Language and music in the musician brain

Linguistics and Language Compass

Volumn 5, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 617-634

  Besson, Mireille ^a   Chobert, Julie ^a   Marie, Céline ^b  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052911099     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1749818X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2011.00302.x     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Amunts, K., G. Schlaug, L. Jancke, H. Steinmetz, A. Schleicher, and K. Zilles. 1997. Hand skills covary with the size of motor cortex: a macrostructural adaptation. Human Brain Mapping 5. 206-15.
2. Anvari, S. H., L. J. Trainor, J. Woodside, and B. A. Levy. 2002. Relations among musical skills, phonological processing, and early reading ability in preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 83. 111-30.
3. Astésano, C., M. Besson, and K. Alter. 2004. Brain potentials during semantic and prosodic processing in French. Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research 18. 172-84.
4. Bailly, G. 1989. Integration of rhythmic and syntactic constraints in a model of generation of French prosody. Speech Communication 8. 137-46.
5. Bangert, M., and E. Altenmüller. 2003. Mapping perception to action in piano practice: a longitudinal DC-EEG study. BMC Neuroscience 4. 26.
6. Bangert, M., T. Peschel, G. Schlaug, M. Rotte, D. Drescher, H. Hinrichs, H. J. Heinze, and E. Altenmuller. 2006. Shared networks for auditory and motor processing in professional pianists: evidence from fMRI conjunction. Neuroimage 30(3). 917-26.
7. Baumann, S., M. Meyer, and L. Jäncke. 2008. Enhancement of auditory-evoked potentials in musicians reflects an influence of expertise but not selective attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20. 1-12.
8. Baumann, S., S. Koeneke, C. F. Schmidt, M. Meyer, K. Lutz, and L. Jäncke. 2007. A network for audio-motor coordination in skilled pianists and non-musicians. Brain research 1161. 65-78.
9. Bengtsson, S. L., Z. Nagy, S. Skare, L. Forsman, H. Forssberg, and F. Ullén. 2005. Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nature Neuroscience 8. 1148-50.
10. Besson, M., and F. Faïta. 1995. An Event-Related Potential (ERP) study of musical expectancy: comparison of musicians with non-musicians. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21. 1278-96.
11. Bidelman, G. M., J. T. Gandour, and A. Krishnan. 2009. Cross-domain effects of music and language experience on the representation of pitch in the human auditory brainstem. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29(42). 13165-71.
12. Bigand, E., B. Tillmann, B. Poulin, D. A. D'Adamo, and F. Madurell. 2001. The effect of harmonic context on phoneme monitoring in vocal music. Cognition 81. 11-20.
13. Boucourechliev, A. (ed.). 1993. Le language musical. Collections les chemins de la musique. Paris: Fayard.
14. Brown, S. (ed.). 2000. The 'Musilanguage' model of music evolution. The origins of music, ed. by N. L. Wallin, B. Merker and S. Brown, n.p. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Chandrasekaran, B., A. Krishnan, and J. T. Gandour. 2009. Relative influence of musical and linguistic experience on early cortical processing of pitch contours. Brain and Language 108(1). 1-9.
16. Chandrasekaran, B., J. T. Gandour, and A. Krishnan. 2007. Neuroplasticity in the processing of pitch dimensions: a multidimensional scaling analysis of the mismatch negativity. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 25. 195-210.
17. Chobert, J., M. Marie, C. François, D. Schön, and M. Besson. forthcoming. Enhanced preattentive and attentive processing of syllables in musician children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
18. Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic structures. La Haye: Mouton & Co.
19. Clarke, E. (ed.). 1999. Rhythm and timing in music. The psychology of music, 2nd edn. ed. by D. Deutsch, 473-500. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
20. Colombo, L., C. Deguchi, M. Boureux, M. Sarlo, and M. Besson. 2011. Detection of pitch violations depends upon the familiarity of intonational contour of sentences. Cortex 47. 557-68.
21. Delogu, F., G. Lampis, and M. Olivetti Benardinelli. 2006. Music-to-language transfer effect: may melodic ability improve learning of tonal languages by native nontonal speakers? Cognitive Processing 7. 203-7.
22. Delogu, F., G. Lampis, and M. Olivetti Belardinelli. forthcoming. From melody to lexical tone: musical ability enhances specific aspects of foreign language perception. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. doi:).
23. Drake, C., A. Penel, and E. Bigand. 2000. Tapping in time with mechanically and expressively performed music. Music Perception 18. 1-23.
24. Elbert, T., C. Pantev, C. Wienbruch, B. Rockstroh, and E. Taub. 1995. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 270(5234). 305-7.
25. Fedorenko, E., A. D. Patel, D. Casasanto, J. Winawer, and E. Gibson. 2009. Structural integration in language and music: evidence for a shared system. Memory & Cognition 37. 1-9.
26. Fodor, A. D. (ed.). 1983. The modularity of mind: an essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27. Fodor, A. D. (ed.). 2000. The mind doesn't work that way: the scope and limits of computational psychology. New York: MIT Press.
