Menstrual pattern, sexual behaviors, and contraceptive use among postpartum women in Nairobi Urban Slums

Journal of Urban Health

Volumn 88, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2011, Pages

  Ndugwa, Robert P ^a   Cleland, John ^a   Madise, Nyovani J ^d   Fotso, Jean Christophe ^b   Zulu, Eliya M ^c  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b AFRICAN POPULATION AND HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER   (Kenya)

^c African Institute for Health and Development   (Kenya)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Menstrual patterns; Nairobi; Postpartum period; Sexual behavior; Urban slums

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; KENYA; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MENSTRUATION; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; POVERTY; PUERPERIUM; QUESTIONNAIRE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; URBAN POPULATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; COHORT STUDIES; CONTRACEPTION BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; KENYA; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MENSTRUATION; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; POVERTY AREAS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; URBAN POPULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80052987461     PISSN: 10993460     EISSN: 14682869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11524-010-9452-6     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. WHO. World Health Organization-The world health report 2005: Make every mother and child count. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2005.
2. Shankar A, Bartlett L, Fauveau V, Islam M, Terreri N. Delivery of MDG 5 by active management with data. Lancet. 2008;371(9620):1223-1224. (Pubitemid 351491300)
3. Konotey-Ahulu FI. MDGs, countdown to 2015, and "concern" for Africa. Lancet. 2008;372(9636):369-370.
4. Magadi M, Madise N, Diamond I. Factors associated with unfavourable birth outcomes in Kenya. J Biosoc Sci. 2001;33(2):199-225. (Pubitemid 32238422)
5. Magadi M, Diamond I, Madise N, Smith P. Pathways of the determinants of unfavourable birth outcomes in Kenya.J Biosoc Sci. 2004;36(2):153-176. (Pubitemid 38325622)
6. Conde-Agudelo A, Belizan JM. Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with interpregnancy interval: Cross sectional study. BMJ. 2000;321(7271):1255- 1259.
7. Ross JA, Winfrey WL. Unmet need for contraception in the developing world and the former soviet union: An updated estimate. Int Fam Plann Perspect. 2002;28(3):138-143. (Pubitemid 41715245)
8. Ketting E. Global unmet need: Present and future. Plan Parent Chall. 1994; (1):31-34.
9. Casterline JB, Sinding SW. Unmet need for family planning in developing countries and implications for population policy. Popul Dev Rev. 2000;26(4):691-723. (Pubitemid 32376191)
10. Ross JA, Winfrey WL. Contraceptive use, intention to use and unmet need during the extended postpartum period. Int Fam Plann Perspect. 2001;27(1):20-27. (Pubitemid 33721258)
11. Westoff CF. New estimates of unmet need and the demand for family planning. DHS comparative reports no. 14. Calverton: Macro International; 2006.
12. Ashford L. Unmet need for family planning: recent trends and their implications for programs policy brief. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau and Measure Communication; 2003.
13. Clements S, Madise N. Who is being served least by family planning providers? A study of modern contraceptive use in Ghana, Tanzania And Zimbabwe. Afr J Reprod Health. 2004;8(2):124-136.
14. Ronsmans C. Birth spacing and child survival in rural Senegal. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25 (5):989-997.
15. Magadi MA, Zulu EM, Brockerhoff M. The inequality of maternal health care in urban sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. Popul Stud (Camb). 2003;57(3):347-366. (Pubitemid 37458518)
16. Rutstein SO. Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;89(Suppl 1):S7-24.
17. Rafalimanana H, Westoff CF. Potential effects on fertility and child health and survival of birth-spacing preferences in sub-Saharan Africa. Stud Fam Plann. 2000;31(2):99-110. (Pubitemid 30480769)
18. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermudez A, Kafury-Goeta AC Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295(15):1809-1823.
19. Hill K, Thomas K, Abou Zahr C, et al. Estimates of maternal mortality worldwide between 1990 and 2005: An assessment of available data. Lancet. 2007;370(9595):1311-1319. (Pubitemid 47539567)
20. Zulu EM. Ethnic variations and observance of postpartum sexual abstinence in Malawi. Demography. 2001;38(4):467-479. (Pubitemid 33600037)
21. Van Balen H, Ntabomvura V. Methods of birth spacing, maternal lactation and post partum abstinence in relation to traditional African culture. J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health. 1976;22(2):50-52.
22. Kirk D, Pillet B. Fertility levels, trends, and differentials in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Stud Fam Plann. 1998;29(1):1-22.
23. Cleland JG, Ali MM, Capo-Chichi V. Post-partum sexual abstinence in West Africa: Implications for AIDS-control and family planning programmes. AIDS. 1999;13(1):125-131. (Pubitemid 29078073)
