.C. Notch signaling: control of cell communication and cell fate. Development 2004, 131(5):965-973.
74. Larson E.J. Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory 2004, The Modern Library, New York.
75. Lewin B. Genes VI 1997, Oxford University Press, London.
76. Lin L., McCormack A.A., Nicholson J.M., Fabarius A., Ruediger h., Sachs R.K., Duesberg P.H. Cancer-causing karyotypes: chromosomal equilibria between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for oncogenic function. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2009, 188:1-25.
77. Linardou H., Dahabreh I.J., Kanaloupiti D., Siannis F., Bafaloukos D., Kosmidis P., Papadimitriou C.A., Murray S. Assessment of somatic k-RAS mutations as a mechanism associated with resistance to EGFR-targeted agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncology 2008, 9:962-972.
78. Little M.P., Kleinerman R.A., Stiller C.A., Li G., Kroll M.E., Murphy M.F. Analysis of retinoblastoma age incidence data using a fully stochastic cancer model. Int. J. Cancer 2011, doi: 10. 1002/ijc. 26039. [Epub ahead of print].
79. Loeb L.A. Mutator phenotype in cancer: origin and consequences. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2010, 20:279-280.
80. Lomberk G.A. Epigenetic Silencing of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Pancreatic Cancer. J. Gastrointestinal Cancer 2011, 42(2):93-99.
81. Malthus T. An Essay on the Principle of Population: Library of Economics. Liberty Fund, Inc. 2000.
82. Mao C., Qiu L.X., Liao R.Y., Du F.B., Ding H., Yang W.C., Li J., Chen Q. KRAS mutations and resistance to EGFR-TKIs treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of 22 studies. Lung Cancer 2010, 69:272-278.
83. Mathupala S.P., Ko Y.H., Pedersen P.L. The pivotal roles of mitochondria in cancer: Warburg and beyond and encouraging prospects for effective therapies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2010, 1797:1224-1230.
84. Mayr E. Systematics and the Origin of Species 1942, Columbia University Press.
85. McCormick F. Science of Oncology Award Lecture 2010, American Society of Clinical Oncology.
86. McHugh K., Callaghan R. Clinical trials on Mdr reversal agents. Multidrug Resistance: Biological and Pharmaceutical Advance in Antitumour Treatment 2008, 321-353. Research Signpost, Kerala, India. N.A. Colabufo (Ed.).
87. Miller, V.A., Hirsch, V., Cadranel, J., Chen, Y.-M., Park, K., Kim, S.-W., Caicun, Z., Oberdick, M., Shahidi, M., and Yang, C.-H. (2010). Afatinib benefits lung cancer patients whose cancer progressed after treatment with EGFR inhibitors. 35th European Society for Medical Oncology Congress, Milan, Italy. Abstract LBA1.
88. Mizejewski G.J., Mirowski M., Garnuszek P., Maurin M., Cohen B.D., Poiesz B.J., Posypanova G.A., Makarov V.A., Severin E.S., Severin S.E. Targeted delivery of anti-cancer growth inhibitory peptides derived from human alpha-fetoprotein: review of an International multi-center collaborative study. J. Drug Targe 2010, 18:575-588.
89. Mok T., Wu Y.L., Thongprasert S., Yang C.H., Chu D.T., Saijo N., Sunpaweravong P., Han B., Margono B., Ichinose Y., Nishiwaki Y., Ohe Y., et al. N. Engl. J. Med 2009, 361:947-957.
90. Muggia F. Platinum compounds 30 years after the introduction of cisplatin: implications for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2009, 112:275-281.
91. Murchison E.P. Clonally transmissible cancers in dogs and Tasmanian devils. Oncogene 2008, 27(Suppl 2):S19-S30.
92. Negrini S., Gorgoulis V.G., Halazonetis T.D. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol 2010, 11:220-228.
93. Nicholson J.M., Duesberg P. On the karyotypic origin and evolution of cancer cells. Cancer Gen. Cytogen. 2009, 194:96-110.