28. Fodor, J. A. (ed.). 2003. L'esprit ça ne marche pas comme ça. Paris: Odile Jacob.
29. Foxton, J. M., J. B. Talcott, C. Witton, H. Brace, F. McIntyre, and T. D. Griffiths. 2003. Reading skills are related to global, but not local, acoustic pattern perception Brief Communication. Nat Neuroscience 6. 343-4.
30. Frazier, L., C. Clifton, and K. Carlson. 2004. Don't break, or do: prosodic boundary preferences. Lingua 114. 3-27.
31. Fujioka, T., B. Ross, R. Kakigi, C. Pantev, and L. Trainor. 2006. One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked fields in young children. Brain 129. 2593-608.
32. Fujioka, T., L. J. Trainor, B. Ross, R. Kakigi, and C. Pantev. 2004. Musical training enhances automatic encoding of melodic contour and interval structure. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16. 1010-21.
33. Gaab, N., and G. Schlaug. 2003. The effect of musicianship on pitch memory in performance matched groups. Neuroimage 14. 2291-5.
34. Gaab, N., P. Tallal, H. Kim, K. Lakshminarayanan, J. J. Archie, G. H. Glover et al. 2005. Neural correlates of rapid spectrotemporal processing in musicians and nonmusicians. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1060. 82-8.
35. Gandour, J., D. Wong, and G. Hutchins. 1998. Pitch processing in the human brain is influenced by language experience. Neuroreport 9(9). 2115-9.
36. Gandour, J., D. Wong, L. Hsieh, B. Weinzapfel, D. Van Lancker, and G. D. Hutchins. 2000. A cross-linguistic PET study of tone perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12(1). 207-22.
37. Gandour, J., D. Wong, M. Lowe, M. Dzemidzic, N. Satthamnuvong, Y. Iong, and J. Lorito. 2002. Neural circuitry underlying perception of duration depends on language experience. Brain and Language 83. 268-90.
38. Gandour, J., Y. Tong, D. Wong, T. Talavage, M. Dzemidzic, Y. Xu, X. Li, and M. Lowe. 2004. Hemispheric roles in the perception of speech prosody. Neuroimage 23(1). 344-57.
39. Gardner, H. (ed.). 1984. Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Fontanal Press.
40. Gaser, C., and G. Schlaug. 2003. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience 23. 9240-5.
41. Geiser, E., E. Ziegler, L. Jancke, and M. Meyer. 2009. Early electrophysiological correlates of meter and rhythm processing in music perception. Cortex 45. 93-102.
42. Gottfried, T. L., A. M. Staby, and C. J. Ziemer. 2004. Musical experience and mandarin tone discrimination and imitation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115. 2545.
43. Gottfried, T. L., and D. Riester. 2000. Relation of pitch glide perception and Mandarin tone identification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108. 2604.
44. Hannon, E. E., and L. J. Trainor. 2007. Music acquisition: effects of enculturation and formal training on development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11. 466-72.
45. Haueisen, J., and T. R. Knösche. 2001. Involuntary motor activity in pianists evoked by music perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13(6) 786-92.
46. Hund-Georgiadis, M., and D. Y. Von Cramon. 1999. Motor-learning-related changes in piano players and non-musicians revealed by functional magnetic-resonance signals. Experimental brain research 125(4). 417-25.
47. Hutchinson, S., L. H. L. Lee, N. Gaab, and G. Schlaug. 2003. Cerebellar volume: gender and musicianship effects. Cerebral Cortex 13. 943-9.
48. Imfeld, A., M. S. Oechslin, M. Meyer, T. Loenneker, and L. Jancke. 2009. White matter plasticity in the corticospinal tract of musicians: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroimage 46. 600-7.
49. Jackendoff, R. (ed.). 1994. Patterns in the mind: language and human nature. New York. Basic books.
50. Jancke, L., N. J. Shah, and M. Peters. 2000. Cortical activations in primary and secondary motor areas for complex bimanual movements in professional pianists. Cognitive Brain Research 10(1-2). 177-83.
51. Jones, J. L., J. Lucker, C. Zalewski, C. Brewer, and D. Drayna. 2009. Phonological processing in adults with deficits in musical pitch recognition. Journal of Communication Disorders 42(3). 226-34.
52. Jongsma, M. L. A., P. Desain, and H. Honing. 2004. Rhythmic context influences the auditory evoked potentials of musicians and non-musicians. Biological Psychology 66. 129-52.
53. Jongsma, M. L., T. Eichele, R. Quian Quiroga, K. M. Jenks, P. Desain, H. Honing, and C. M. van Rijn. 2005. Expectancy effects on omission evoked potentials in musicians and non musicians. Psychophysiology 42. 191-201.
54. Keenan, J. P., A. R. Halpern, V. Thangaraj, C. Chen, R. R. Edelman, and G. Schlaug. 2001. Absolute pitch and planum temporale. Neuroimage 14. 1402-8.
55. Kirmse, U., S. Ylinen, M. Tervaniemi, M. Vainio, E. Schröger, and T. Jacobsen. 2008. Modulation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) on vowel duration processing as a result of language experience: results from Finnish and German native speakers. International Journal of Psychophysiology 67. 131-43.
