Losing resilience on the gulf hurricanes and social memory

Environment

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 6-19

  Colten, Craig E ^a   Giancarlo, Alexandra ^a  

^a State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053014554     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: 19399154     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2011.588548     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. See the research reports and bibliography on community resilience at the Community and Regional Resilience Institute: http://www.resilientus.org/ publications/reports.html
2. C. S. Hollings, "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems," Annual Review of Ecological Systems 4 (1973): 1-23.
3. L. Gunderson, Comparing Ecological and Human Community Resilience (Oak Ridge, TN: Community and Regional Resilience Institute Research Report 5, 2009).
4. W. N. Adger, "Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?" Progress in Human Geography 24, no. 3 (2000): 347-64 (Pubitemid 30648203)
5. D. R. Godschalk, "Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilience in Cities," Natural Hazards Review 4 (2003): 136-43 (Pubitemid 36940795)
6. B. L. Turner III et al., "A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, no. 14 (2003): 8074-79
7. Wilbanks, "Enhancing the Resilience of Communities to Natural and Other Hazards: What We Know and What We Can Do," Natural Hazards Observer 32, no. 5 (2008): 10-11
8. W. N. Adger et al., "Social-Ecological Resilience to Coastal Disasters," Science 308 (August 12, 2005): 1036-39, quote on 1037. (Pubitemid 41134454)
9. C. E. Colten and A. R. Sumpter, "Social Memory and Resilience in New Orleans," Natural Hazards 48 (2009): 355-64.
10. See C. E. Colten, Perilous Place, Powerful Storms: Hurricane Protection in Southeast Louisiana (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009), and U. S. Congress, House of Representatives, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana: Letter from the Secretary of War, House Doc. 691, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., July 3, 1946, and U.S. Senate, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, Letter from the Secretary of the Army, Senate Doc. 139, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., February 22, 1950.
11. Orleans Levee Board, Nature Changes from Moment to Moment (New Orleans: 1972), 33.
12. U. S. House of Representatives, Lake Pontchartrain and U. S. Senate, Lake Pontchartrain.
13. Orleans Levee Board, Nature Changes, 21.
14. New Orleans City Planning and Zoning Commission, Master Plan for New Orleans, Scope of the Master Plan: Chapter 1: A Preliminary Report (New Orleans: City Planning and Zoning Commission, 1948) and New Orleans City Planning and Zoning Commission, Master Plan for New Orleans, Character of the City: Chapter 2: A Preliminary Report (New Orleans: City Planning and Zoning Commission, 1949).
15. New Orleans City Planning and Zoning Commission, Master Plan for New Orleans, Character of the City: Chapter 2: A Preliminary Report (New Orleans: City Planning and Zoning Commission, 1949), 11.
16. New Orleans Planning and Zoning Commission, Report on Planning: 1951 (New Orleans: Planning and Zoning Commission, 1951), 24, and New Orleans Planning and Zoning Commission, Report on Planning: 1953-1954 (New Orleans: Planning and Zoning Commission, 1954), 21.
17. U. S. Congress, House of Representatives, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana: Letter from the Secretary of War, House Doc. 691, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., July 3, 1946, and U. S. Congress, Senate, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, Letter from the Secretary of the Army, Senate Doc. 139, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., February 22, 1950.
18. New Orleans East, Inc., A General Plan of New Orleans East (New Orleans: New Orleans East, 1959), see 7 and quote at 12.
19. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District, Report on Hurricane Betsy: 8-11 September 1965 (New Orleans: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District, 1965).
20. John McKeithen, Congressional Testimony, in U. S. House of Representatives, Hurricane Betsy Disaster of September 1965, 89th Cong., 1st sess., September 25, 1965, 32.
21. Louisiana Civil Defense Agency, Preparedness Plan for Emergency Operations (Baton Rouge: Louisiana Civil Defense Agency, 1965), K-2-1. Currently, the Louisiana State Archives has no specific emergency operations files or collections reflecting this 1960s mandate.
22. For a discussion of the hurricane protection planning and construction see, Colten, Perilous Place, esp. chapter 4. Their initial plans and construction designs also neglected Hurricane Camille (1969).
23. New Orleans City Planning Commission, Land Use Needs and Resources (New Orleans: New Orleans City Planning Commission, 1967); and see the New Orleans City Planning Commission , Annual Reports (New Orleans: New Orleans City Planning Commission) for the years 1969-1970, 1970-1971, and 1971-1972.
24. R. J. Burby, "Hurricane Katrina and the Paradoxes of Government Disaster Policy: Bringing About Wise Government Decisions for Hazardous Areas," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 604 (2006): 171-91.
25. New Orleans East, Inc., A General Plan: New Orleans East, New Orleans, Louisiana (New Orleans: New Orleans East, 1970), no pagination, see Hurricanes section.
26. Orleans Levee Board, Nature Changes, 26.
27. Craig E. Colten, "Floods and Inequitable Responses: New Orleans Before Katrina," in Environmental and Social Justice in the City: Historical Perspectives, editors Richard Roger and Genevieve Massard-Guilbaud (Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press, 2011), 113-29.
28. Sherwood Gagliano, Hydrologic and Geologic Studies of Coastal Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, Center for Wetland Studies, 1973), 40.
29. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project, Public Hearings, February 22, 1975 (New Orleans, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District, 1975), 101-78.
