Last Glacial Maximum records in permafrost of the East Siberian Arctic

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 21-22, 2011, Pages 3139-3151

  Wetterich, Sebastian ^a   Rudaya, Natalia ^b   Tumskoy, Vladimir ^c   Andreev, Andrei A ^d   Opel, Thomas ^e   Schirrmeister, Lutz ^a   Meyer, Hanno ^a  

^a ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY   (Russian Federation)

^c MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^e HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Ground ice; Ice Complex; Laptev Sea; Late Pleistocene; New Siberian Archipelago; Pollen; Stable water isotopes; Yedoma

Indexed keywords

GROUND ICE; LAPTEV SEA; LATE PLEISTOCENE; NEW SIBERIAN ARCHIPELAGO; POLLEN; STABLE WATER ISOTOPES; YEDOMA;

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; CLIMATOLOGY; ICE; ISOTOPES; PERMAFROST; SEDIMENTOLOGY;

GLACIAL GEOLOGY;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; DATA SET; GLACIATION; INTERGLACIAL; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; LITHOLOGY; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; PALEONTOLOGY; PALYNOLOGY; PERMAFROST; STABLE ISOTOPE; STEPPE; TUNDRA;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; EAST SIBERIAN SEA; LAPTEV SEA;

EID: 80052927219     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.020     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Andreev A.A., Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Bobrov A.A., Demske D., Seiffert M., Hubberten H.-W. Paleoenvironmental changes in north-eastern Siberia during the Late Pleistocene - evidence from pollen records of the Bykovsky Peninsula. Polarforschung 2002, 70:13-25.
2. Andreev A.A., Siegert C., Klimanov V.A., Derevyagin A.Yu., Shilova G.N., Melles M. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate on the Taymyr lowland, northern Siberia. Quaternary Research 2002, 57:138-150.
3. Andreev A.A., Tarasov P.E., Siegert C., Ebel T., Klimanov V.A., Melles M., Bobrov A.A., Dereviagin A.Yu., Lubinski D.J., Hubberten H.-W. Vegetation and climate changes on the northern Taymyr, Russia during the upper Pleistocene and Holocene reconstructed from pollen records. Boreas 2003, 32:484-505.
4. Andreev A.A., Grosse G., Schirrmeister L., Kuzmina S.A., Novenko E.Yu., Bobrov A.A., Tarasov P.E., Kuznetsova T.V., Krbetschek M., Meyer H., Kunitsky V.V. Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island (Laptev Sea region, arctic Siberia). Boreas 2004, 33:319-348.
5. Andreev A.A., Grosse G., Schirrmeister L., Kuznetsova T.V., Kuzmina S.A., Bobrov A.A., Tarasov P.E., Novenko E.Yu., Meyer H., Derevyagin A.Yu., Kienast F., Bryantseva A., Kunitsky V.V. Weichselian and Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island, New Siberian Archipelago, arctic Siberia. Boreas 2009, 38:72-110.
6. Andreev, A., Schirrmeister, L., Tarasov, P.E., Ganopolski, A., Brovkin, V., Siegert, C., Wetterich, S., Hubberten, H.-W. Vegetation and climate history in the Laptev Sea region (Arctic Siberia) during late Quaternary inferred from pollen records. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.026.
7. Arkhangelov A.A., Mikhalev D.V., Nikolaev V.I. Reconstruction of formation conditions of permafrost and palaeoclimate of Northern Eurasia. Razvitie oblasti mnnogoletnei merzloty i periglyatsial'noi zony Severnoi Evrazii i usloviya rasseleniya drevnego cheloveka 1996, 85-109. RAS Institute of Geography, Moscow, (in Russian). A.A. Velichko, A.A. Arkhangelov, O.K. Borisova, Y.N. Gribchenko, A.N. Drenova, E.M. Zelikson, E.N. Kurenkova, D.V. Mikhalev, V.I. Nikolaev, E.Y. Novenko, S.A. Timireva (Eds.).
8. Berman, D., Alfimov, A., Kuzmina, S. Invertebrates of the relict steppe ecosystems of Beringia, and the reconstruction of Pleistocene landscapes. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.016.
9. Bobrov A.A., Andreev A.A., Schirrmeister L., Siegert C. Testate amoebae (Protozoa: Testacea) as bioindicators in the late Quaternary deposits of the Bykovsky Peninsula, Laptev Sea, Russia. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2004, 209:165-181.