94. Nowell P.C. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 1976, 194:23-28.
95. O'Connor M.J., Martin N.M., Smith G.C. Targeted cancer therapies based on the inhibition of DNA strand break repair. Oncogene 2007, 26:7816-7824.
96. Olaussen K.A., Dunant A., Fouret P., Brambilla E., Andre F., Haddad V., Taranchon E., Filipits M., Pirker R., Popper H.H., Stahel R., Sabatier L., et al. DNA repair by ERCC1 in non-small-cell lung cancer and cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. New Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355:983-991.
97. O'Shea C.C., Johnson L., Bagus B., Choi S., Nicholas C., Shen A., Boyle L., Pandey K., Soria C., Kunich J., Shen Y., Habets G., et al. Late viral RNA export, rather than p53 inactivation, determines ONYX-015 tumor selectivity. Cancer Cell 2004, 6:611-623.
98. Ozasa H., Oguri T., Uemura T., Miyazaki M., Maeno K., Sato S., Ueda R. Significance of thymidylate synthase for resistance to pemetrexed in lung cancer. Cancer Sci. 2010, 101:161-166.
99. Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA: A Cancer J. Clin. 2005, 55:74-108.
100. Paz-Ares L., Soulieres D., Melezinek I., Moecks J., Keil L., Mok T., Rossell R., Klughammer B. Clinical outcomes in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations: pooled analysis. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2010, 14:51-69.
101. Pearson R.D. Tumourigenesis: the subterfuge of selection. Acta Biotheoretica 1981, 30:171-176.
102. Perez-Caro M., Cobaleda C., Gonsalez-Herrero I., Vicente-Duenas C., Bermejo-Rodriguez C., Sanchez-Beato M., Orfao A., Pintado B., Flores T., Sanchez-Martin M., Jimenez R., Piris M.A., et al. Cancer induction by restriction of oncogene expression to the stem cell compartment. EMBO J. 2009, 28:8-20.
103. Pitroda S.P., Wakim B.T., Sood R.F., Beveridge M.G., Beckett M.A., MacDermed D.M., Weichselbaum R.R., Khodarev N.N. STAT1-dependent expression of energy metabolic pathways links tumour growth and radioresistance to the Warburg effect. BMC Medicine 2009, 7:68.
104. Ptashne M. Binding reactions: epigenetic switches, signal transduction and cancer. Current Biol. 2009, 19:R234-R241.
105. Reyno L., Seymour L., Tu D., Dent S., Gelmon K., Walley B., Pluzanska A., Gorbunova V., Garin A., Jassem J., Pienkowski T., Dancey J., et al. Phase III study of N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl) phenoxy]ethanamine (BMS-217380-01) combined with doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone in metastatic/recurrent breast cancer: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study MA.19. J. Clin. Oncol 2004, 22:269-276.
106. Roberts M. Malignancy and Evolution 1926, Grayson and Grayson Publishers, London.
107. Rokas A. The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the gentic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Gen. 2008, 42:235-251.
108. Rosell R., Moran T., Queralt C., Porta R., Cardenal F., Camps C., Majem M., Lopez-Vivanco G., Isla D., Provencio M., Insa A., Massuti B., et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361:958-967.
109. Rothenberg S.M., Settleman J. Discovering tumor suppressor genes through genome-wide copy number analysis. Current Genomics 2010, 11:297-310.
110. Rubin L.L., de Sauvage F.J. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in cancer. Nature Rev. Drug Discovery 2006, 5:1026-1033.
111. Salk J.J., Fox E.J., Loeb L.A. Mutational heterogeneity in human cancers: origin and consequences. Ann. Rev. Pathol. 2010, 5:51-75.
112. Salonga D., Danenberg K.D., Johnson M., Metzger R., Groshen S., Tsao-Wei D.D., Lenz H.J., Leichman C.G., Leichman L., Diasio R.B., Danenberg P.V. Colorectal tumors responding to 5-fluorouracil have low gene expression levels of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine phosphorylase. Clinical Cancer Res. 2000, 6:1322-1327.
113. Sanofi Aventis Press Release (2011). Sanofi-aventis reports top-line results from phas III study with BSI-201 in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. http://www.sanofi-aventis.com/.