30. See Colten, Perilous Place, chapters 5 and 6.
31. See Colten, Perilous Place, see chapter 6.
32. Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness, Southeast Louisiana Emergency Operation Plan (Baton Rouge: Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1993), and Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness, Emergency Operations Plan: Supplement 1A, Southeast Louisiana Regional Hurricane Evacuation and Sheltering Plan (Baton Rouge: Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1996).
33. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Preparedness Study (New Orleans: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994), 2-37.
34. New Orleans City Planning Commission, Strategic Land Use Plan for the City of New Orleans (New Orleans: New Orleans City Planning Commission, 1997), 20.
35. Innovative Emergency Management, Southeast Louisiana Catastrophic Hurricane Functional Plan (Draft) (Baton Rouge: Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2004), 19.
36. See Colten, Perilous Place, chapter 6.
37. E. Zebrowski and J. A. Howard, Category 5: The Story of Camille, Lessons Unlearned from America's Most Violent Hurricane (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005)
38. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985).
39. R. A. Pielke, C. Simonpietri, and J. Oxelson, Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille: Lessons Learned, Lessons Lost (Boulder: University of Colorado Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, 1999): 1.
40. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985).
41. D. R. Godschalk, D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley, Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989): 55.
42. D. R. Godschalk, D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley, Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989): 55.
43. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985).
44. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson Counties Coast Code Administration, Regional Code Enforcement: Hancock, Harrison and Jackson Counties (Gulfport, MS: 1970).
45. United States Senate, Congress: Second Session, Federal Response to Hurricane Camille: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Disaster Relief of the Committee of Public Works, 91st Cong., 2nd sess. , 1970, 307, 313-27
46. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, After Action Report: Hurricane Camille, 17-18 August 1969 (Mobile, AL: 1969): vii.
47. Environmental Science Services Administration, Hurricane Camille: A Report to the Administrator, (Washington, DC: 1969): vi.
48. D. R. Godschalk, D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley, Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989): 53.
49. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985): 2.
50. D. R. Godschalk, D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley, Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989): 53.
51. D. R. Godschalk, D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley, Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989): 53.
52. "S.B.A. Insists Few Negro Areas Were Hit by Hurricane Camille," New York Times, January 1, 1970.
53. The American Friends Service Committee and the Southern Regional Council. "In the Wake of Hurricane Camille: An Analysis of the Federal Response," November 24, 1969.
54. Jon Nordheimer, "Governor Williams Denies Race Bias in Hurricane Aid," New York Times, January 9, 1970. Racial segregation and inequities were also common in the evacuation planning for hurricanes.
55. Susan L. Cutter and Mark M. Smith, "Fleeing from Hurricane's Wrath: Evacuation and the Two Americas," Environment 51, no. 2 (2009): 26-36
56. D. R. Godschalk, D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley, Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989)
57. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985).
58. K.R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985): 67.
59. Mississippi Governor's Emergency Council, The Mississippi-Gulf Coast Comprehensive Development After Camille (Cambridge, MA: Meta Systems, Inc., 1970): 16.
60. Mississippi Governor's Emergency Council, The Mississippi-Gulf Coast Comprehensive Development After Camille (Cambridge, MA: Meta Systems, Inc., 1970): 280.
61. Diversified Consultants, Hurricane Critical Exposure Zone Maps: Hancock, Harrison and Jackson Counties, State of Mississippi, (Jackson, MS: 1971).
62. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985)
63. P. D. Hearn, Hurricane Camille: Monster Storm of the Gulf Coast (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005): 189.
64. J. P. Reynolds and D. L. Singletary, "Environmental Concerns and the Impact of Wetlands Regulation on Mississippi's Gaming Industry," Mississippi Law Journal 64, no. 517(1995): 517-54, see 533.
65. S. E. Moss, C. Ryan, and J. Moss, "The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi's Casino Industry," Academy of Strategic Management Journal 7 (2008): 17.
66. P. Cope. "Katrina Ravages Gulf Coast Gaming," Travel Agent 322, no. 8 (2005): 65.
67. J. P. Reynolds and D. L. Singletary, "Environmental Concerns and the Impact of Wetlands Regulation on Mississippi's Gaming Industry," Mississippi Law Journal 64, no. 517(1995): 517-54, see 546.
68. Mississippi Gaming Commission, Emergency Hurricane Plan for Mississippi Gulf Coast Casinos (Jackson, MS: Mississippi Gaming Commission, 1994) ;
69. see also K. J. Meyer-Arendt, "From the River to the Sea: Casino Gambling in Mississippi," in K. J. Meyer-Arendt and R. Hartmann, ed., Casino Gambling in America: Origins, Trends, and Impacts (New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1998): 151-67.
70. K. R. Leyden, Recovery and Reconstruction after Hurricane Camille: Post Storm Hazard Mitigation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1985): 7.
71. Greater Biloxi Economic Development Foundation, Biloxi Waterfront: Master Plan, (Biloxi, MS: 1985): 23.