10. Bunge A.A. Bericht über den ferneren Gang der Expedition. Reise nach den Neusibirischen Inseln. Aufenthalt auf der Grossen Ljachof-Insel. Expedition zu den Neusibirischen Inseln und dem Jana-Lande (1885). Beiträge zur Kenntnis des russischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Länder 1887, vol. III:231-284. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg. L.V. Schrenk, C.J. Maximovicz (Eds.).
11. Clark P.U., Dyke A.S., Shakun J.D., Carlson A.E., Clark J., Wohlfarth B., Mitrovica J.X., Hostetler S.W., McCabe A.M. The last glacial maximum. Science 2009, 325:710-714.
12. Craig H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 1961, 133:1702-1703.
13. Dansgaard W. Stable isotopes precipitation. Tellus 1964, 16:436-468.
14. Derevyagin A.Yu., Chizhov A.B., Brezgunov V.S., Siegert C., Hubberten H.-W. Isotopic composition of ice wedges of Cape Sabler (Lake Taymyr). Earth Cryosphere 1999, 3/3:41-49. (in Russian).
15. Dostovalov B.N., Kudryavtsev V.A. Obshchaya Geokriologiya (Common Geocryology) 1967, Moscow State University Press, Moscow, 403 p. (in Russian).
16. Drachev S.S., Savostin L.A., Groshev V.G., Bruni I.E. Structure and geology of the continental shelf on the Laptev Sea, eastern Russian arctic. Tectonophysics 1998, 298:357-393.
17. Edwards M.E., Anderson P.M., Brubaker L.B., Ager T.A., Andreev A.A., Bigelow N.H., Cwynar L.C., Eisner W.R., Harrison S.P., Hu F.S., Jolly D., Lozhkin A.V., MacDonald G.M., Mock C.J., Ritchie J.C., Sher A.V., Spear R.W., Williams J.W., Yu G. Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 C-14 yr BP. Journal of Biogeography 2000, 27:521-554.
18. Fægri K., Iversen J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis 1989, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 328 pp. fourth ed.
19. French H.M., Shur Y. The principles of cryostratigraphy. Earth Science Reviews 2010, 101:190-206.
20. Froese D.G., Westgate J.A., Reyes A.V., Enkin R.J., Preece S.J. Ancient permafrost and a future, warmer Arctic. Science 2008, 321:1648.
21. Grimm E. TILIAGRAPH vl.25 1991, Illinois State Museum, Research and Collections Center, Springfield, Illinois, USA.
22. Grimm E. TILIA v2.0 1993, Illinois State Museum, Research and Collections Center, Springfield, Illinois, USA.
23. Grootes P.M., Nadeau M.J., Rieck A. 14C-AMS at the Leibniz-Labor: radio-metric dating and isotope research. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 2004, 223:55-61.
24. Grosse G., Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Kunitsky V., Slagoda E.A., Andreev A.A., Dereviagin A.Y.u Geological and geomorphological evolution of a sedimentary periglacial landscape in Northeast Siberia during the Late Quaternary. Geomorphology 2007, 86:25-51.
25. Hubberten H.-W., Andreev A., Astakhov V.I., Demidov I., Dowdeswell J.A., Henriksen M., Hjort C., Houmark-Nielsen M., Jakobsson M., Kuzmina S., Larsen E., Lunkka J.P., Lysa A., Mangerud J., Möller P., Saarnisto M., Schirrmeister L., Sher A.V., Siegert C., Siegert M.J., Svendsen J.I. The periglacial climate and environment in northern Eurasia during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1333-1357.
26. Ilyashuk B.P., Andreev A.A., Bobrov A.A., Tumskoy V.E., Ilyashuk E.A. Interglacial history of a palaeo-lake and regional environment: a multi-proxy study of a permafrost deposit from Bol'shoi Lyakhovsky Island, Arctic Siberia. Journal of Paleolimnology 2006, 36:855-872.
27. Kanevskiy, M., Shur, Y., Fortier, D., Jorgenson, M.T., Stephani, E. Cryostratigraphy of late Pleistocene syngenetic permafrost (yedoma) in northern Alaska, Itkillik River exposure. Quaternary Research, in press. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.003.
28. Kaplina T.N. Ancient alas complexes of Northern Yakutia, first note (Drevnie alasnye kompleksy Severnoi Yakutii, soobshchenie 1). Earth Cryosphere 2011, 15(2):3-13. (in Russian).
29. Kienast F., Siegert C., Dereviagin A., Mai D.H. Climatic implications of late Quaternary plant macrofossil assemblages from the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia. Global and Planetary Change 2001, 31:265-281.
30. Kienast F., Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Tarasov P. Palaeobotanical evidence for warm summers in the East Siberian Arctic during the last cold stage. Quaternary Research 2005, 63:283-300.
