Treatment of photographic processing wastes

Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 361-408

  Bober, Thomas W ^a   Vacco, Dominick ^a   Dagon, Thomas J ^a   Fowler, Harvey E ^a  

^a EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053015565     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (145)

1. Duffin, G.F. Photographic Emulsion Chemistry; Focal Press, Ltd.: London, 1966.
2. James, T.H. (Ed.) The Theory of the Photographic Process, 4th ed.; Macmillan: New York, 1977.
3. Mason, L.F.A. Photographic Processing Chemistry; Focal Press, Ltd.: London, 1985.
4. Proudfoot, C.N. (Ed.) SPSE Handbook of Photographic Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed.; The Society for Imaging Science and Technology: Springfield, VA, 1997; Sections 11, 12, 15.
5. Merck & Co., Inc. The Merck Index, 11th Ed.; Merck & Co.: Rahway, NJ, 1989; Item 3484, p. 550; Items 8562 and 8563, p. 1361; Item 3694, p. 631.
6. American Cyanamid Co. The Chemistry of the Ferrocyanides, Vol. 7. American Cyanamid Co.: New York, 1953.
7. Versar, Inc. Guidance Document for the Control of Water Pollution in the Photographic Processing Industry. EPA Rep. 440/1-81/082-9, April, Washington, DC, PB82-177643, pp. 111-1–111-62; I- 3, I-5, II-1, V-1–V-25, 1981.
8. Petschke, D. (Ed.) Disposal and treatment of photographic effluent. In Support of Clean Water, Publ. J-55; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1988.
9. Dagon, T.J. Biological treatment of photoprocessing effluents. J. Water Poll. Control Fed., 1973, 45, 2123–2135.
10. Cooley, A.C.; Dagon, T.J.; Jenkins, P.W.; Robillard, K.A. Silver and the environment. J. Imaging Technol. 1988, 14 (6), 183–189.
11. Terhaar, C.J.; Ewell, W.S.; Dziuba, S.P.; Fassett, D.W. Toxicity of photographic processing chemicals to fish. Photo. Sci. and Eng. 1972, 16 (5), 370–377.
12. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Silver in the Environment: Transport, Fate and Effects. Research Findings of the Argentum International Conference Series, 1993–2000. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC): Pensacola, FL, 2002.
13. Owerbach, D. The analysis of cyanide in photographic processing effluents. In: Analysis, Treatment and Disposal of Ferricyanide in Photographic Effluents–A Compendium, Publication J-54; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1990; 53–59.
14. Hung, C.-H. Fate of Thiocyanate in Biological Treatment Processes, MS thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 1995.
15. Hung, C.-H.; Pavlostathis, S.G. Aerobic biodegradation of thiocyanate. Water Res. 1997, 31, 2761–2770.
16. Hung, C.-H.; Pavlostathis, S.G. Fate and transformation of thiocyanate and cyanate under methanogenic conditions. Appl. Microbiol. & Biotechnol. 1998, 49, 112–116.
17. Harbison, K.G.; Belly, R.T. The biodegradation of hydroquinone. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1982, 1, 9–15.
18. Hydroscience, Inc. Environmental Effect of Photoprocessing Chemicals, Vol. 1. National Association of Photographic Manufacturers: Harrison, NY, 1974.
19. Eisenhauer, H.R. The ozonation of phenolic wastes. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 1968, 40, 1887.
20. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Sridhar, K. Treatment of photoprocessing effluents by the activated sludge process. J. Imaging Sci. & Technol. 1992, 36 (4), 405–411.
21. Sridhar, K. The Treatability of Photoprocessing Effluents by the Activated Sludge Process, MS thesis. Clarkson University: Potsdam, NY, 1991.
22. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Morrison, D. Aerobic biodegradation potential of photoprocessing wastewater. Water Environ. Res. 1994, 66, 211–219.
23. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Jungee, S.A. Biological treatment of photoprocessing wastewaters. Water Sci. & Technol. 1994, 29, 89–98.