114. Sato M., Takahashi K., Nagayama K., Arai Y., Ito N., Okada M., Minna J.D., Yokota J., Kohno T. Identification of chromosome arm 9p as the most frequent target of homozygous deletions in lung cancer. Genes, Chromosomes, Cancer 2005, 44:405-414.
115. Sattler U.G., Hirschhaeuser F., Mueller-Klieser W.F. Manipulation of glycolysis in malignant tumors: fantasy or therapy?. Current Med. Chem. 2010, 17:96-108.
116. Savage P., Stebbing J., Bower M., Crook T. Why does cytotoxic chemotherapy cure only some cancers?. Nature Clin. Practice. Oncol. 2009, 6:43-52.
117. Scagliotti G.V., Parikh P., von Pawel J., Biesma B., Vansteenkiste J., Manegold C., Serwatowski P., Gatzemeier U., Diqumarti R., Zukin M., Lee J.S., Mellemgaard A., et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:3543-3551.
118. Schiller J.H., Akerley W.L., Brugger W., Ferrari D., Garmey E.G., Gerber D.E., Orlov S.V., Ramlau R., Von Pawel J., Sequist L.V. Results from ARQ 197-209: A global randomized placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial of erlotinib plus ARQ 197 versus erlotinib plus placebo in previously treated EGFR inhibitor-naïve patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28. 18s Abstract LBA7502.
119. Sequist L.V., Waltman B.A., Dias-Santagata D., Digumarthy S., Turke A.B., Fidias P., Bergethon K., Shaw A.T., Gettinger S., Cosper A.K., Akhavanfard S., Heist R.S., et al. Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Sci. Transl. Med. 2011, 3. 75ra26.
120. Shlomi T., Benyamini T., Gottlieb E., Sharan R., Ruppin E. Genome-scale metabolic modeling elucidates the role of proliferative adaptation in causing the Warburg effect. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2011, 7:e1002018.
121. Simpson G.G. In, Principles of Animal Taxonomy 1961, Columbia University Press, New York, 153.
122. Skorski T. Chronic myeloid leukemia cells refractory/resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors are genetically unstable and may cause relapse and malignant progression to the terminal disease state. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2011, 52(Suppl 1):23-29.
123. Snow H. Cancers and the Cancer Process 1893, J. & A. Churchill Publishers, London.
124. Stemmler M.P. Cadherins in development and cancer. Mol. Biosyst. 2008, 4:835-850.
125. Suda K., Murakami I., Katayama T., Tomizawa K., Osada H., Sekido Y., Maehara Y., Yatabe Y., Mitsudomi T. Reciprocal and complementary role of MET amplification and EGFR T790M mutation in acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Res. 2010, 16:5489-5498.
126. Sullivan R.J., Atkins M.B. Molecular targeted therapy for patients with melanoma: the promise of MAPK pathway inhibition and beyond. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs 2010, 19:1205-1216.
127. Templeton A.R. The meaning of species and speciation: a genetic perspective. Speciation and its consequences 1989, 3-27. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, Massachusetts. D. Otte, J.A. Endler (Eds.).
128. Van Cutsem E., Cunningham D., Hoff P.M., Maroun J. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) activation: convenience through innovation. Oncologist 2001, 4:1-2.
129. Vander Heiden M.G., Cantley L.C., Thompson C.B. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 2009, 324:1029-1033.
130. Vander Heiden M.G., Christofk H.R., Schuman E., Subtelny A.O., Sharfi H., Harlow E.E., Xian J., Cantley L.C. Identification of small molecule inhibitors of pyruvate kinase M2. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2010, 79:1118-1124.
131. van der Vigh W.J., Peters G.J. Protection of normal tissues from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation by amifostine (Ethyol): preclinical aspects. Seminars Oncol. 1994, 5(Suppl 11):2-7.
132. Varshavsky A. Targeting the absence: homozygous DNA deletions as immutable signposts for cancer therapy. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104. 14935-1440.
133. Vaughn A.E., Deshmukh M. Glucose metabolism inhibits apoptosis in neurons and cancer cells by redox inactivation of cytochrome c. Nature. Cell Biol. 2008, 10:1477-1483.