31. Kienast F., Tarasov P., Schirrmeister L., Grosse G., Andreev A.A. Continental climate in the East Siberian Arctic during the last interglacial: implications from palaeobotanical records. Global and Planetary Change 2008, 60:535-562.
32. Kienast, F., Wetterich, S., Kuzmina, S., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev, A., Tarasov, P., Nazarova, L., Kossler, A., Frolova, L., Kunitsky, V.V. Paleontological records indicate the occurrence of open woodlands in a dry inland climate at the present-day Arctic coast in western Beringia during the last interglacial. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.024.
33. Kunitsky V.V. Ice complex and cryoplanation terraces of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island. Problemy Geokriologii 1998, 60-72. RAS SB Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russia, (in Russian). R.M. Kamensky, V.V. Kunitsky, B.A. Olovin, V.V. Shepelev (Eds.).
34. Kuznetsova L.P. Atmospheric moisture content and transfer over the territory of the former USSR. Second International Workshop on Energy and Water Cycle in GAMESiberia, 1997 1998, 145-151. Research Report of the Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nagoya Japan. T. Ohata, T. Hiyama (Eds.).
35. Lachenbruch A.H. Mechanics of thermal contraction cracks and ice-wedge polygons in permafrost 1962, GSA, US Geological Survey, New York, 67 pp.
36. Lozhkin A.V. Modern pollen rain in the arctic regions of Beringia and the reconstruction of vegetation during the glacial intervals of the Pleistocene. Chetvertichnaya paleogeografiya Beringii 2002, 13-27. RAS FEB NEISRI, Magadan, Russia, (in Russian). K.V. Simakov (Ed.).
37. Mackay J.R. Oxygen isotope variations in permafrost, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada 1983, 67-74. Current Research Part B Paper 83-1B.
38. Medeanic S. Freshwater algal palynomorph records from the Holocene deposits in the coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2006, 141:83-101.
39. Meyer H. Late Quaternary climate history of Northern Siberia - evidence from ground ice. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung 2003, 461:1-109.
40. Meyer H., Schönicke L., Wand U., Hubberten H.-W., Friedrichsen H. Isotope studies of hydrogen and oxygen in ground ice - experiences with the equilibration technique. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 2000, 36:133-149.
41. Meyer H., Dereviagin A., Siegert C., Schirrmeister L., Hubberten H.-W. Palaeoclimate reconstruction on Big Lyakhovsky Island, North Siberia - hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice wedges. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2002, 13:91-105.
42. Meyer H., Dereviagin A.Yu., Siegert C., Hubberten H.-W. Paleoclimate studies on Bykovsky Peninsula, North Siberia - hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ground ice. Polarforschung 2002, 70:37-51.
43. Meyer H., Schirrmeister L., Yoshikawa K., Opel T., Wetterich S., Hubberten H.-W., Brown J. Permafrost evidence for severe winter cooling during the Younger Dryas in northern Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L03501.
44. Miller G.H., Brigham-Grette J., Alley R.B., Anderson L., Bauch H.A., Douglas M., Edwards M.E., Elias S.A., Finney B., Fitzpatrick J.J., Funder S.V., Herbert T.D., Hinzman L., Kaufman D., MacDonald G.M., Polyak L., Robock A., Serreze M., Smol J., Spielhagen R., White J.W.C., Wolfe A.P. Temperature and precipitation history of the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:1679-1715.
45. Nagaoka D., Saijo K., Fukuda M. Sedimental environment of the Yedoma in high Arctic eastern Siberia. Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on the joint Siberian permafrost studies between Japan and Russia in 1994 1995, 8-13. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan.
46. Pitul'ko V.V., Pavlova E.Yu Geoarkheologiya i radiouglerodnaya khronologiya kamennogo veka severo-vostochnoi Azii (Geoarcheology and radiocarbon chronology of the Stone Age in North-East Asia) 2010, Nauka, St. Petersburg, Russia, 263 p. (in Russian).