24. J. B. Scientific Corp. Pathways of Photoprocessing Chemicals in Publicly Owned Treatment Works. National Association of Photographic Manufacturers: Harrison, NY, 1977.
25. Unpublished data (1990–1991) Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1990–1991.
26. Morrison, D. Fate and Effect of Photoprocessing Effluents on the Activated Sludge Process, MS thesis. Clarkson University: Potsdam, NY, 1992.
27. Jungee, S.A. Fate and Effect of Photoprocessing Wastewaters on the Anaerobic Digestion Process, MS thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 1993.
28. Schreiber, D. Biological Oxidation of Thiosulfate, MS thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 1994.
29. Hung, C.-H. Fate of Thiocyanate in Biological Treatment Processes, MS thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 1995.
30. Maeng, S.K. Effect of a Silver-Bearing Photoprocessing Wastewater and Silver Complexes on Biological Treatment Processes, MS thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 1998.
31. Goettems, E.M.P.; Vacco, D. Tratamento e destino de efluentes fotográficos aspectos ambientais. ABES – Associaço Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 1-134, 19o Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, Setembro, Foz Do Iguacu, Brasil.
32. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Morrison, D. Response of continuous-flow activated sludge reactors to photoprocessing wastewaters. Water Res. 1994, 28, 269–276.
33. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Sridhar, K. Anaerobic biodegradation potential of photoprocessing wastewater. Water Environ. Res. 1994, 66, 220–229.
34. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Maeng, S.K. Fate and effect of silver in the anaerobic digestion process. Water Res. 2000, 34, 3957–3966.
35. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Sridhar, K.; Morrison, D. Aerobic treatment of photoprocessing effluents. In: Hazardous and Industrial Wastes; Neufeld, R.D., Casson, L.W., Eds.; Technomic Publishing Co.: Lancaster, PA, 1991; 175–187.
36. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Sridhar, K. Anaerobic biodegradation potential of photoprocessing wastewaters. Water Environ. Res. 1994, 66, 220–229.
37. Schreiber, D.; Pavlostathis, S.G. Biological oxidation of thiosulfate. Water Res. 1998, 32, 1363–1372.
38. Pavlostathis, S.G.; Maeng, S.K. Aerobic biodegradation of a silver-bearing photoprocessing wastewater. Environ. Toxicol. & Chem. 1998, 17, 617–624.
39. Hung, C.-H.; Pavlostathis, S.G. Kinetics and modeling of autotrophic thiocyanate biodegradation. Biotechnol. & Bioeng. 1999, 62, 1–11.
40. Dagon, T.J. Photographic processing effluent control. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1978, 2, 62–71.
41. Lytle, P.E. Treatment of photofinishing effluents using rotating biological contactors (RBC’s). J. Imaging Technol. 1984, 10, 221–226.
42. Petche, K.S. Meeting municipal sanitary sewer discharge permit limits for production operations at University Microfilms, International. Presented at SPSE Ann. Conf., May 19, Boston, MA, 1989.
43. Bard, C.C.; Murphy, J.J.; Stone, D.J.; Terhaar, C.J. Silver in photoprocessing effluents. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1976, 8, 389–394.
44. Ericson, F.A.; LaPerle, R.L. The State of Silver Photographic Effluents After Secondary Treatment; The Effectiveness of Extended-Aeration Treatment in Removing Silver from Photographic Processing Effluents; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1974; Photographic Technol. Tech. Memo. TMB 74-36.
45. Feiler, H.D.; Storch, D.J.; Shattuck, A. Treatment and Removal of Priority Industrial Pollutants at Publicly Owned Treatment Works; Burns and Roe Industrial Services Corp.: Washington, DC, 1981; EPA Rep. 400/1-79-300, April, PB83-142414.
46. Lytle, P.E. Fate and speciation of silver in publicly owned treatment works. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1985, 3, 21–30.
47. Shafer, M.M. Sampling and analytical techniques for silver in natural waters. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum III), Washington, DC, 6–9 August, 1995; Andren, A.W., Bober, T.W., Eds.; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1995; 99–111.s
48. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum I), Madison, WI, USA, 8–10 August; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1993.
49. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum II), Madison, WI, 11–14 September; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1994.
50. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum III), Washington, DC, 6–9 August; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1995.
51. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum IV), Madison, WI, USA, 25–28 August; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1996.
52. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum V), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 28 Sept.–1 Oct.; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1997.
53. Andren, A.W.; Bober, T.W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum VI), Madison, WI, USA, 21–25 August; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1999.
54. Luther, G.W., III; Tsamakis, E. Concentration and form of dissolved sulfide in the oxic water column of the ocean. Marine Chem. 1989, 27, 165–177.
55. Radford-Knoery, J.; Cutter, G.A. Biogeochemistry of dissolved hydrogen sulfide species and carbonyl sulfide in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58, 5421–5431.
56. Luther, G.W., III; Theberge, S.M.; Rickard, D.S. Evidence for aqueous clusters as intermediates during zinc sulfide formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63, 3159–3169.
57. Manolopoulos, H. Metal Sulfides in Oxidizing Fresh Water Systems, Ph.D. thesis. McMaster University: Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2000; 179–184.
58. Rozan, T.F.; Lassman, M.E.; Ridge, D.P.; Luther G.W., III. Evidence for Fe, Cu, and Zn complexation as multinuclear sulfide clusters in oxic river waters. Nature 2000, 406, 879–882.
59. Juberg, D.A. A review of toxicity and epidemiological data for silver in animals and humans. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum III), Washington, DC, 6–9 August; Andren, A.W., Bober, T.W., Eds.; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1995; 129–132.
60. Watson, H.M.; Boatman, R.; Ewell, W.S. Simulated Secondary Waste Treatment of Kodak Color Developer CD-3, Health and Environmental Laboratories Tech. Rep. ETS-TR-84-30; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1984.
61. van Ginkel, C.G.; Vandenbroucke, K.L.; Stroo, C.A. Biological removal of EDTA in conventional activated-sludge plants operated under alkaline conditions. Biores. Technol. 1997, 59, 151–155.
62. Nortemann, B. Total degradation of EDTA by mixed cultures and a bacterial isolate. Appl. & Environ. Microbiol. 1992, 58(2), 671–676.
63. Bober, T.W.; Dagon, T.J. Treating photographic processing solutions and chemicals with ozone. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 1975, 47, 2114–2129.
64. Hendrickson, T.N. International Symposium on Ozone for Waste and Wastewater Treatment; Industrial Ozone Institute, 1975; 578–586.
65. Fuji Film Co., Ltd. Treatment of Waste Photographic Processing Solutions. Japanese Patent No. JP04244299, January 9, 1992.
66. Knorre, H.; Maennig, D.; Stidetzel, K. Chemical treatment of effluent from photofinishing plants. J. Imaging Technol. 1988, 4, 154–156.
67. Medici, F. Wastes from Photographic Processes, ICP; Università di Roma la Sapienza: Rome, Italy, 1986; 63–66.
68. Hahn, F.; Meier, F. On the treatment of waste water from film developing plants. Chemiker-Zeitung 1971, 95, 467–471 (Translated from German by the Ralph McElroy Co., Custom Division, 504 West 24th, Austin, TX, USA).
69. Eastman Kodak Company. Alkaline Chlorination of Waste Photographic Processing Solutions Containing Silver. U.S. Patent No. 3,594,157, July 20, 1971.
70. Eastman Kodak Company. Destruction of EDTA by Alkaline Chlorination. U.S. Patent No. 3,767,572, Oct. 23, 1973.
71. Kreiman, R.T. Photo wash water recycling system utilizes ion exchange technology. J. Imaging Technol. 1984, 10, 244–246.
72. Bober, T.W.; Cooley, A.C. The filter press for the filtration of insoluble photographic processing wastes. J. Photo. Sci. and Eng. 1972, 16 (2), 131–135.
73. Kleppe, J.W.; Vacco, D. Settle and Decant Process for Ferrocyanide Removal from Fixer; Eastman Kodak Company, Publ. J-54, 1979.