134. Vincent M.D. The definition of a neoplasm. Medical Hypotheses 1987, 24:151-160.
135. Vincent M. Tesmilifene may enhance breast cancer chemotherapy by killing a clone of aggressive, multi-drug resistant cells through its action on the p-glycoprotein pump. Medical Hypotheses 2006, 66:715-731.
136. Vincent M. The animal within: Carcinogenesis, and the clonal evolution of cancer cells are speciation events sensu stricto. Evolution 2010, 64-4:1173-1183.
137. Vincent M. Cancer: A de-repression of a default survival program common to all cells?. BioEssays (In press) 2011.
138. Vincent, M. (in preparation). Cancer: Towards a general theory of the target.
139. Vineis P. Cancer as an evolutionary process at the cell level: an epidemiological perspective. Carcinogenesis 2003, 24:1-6.
140. Vogel C.L., Cobleigh M.A., Tripathy D., Guthell J.C., Harris L.N., Fehrenbacher L., Slamon D.J., Murphy M., Novotny W.F., Burchmore M., Shak S., Stewart S.J., et al. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20:719-726.
141. Warburg O. The chemical constitution of respiration ferment. Science 1928, 68:437-443.
142. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science 1956 a, 123:309-314.
143. Warburg O. On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 1956 b, 124:269-270.
144. Warburg O. The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer-Part 1. Revised lecture at the meeting of the Novel laureates on June 30, 1966 at Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany 1989, Pub Konrad Triltsch, Wurzburg, Germany. 2nd revised Edition.
145. Welsh J.S. Contagious cancer. Oncologist 2011, 16:1-4.
146. Willett C.G., Duda D.G., Czito B.G., Bendell J.C., Clark J.W., Jain R.K. Targeted therapy in rectal cancer. Oncology 2007, 21:1055-1065.
147. Williams G.C. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought 1966, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
148. Wilson E.O. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 1975, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
149. Wilson T.R., Johnston P.G., Longley D.B. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2009, 9:307-319.
150. Witkin E.M., Kogoma T. Involvement of the activated form of RecA protein in SOS mutagenesis and stable DNA replication in Escherichia coli. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984, 81:7539-7543.
151. Yedid G., Ofria C.A., Lenski R.E. Selective press extinctions, but not random pulse extinctions, cause delayed ecological recovery in communities of digital organisms. The American Naturalist 2009, 173:E139-E154.
152. Young A., Lyons J., Miller A.L., Phan V.T., Alarcon I.R., McCormick F. Ras signaling and therapies. Adv. Cancer Res. 2009, 102:1-17.
153. Zhao X., Weir B.A., LaFramboise T., Lin M., Beroukhim R., Garraway L., Beheshti J., Lee J.C., Naiki K., Richards W.G., Sugarbaker D., Chen F., et al. Homozygous deletions and chromosome amplifications in human lung carcinomas revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. Cancer Res 2005, 65:5561-5570.
154. Zhao Y.H., Zhou M., Liu H., Ding Y., Khong H.T., Yu D., Fodstad O., Tan M. Upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase A by ErbB2 through heat shock factor 1 promotes breast cancer cell glycolysis and growth. Oncogene 2009, 28:3689-3701.
155. Zhou M., Zhao Y., Ding Y., Liu H., Liu Z., Fodstad O., Riker A.I., Kamarajugadda S., Owen L.B., Ledoux S.P., Tan M. Warburg effect in chemosensitivity: targeting lactate dehydrogenase-A re-sensitizes taxol-resistant cancer cells to taxol. Mol. Cancer 2010, 9:33.
156. Zhou C., Wu Y., Chen G., Feng J., Liu X., Wang C., Zhang S., Wang J., Zhou S., Ren S. Efficacy results from the randomized phase III OPTIMAL (CTONG 0802) study comparing first-line erlotinib versus carboplatin (CBDCA) plus gemcitabine (GEM), in Chinese advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) with EGFR activating mutations. European Society for Medical Oncology 2010, Abstract LBA13.