47. Pitul'ko V.V., Pavlova E.Yu., Kuz'mina S.A., Nikol'skii P.A., Basilyan A.E., Tumskoi V.E., Anisimov M.A. Natural-climatic changes in the Yana-Indigirka lowland during the terminal Kargino time and habitat of late Paleolithic man in northern part of East Siberia. Doklady Earth Sciences 2007, 417:103-108.
48. Reille M. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord 1992, Laboratoire de botanique historique et palynologie, URA CNRS, Marseille, France.
49. Reille M. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord, Supplement 1 1995, Laboratoire de botanique historique et palynologie, URA CNRS, Marseille, France.
50. Reille M. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord, Supplement 2 1998, Laboratoire de botanique historique et palynologie, URA CNRS, Marseille, France.
51. Romanovskii N.N. New data about the structure of Quaternary deposits on the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island, New Siberian islands. Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Seriya geologo-geograficheskaya 1958, 2:243-248. (in Russian).
52. Schirrmeister L., Oezen D., Geyh M.A. 230Th/U dating of frozen peat, Bol'shoyLyakhovsky Island (North Siberia). Quaternary Research 2002, 57:253-258.
53. Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Kuznetsova T., Kuzmina S., Andreev A.A., Kienast F., Meyer H., Bobrov A. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records from permafrost deposits in the Arctic region of Northern Siberia. Quaternary International 2002, 89:97-118.
54. Schirrmeister L., Grosse G., Schwamborn G., Andreev A.A., Meyer H., Kunitsky V.V., Kuznetsova T.V., Dorozhkina M.V., Pavlova E.Y., Bobrov A.A., Oezen D. Late Quaternary history of the accumulation plain north of the Chekanovsky Ridge (Lena Delta, Russia): a multidisciplinary approach. Polar Geography 2003, 27:277-319.
55. Schirrmeister L., Wetterich S., Tumskoy V., Dobrynin D. Palaeoenvironmental studies on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung 2008, 584:51-84.
56. Schirrmeister L., Grosse G., Kunitsky V., Magens D., Meyer H., Dereviagin A., Kuznetsova T., Andreev A., Babiy O., Kienast F., Grigoriev M., Overduin P.P., Preusser F. Periglacial landscape evolution and environmental changes of Arctic lowland areas for the last 60,000 years (western Laptev Sea coast, Cape Mamontov Klyk). Polar Research 2008, 27:249-272.
57. Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., Meyer, H., Schwamborn, G., Babiy, O., Derevyagin, A., Siegert, C. Sedimentary characteristics and origin of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex on North-East Siberian Arctic coastal lowlands and islands - a review. Quaternary International, in press. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.004.
58. Schwamborn G., Meyer H., Fedorov G., Schirrmeister L., Hubberten H.-W. Ground ice and slope sediments archiving late Quaternary paleoenvironment and paleoclimate signals at the margins of El'gygytgyn Impact Crater, NE Siberia. Quaternary Research 2006, 66:259-272.
59. Schwamborn G., Fedorov G., Schirrmeister L., Meyer H., Hubberten H.-W. Periglacial sediment variations controlled by Late Quaternary climate and lake level rise at Elgygytgyn Crater, Arctic Siberia. Boreas 2008, 37:55-65.
60. Sher, A.V., 1997. Yedoma as a store of paleoenvironmental records in Beringia. In: Abstracts and Program of the Beringian Paleoenvironments Workshop. September 20-23, 1997, Florissant, Colorado, USA, pp. 92-94.
61. Sher A.V., Kaplina T.N., Ovander M.G. Unified regional stratigraphic chart for the Quaternary deposits in the Yana-Kolyma lowland and its mountainous surroundings. Explanatory Note. Resheniya mezhvedomstvenogo stratigraficheskogo soveshchaniya po chetvertichnoi sisteme vostoka SSSR, Magadan, 1982 1987, 29-69. USSR Academy of Sciences FEB NEISRI, Magadan, Russia, (In Russian).
62. Sher A.V., Kuzmina S.A., Kuznetsova T.V., Sulerzhitsky L.D. New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the Eastern-Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:533-569.
63. Siegert C., Derevyagin A.Yu., Shilova G.M., Hermichen W.-D., Hiller A. Paleoclimate indicators from permafrost sequences in the eastern Taymyr lowland. Land-Ocean System in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History 1999, 477-499. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. H. Kassens, H.A. Bauch, I.A. Dmitrenko, H. Eicken, H.-W. Hubberten, M. Melles, J. Thiede, L.A. Timokhov (Eds.).