74. Bober, T.W.; Leon, R.B. Recovering metals from waste photographic processing solutions. Res. Disclosure 1975, 37 (5), Item 13702.
75. Eastman Kodak Company. Method of Electrolysis Employing a Doped Diamond Anode to Oxidize Solutes in Wastewater. U.S. Patent No. 5,399,247, March 21, 1995.
76. Holm, C.E. (1990) Laboratory investigation of incineration of spent photofinishing liquids. MS thesis, Jan. Univ. of Wis., Madison, WI.
77. Ragland, K.W.; Holm, C.E.; Andren, A.W. Laboratory investigation of incineration of spent photofinishing liquids. Presented at SPSE 6th International Symposium on Photofinishing Technology, Las Vegas, NV, February 20, 1990.
78. Zimpro Passavant. Wet-air oxidation of three photographic developing solutions from Eastman Kodak, Unpublished report. November 9, Rothschild, WI, 1989.
79. Hoffman, F.; Vacco, D.; Yeaw, D. Photochemical waste reduction using vacuum distillation. Presented at the 8th International Symposium on Photofinishing Technologies, Atlanta, GA, February 13–16, 1994.
80. Weber, W.J. Jr. Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control; Wiley Interscience: New York, 1972.
81. Eastman Kodak Company. Apparatus for Removing a Component from Solution, U.S. Patent 5,549, 820. Washington, DC, August 27, 1996.
82. Unpublished data. Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1995.
83. Unpublished data. Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester: NY, 1997.
84. Technical publication. Recovering Silver from Photographic Materials, Publication J-10; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1979.
85. Shafer, M.M.; Overdier, J.T.; Armstrong, D.E. Removal, partitioning, and fate of silver and other metals in wastewater treatment plants and effluent-receiving streams. Environ. Toxicolog. Chem. 1998, 17, 630–641.
86. Quinones, P.R. Optimizing silver recovery in photofinishing operations. J. Imaging Technol. 1985, 11, 43–50.
87. Shafer, M.M.; Armstrong, D.E.; Overdier, J.T. Silver levels and partitioning in effluent-receiving streams and a preliminary mass balance for silver in the Lake Michigan basin. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment (Argentum III), Washington, DC, 6–9 August; Andren, A.W., Bober, T.W., Eds.; University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute: Madison, WI, 1995; 169–180.
88. Adams, N.W.H.; Kramer, J.R. Silver speciation in wastewater effluent, surface waters and porewaters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1999, 18, 2667–2673.
89. Rozan, T.F.; Hunter, K.S. Effects of discharge on silver loading and transport in the Quinnipiac River, Connecticut. Sci. Total Environ. 2001, 279, 195–205.
90. Cooley, A.C. Silver recovery using steel wool metallic replacement cartridges. J. Imaging Technol. 1988, 14, 167–173.
91. Hickman, K.C.D. et al. Electrolysis of silver-bearing thiosulfate solutions. Indust. Eng. and Chem. 1933, 25, 202–212.
92. Cooley, A C.; Dagon, T.J. Current silver recovery practices in the photographic processing industry. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1976, 2, 36–41.
93. Cooley, A. C. The effect of the chemical components of fixer on electrolytic silver recovery. J. Imaging Technol. 1986, 12, 316–322.
94. Cooley, A. C. An engineering approach to electrolytic silver recovery systems design. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1982, 8 (4), 171–180.
95. Cooley, A.C. A study of the major parameters for designing rotating cathode electrolytic silver recovery cells. J. Imaging Technol. 1984, 10, 226–232.
96. Cooley, A.C. Three-electrode control procedure for electrolytic silver recovery. J. Imaging Technol. 1984, 10, 233–238.
97. Branch, D.A. Silver recovery methods for photoprocessing solutions. J. Imaging Technol. 1988, 14, 160–166.
98. Krauss, S.J. Factors affecting the desilvering and reuse of bleach-fix. Presented at SPSE Symposium on Environmental Issues in Photofinishing, Los Angeles, CA, September 15–17, 1987.