24. Ravera M, Ravera C, Reggiori A, et al. A study of breastfeeding and the return of menses in Hoima District, Uganda. East Afr Med J. 1995;72(3):147-149. (Pubitemid 26465693)
25. Desgrees-du-Lou A, Brou H. Resumption of sexual relations following childbirth: Norms, practices and reproductive health issues in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Reprod Health Matters. 2005;13(25):155-163. (Pubitemid 40813262)
26. Speroff L, Mishell DR Jr. The postpartum visit: It's time for a change in order to optimally initiate contraception. Contraception. 2008;78(2):90-98.
27. Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey (BFDHS). Burkina Faso Governmentand ORC Macro: Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Burkina Faso 2003. Ouagadougou: Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie; 2004.
28. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Ghana Government and ORC MAcro: Ghana demographic and health survey 2003. Accra Ghana Statistical Service and Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research; 2004.
29. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Uganda demographic and health survey 2006. In: UBo S, ed. Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) ORC MACRO; 2006.
30. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Kenya government and ORC macro: Kenya demographic and health survey 2003. Kenya DHS. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Health; 2003.
31. Benefo KD. The determinants of the duration of postpartum sexual abstinence in West Africa: A multilevel analysis. Demography. 1995;32(2):139-157. (Pubitemid 26432522)
32. UN-HABITAT. United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-HABITAT). The State of African Cities 2008-A framework for addressing urban challenges in Africa. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT 2008.
33. UN-HABITAT The challenges ofslums: Global report on human settlements. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT; 2003.
34. Atkinson SJ. Urban-rural comparisons of nutrition status in the Third World. Food Nutrition Bulletin. 1993;14(4):337-340. (Pubitemid 24432388)
35. African Population and Health Research Center. Population and health dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements. Nairobi: African Population and Health Research Center; 2002.
36. Zulu EM, Dodoo FN, Ezeh AC Sexual risk-taking in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya, 1993-8. Popul Stud (Camb). 2002;56(3):311-323. (Pubitemid 36036531)
37. Dodoo FN, Zulu EM, Ezeh AC. Urban-rural differences in the socioeconomic deprivation-Sexual behavior link in Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(5):1019-1031. (Pubitemid 46209402)
38. Fotso JC, Ezeh A, Madise N, Ziraba A, Ogollah R. What does access to maternal care mean among the urban poor? Factors associated with use of appropriate maternal health services in the slum settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13 (1):130-137.
39. Ziraba AK, Madise N, Mills S, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh A. Maternal mortality in the informal settlements of Nairobi city: What do we know? Reprod Health. 2009;6:6.
40. Boerma JT, Bryce J, Kinfu Y, Axelson H, Victora CG. Mind the gap: Equity and trends in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health services in 54 countdown countries. Lancet. 2008;371(9620):1259-1267.
41. Hubacher D, Mavranezouli I, Mc Ginn E. Unintended pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Magnitude of the problem and potential role of contraceptive implants to alleviate it. Contraception. 2008;78(1):73-78.
42. Sedgh G, Bankole A, Oye-Adeniran B, Adewole IF, Singh S, Hussain R. Unwanted pregnancy and associated factors among Nigerian women. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 2006;32(4):175-184.
43. Becker S, Ahmed S. Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia. Population Studies. 2001;55:165-179. (Pubitemid 32663610)
44. Gray RH, Campbell OM, Apelo R, et al. Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet. 1990;335(8680):25-29. (Pubitemid 20020430)
45. African Population and Health Research Center. The economic, health, and social context of HIV infection in informal urban settlements of Nairobi. Nairobi: African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC); 2009.
46. Carpenter LM, Kamali A, Ruberantwari A, Malamba SS, Whitworth JA. Rates of HIV-1 transmission within marriage in rural Uganda in relation to the HIV sero-status of the partners. Aids. 1999;13(9):1083-1089. (Pubitemid 29361399)
47. Kamali A, Carpenter LM, Whitworth JA, Pool R, Ruberantwari A, Ojwiya A. Seven-year trends in HIV-1 infection rates, and changes in sexual behaviour, among adults in rural Uganda. Aids. 2000;14(4):427-434. (Pubitemid 30182440)
48. Cleland J, Ali MM, Shah I. Trends in protective behaviour among single vs. married young women in sub-Saharan Africa: The big picture. Reprod Health Matters. 2006;14 (28):17-22. (Pubitemid 44708756)
49. Williamson NE, Liku J, Mc Loughlin K, Nyamongo IK, Nakayima F. A qualitative study of condom use among married couples in Kampala, Uganda. Reprod Health Matters. 2006;14(28):89-98. (Pubitemid 44780846)
50. Maharaj P, Cleland J. Risk perception and condom use among married or cohabiting couples in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 2005;31(1):24-29. (Pubitemid 40815351)