64. Siegert C., Schirrmeister L., Babiy O. The sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical composition of late Pleistocene deposits from the ice complex on the Bykovsky Peninsula, northern Siberia. Polarforschung 2002, 70:3-11.
65. Solov'ev P.A. Kriolitozona severnoi chasti Leno-Amginskogo mezhdurech'ya (The cryolithozone in the northern part of the Lena-Amga-Interfluve) 1959, Publications of the USSR Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia, 144 p. (in Russian).
66. Stauch G., Gualtieri L. Late Quaternary glaciations innortheastern Russia. Journal of Quaternary Science 2008, 23:545-558.
67. Svendsen J.I., Alexanderson H., Astakhov V.I., Demidov I., Dowdeswell J.A., Funder S., Gataullin V., Henriksen M., Hjort C., Houmark-Nielsen M., Hubberten H.-W., Ingólfsson Ó, Jakobsson M., Kjær K.H., Larsen E., Lokrantz H., Lunkka J.P., Lyså A., Mangerud J., Matiouchkov A., Murray A., Möller P., Niessen F., Nikolskaya O., Polyakh L., Saarnisto M., Siegert C., Siegert M.J., Spielhagen R.F., Stein R. Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1229-1271.
68. Tumskoy, V.E., 2004. Geologicheskoe stroenie i vozrast otlozhenii ledovogo kompleksa v paione obnazheniya Mys-Khaya, p. Yana (Geological structure and age of Ice Complex deposits at the Mys-Khaya exposure, Yana River). In: Abstracts of the International Conference "Cryosphere of oil and gas bearing provinces", Tyumen, Russia, pp. 81. (in Russian).
69. Tumskoy V.E., Basilyan A.E. Quaternary stratigraphy of the Dmitry Laptev Strait coasts (Northern Yakutia). Fundamental problems of Quaternary: Results and Trends of Future Researches - Proceedings of the 6th All-Russian Quaternary Conference 2009, 592-593. RAS SB Publishers, Novosibirsk, Russia, (in Russian). A.E. Kontorovich, V.S. Volkova, I.V. Khazina, L.B. Khazin (Eds.).
70. Vaikmäe, R., 1989. Oxygen isotopes in permafrost and in ground ice - a new tool for paleoclimatic investigations. Proceedings of the 5th working meeting "Isotopes in Nature", September 25-29, 1989. Leipzig, Germany, pp. 543-551.
71. Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related groundice terms 1998, 268. Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Canada. R.O. van Everdingen (Ed.).
72. van Geel B., van der Hammen T. Zygnemataceae in Quaternary Colombian sediments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 1978, 25:377-392.
73. Vasil'chuk Y.K., Vasil'chuk A.C. Ice-wedge formation in northern Asia during the Holocene. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1995, 6:273-279.
74. Velichko A.A., Curry B., Ehlers J. Main Quaternary chronostratigraphical units used in Siberia, east-European plain, west Europe and North America. The Geological Society of America 2005, XVII. Special Paper 382. A.A. Velichko, V.P. Nechaev (Eds.).
75. von Toll E.V. Fossil glaciers of New Siberian Islands, their relation to mammoth corpses and the Glacial period. Zapiski Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshestva po Obshei Geografii 1897, 32:1-137. (in Russian).
76. Wetterich S., Schirrmeister L., Pietrzeniuk E. Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits from the Siberian Arctic. Journal of Paleolimnology 2005, 34:363-374.
77. Wetterich S., Kuzmina S., Andreev A.A., Kienast F., Meyer H., Schirrmeister L., Kuznetsova T., Sierralta M. Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh island, Lena delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:1523-1540.
78. Wetterich S., Schirrmeister L., Andreev A.A., Pudenz M., Plessen B., Meyer H., Kunitsky V.V. Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dmitry Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia). Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2009, 279:73-95.
79. Yershov E.D., Kondratyeva K.A., Zamolotchikova S.A., Trush N.I., Dunaeva Ye.N. Geocryological Map of the USSR 1985, Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Scale 1:2,500,000 (in Russian).
80. Yurtsev B.A. The Pleistocene "Tundra-Steppe" and the productivity paradox: the landscape approach. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:165-174.