99. Mina, R. Silver recovery from photographic effluents by ion-exchange methods. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1980, 6, 120–125.
100. Quinones, P.R. In-situ precipitation as the regeneration step in ion exchange for silver recovery. J. SMPTE 1984, 93, 800–807.
101. Lorenzo, G.A. In-situ ion exchange silver recovery for pollution control. J. Imaging Technol. 1988, 14, 174–177.
102. Spears, N.; Sentell, R. Silver recovery from photographic waste processing solutions by using the trisodium salt of 2,4,6-trimercapto-s-triazine. Presented at 7th International Symposium on Photofinishing Technology, Las Vegas, NV, February 3–5; The Society for Imaging Science and Technology: Springfield, VA, 1992.
103. Kodak Environmental Information. Silver Recovery Using KODAK Silver Recovery Agent for Large Photofinishing Labs, Publ. CIS-155; September; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 2000.
104. Eastman Kodak Company. Process for Recovering Silver from Photographic Solutions. U.S. Patent No. 5,288,728. February 22 1994.
105. Eastman Kodak Company. Process of Recovering Silver from Photographic Solutions. U.S. Patent No. 5,437,792. August 1, 1995.
106. Eastman Kodak Company. Method for Flushing an Undesired Precipitate from Apparatus Surfaces. U.S. Patent No. 5,476,593, December 19, 1995.
107. Eastman Kodak Company. Process of Recovering Silver from Photographic Solutions and Inhibiting Formation of Undesirable Precipitate. U.S. Patent No. 5,496,474, March 5, 1996.
108. Eastman Kodak Company. Apparatus for Removing Silver from Spent Photoprocessing Solution. U.S. Patent No. 5,688,401, November 8, 1997.
109. Eastman Kodak Company. Methods for Removing Silver from Spent Photoprocessing Solution. U.S. Patent No. 5,695,645, December 9, 1997.
110. Eastman Kodak Company. Method of Making Trialkali and Triammonium Salts of TMT. U.S. Patent No. 5,563,267, October 8, 1996.
111. Eastman Kodak Company. Process for Recovering Mercapto-s-triazines from Silver Precipitate. U.S. Patent No. 5,759,410, June 2, 1998.
112. Eastman Kodak Company. Process for Recovery of Silver from Hardening Photoprocessing Solutions. U.S. Patent No. 5,961,939, October 5, 1999.
113. LaPerle, R.L. The removal of metals from photographic effluent by sodium sulfide precipitation. J. SMPTE 1976, 85, 206–216.
114. Cribbs, T.P.; Dagon, T.J. A Review of Waste Reduction Programs in the Photoprocessing Industry, CMA Waste Minimization Workshop Notebooks; Vol. I, C-5, Nov. 12; Chemical Manufacturer’s Association: Washington, DC, 1987.
115. Daignault, L.G. Pollution control in the photoprocessing industry through regeneration and reuse. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1977, 3, 93–96.
116. Allen, L.E. Ion-exchange recovery techniques for the reuse of color developers. J. SMPTE 1979, 88, 165–167.
117. Kleppe, J.W. The application of an ion exchange method for color developer reuse. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1979, 5, 132–135.
118. Kleppe, J.W. Practical application of an ion-exchange method for color developer reuse. J. SMPTE 1979, 88, 168–171.
119. Meckl, H. Recycling of color paper developer. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1979, 5, 216–219.
120. Bard, C.C. Recovery and reuse of color developing agents. J. SMPTE 1980, 89, 225–228.
121. Burger, J.L.; Mina, R. An alternative ion-exchange regeneration system for recovery of Kodak Ektaprint 2 developer. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1983, 9, 71–75.
122. Dagon, T.J. Processing chemistry of bleaches and secondary processing solution and applicable regeneration techniques. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1976, 2, 42–45.
123. Foster, D.G.; Stephen, K.H. The latest in Process C-41 bleaching. Presented at 6th Annual Symposium on Photofinishing Technology, Las Vegas, NV, February 19, 1990; The Society for Imaging Science and Technology: Springfield, VA, 1990.
124. Baughman, A.; Cribbs, T.A. Improved separate bleach and fixer for Process RA-4. Presented at 6th Annual Symposium on Photofinishing Technology, Las Vegas, NV, February 19, 1990; The Society for Imaging Science and Technology: Springfield, VA, 1990.
125. Manual for KODAK Chemicals. Using KODAK FLEXICOLOR Chemicals, Kodak Processing Publication Z-131; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1991.
126. Cooley, A.C. Regeneration and disposal of photographic processing solution containing hexacyanoferrate. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1976, 2 (2), 61–64.
127. Hutchins, B.A.; West, L.A. The preparation or regeneration of a silver bleach by oxidizing ferrocyanide with persulfate. J. SMPTE 1957, 66, 764–768.
128. Bober, T.W.; Dagon, T.J. The regeneration of ferricyanide bleach using ozone – Part 1. Image Technol. 1972, 14 (4), 13–16, 24, 25.
129. Bober, T.W.; Dagon, T.J. The regeneration of ferricyanide bleach using ozone – Part 2. Image Technol. 1972, 14 (5), 19–24.
130. Kleppe, J.W.; Nash, C.R. A simplified electrolytic method for ferricyanide bleach regeneration. J. SMPTE 1978, 87, 4.
131. Brugger, D.A. Removal of hexacyanoferrate from selected photographic process effluents by ion exchange. J. SMPTE 1979, 88, 237–243.
132. Hendrickson, T.N.; Daignault, L.G. Treatment of photographic ferrocyanide-type bleach solution for reuse and disposal. J. SMPTE 1973, 82, 727–732.
133. Burger, J.L.; Fowler, H.E.; McPhee, B.A.; Yeager, J.E. Recovery of Kodak color developing agent CD-2 from process ECP-2A color developer and stop bath. J. SMPTE 1985, 94, 648–653.
134. Technical literature. Linkopia CD/Plus, Linkopia Technical Division: S-581 84 Linkoping, Sweden, 1993.
135. Technical manual. Recovery of KODAK coupling agent, C-16 and KODAK coupling agent, M-38 from KODACHROME film process solutions, K14-601, recovery of KODAK coupling agent, Y-55, K14-605. In: Manual for Processing KODACHROME Film Process K-14, Volume 6, Supplementary Information; Eastman Kodak Company: Rochester, NY, 1974.
136. Ott, H.F.; Dunn, J.E. The rotary-buffer squeegee and its use in a motion-picture film lubricator. J. SMPTE 1968, 77, 121–124.
137. Perkins, P.E. A review of the effects of squeegees in continuous-processing machines. J. SMPTE 1970, 79, 121–123.
138. Edgcomb, L.I.; Zankowski, J.S. Molded squeegee blades for photographic processing. J. SMPTE 1970, 79, 123–126.
139. Boutet, J.C. Spring-loaded wiper-blade squeegees. J. SMPTE 1972, 1, 792–796.
140. Fields, A.E. Reducing wash water consumption in photographic processing. J. Appl. Photo. Eng. 1976, 2, 128–133.
141. Hendricks, A.M. Water conditioning gadgets, fact or fancy? Presented at NACE South Central Regional Meeting, Oklahoma City, OK, October 1–4, 1967; National Association of Corrosion Engineers: Houston, TX, 1967.
142. Godard, H. (Ed.) Editorial. “Watch Out for Wondrous Water Treatment Witchcraft”, Materials Performance; NACE Press, National Association of Corrosion Engineers: Houston, TX, 1974.
143. Newton, J. Cleanliness, not magnets, will wash away bugs, SPFE Newsletter, Jul./Aug. Society of Photo Finishing Engineers, Photo Marketing Assoc.: Jackson, MI, 1983.
144. Puckorius, P. How effective are mechanical devices for water treatment? In: 8th Annual Industrial Plant Energy Systems Guidebook; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1982.
145. Eliason, R.; Skrinde, R.T. Experimental evaluation of water conditioning performance. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1967, 49, 1179–1180.