56. Kishon-Rabin, L., O. Amir, Y. Vexler, and Y. Zaltz. 2001. Pitch discrimination: are professional musicians better than non-musicians? Journal of Basic & Clinical Physiology & Pharmacology 12. 125-43.
57. Koelsch, S., E. Kasper, D. Sammler, K. Schulze, T. Gunter, and A. D. Friederici. 2004. Music, language and meaning: brain signatures of semantic processing. Nature Neuroscience 7(3). 302-7.
58. Koelsch, S., E. Schröger, and M. Tervaniemi. 1999. Superior pre-attentive auditory processing in musicians. NeuroReport 10. 1309-13.
59. Koelsch, S., T. C. Gunter, D. Y. v Cramon, S. Zysset, G. Lohmann, and A. D. Friederici. 2002. Bach speaks: a cortical "language-network" serves the processing of music. Neuroimage 17(2). 956-66.
60. Koelsch, S., T. C. Gunter, M. Wittfoth, and D. Sammler. 2005. Interaction between syntax processing in language and in music: an ERP Study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17. 1565-79.
61. Kotz, S. A., M. Meyer, K. Alter, M. Besson, Y. D. von Cramon, and A. D. Friederici. 2003. On the lateralization of emotional prosody: an event-related functional MR investigation. Brain and Language 86. 366-76.
62. Kraus, N., and B. Chandrasekaran. 2010. Music training for the development of auditory skills. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11. 599-605.
63. Kraus, N., E. Skoe, A. Parbery-Clark, and R. Ashley. 2009. Experience-induced malleability in neural encoding of pitch, timbre and timing: implications for language and music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Neurosciences and Music III 1169. 543-57.
64. Krishnan, A., and J. T. Gandour. 2009. The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically relevant pitch patterns. Brain and Language 110. 135-48.
65. Krishnan, A., Y. Xu, J. T. Gandour, and P. Cariani. 2005. Encoding of pitch in the human brainstem is sensitive to language experience. Cognitive Brain Research 25(1). 161-8.
66. Ladinig, O., H. Honing, G. Haden, and I. Winkler. 2009. Probing attentive and pre-attentive emergent meter in adult listeners with no extensive music training. Music Perception 26. 377-86.
67. Lee, C. H., and T. H. Hung. 2008. Identification of Mandarin tones by English speaking musicians and non-musicians. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124. 3235-48.
68. Levitin, D. J., and V. Menon. 2003. Musical structure is processed in "language" areas of the brain: a possible role for Brodmann Area 47 in temporal coherence. Neuroimage 20. 2142-52.
69. Levman, B. G. 1992. The genesis of music and language. Ethnomusicology 36(2). 147-70.
70. Lotze, M., G. Scheler, H. R. Tan, C. Braun, and N. Birbaumer. 2003. The musician's brain: functional imaging of amateurs and professionals during performance and imagery. Neuroimage 20(3) 1817-29.
71. Luders, E., C. Gaser, L. Jancke, and G. Schlaug. 2004. A voxel-based approach to gray-matter asymmetries. Neuroimage 22. 656-64.
72. Maess, B., S. Koelsch, T. C. Gunter, and A. D. Friederici. 2001. Musical syntax is processed in broca's area: an MEG study. Nature Neuroscience 4(5). 540-5.
73. Magne, C., C. Astésano, M. Aramaki, S. Ystad, R. Kronland-Martinet, and M. Besson. 2007. Influence of syllabic lengthening on semantic processing in spoken French: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Cerebral Cortex 17. 2659-68.
74. Magne, C., D. Schon, and M. Besson. 2006. Musician children detect pitch violations in both music and language better than non-musician children: behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18. 199-211.
75. Marie, C., C. Magne, and M. Besson. 2011. Musicians and the metric structure of words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23(2). 294-305.
76. Marie, C., F. Delogu, G. Lampis, M. Olivetti Belardinelli, and M. Besson. forthcoming a. Influence of musical expertise on segmental and tonal processing in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Posted online on 14 October 2010. doi:.
77. Marie, C., T. Kujala, and M. Besson. forthcoming b. Musical and linguistic expertise influence preattentive and attentive processing of non-speech sounds. Cortex.
78. Marques, C., S. Moreno, S. L. Castro, and M. Besson. 2007. Musicians detect pitch violation in a foreign language better than non-musicians: behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19. 1453-63.
79. Meister, I., T. Krings, H. Foltys, B. Boroojerdi, M. Müller, R. Töpper, and A. Thron. 2005. Effects of long-term practice and task complexity in musicians and nonmusicians performing simple and complex motor tasks: implications for cortical motor organization. Human Brain Mapping 25. 345-52.
80. Menning, H., S. Imaiyumi, P. Zwitserlood, and C. Pantev. 2002. Plasticity of the human auditory cortex induced by discrimination of non-native, moratimed contrasts of the Japanese language. Learning and Memory 9. 253-67.
81. Micheyl, C., K. Delhommeau, X. Perrot, and A. J. Oxenham. 2006. Influence of musical learning and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219. 36-47.
82. Milovanov, R., M. Huotilainen, P. A. A. Esquef, P. Alku, V. Välimäki, and M. Tervaniemi. 2009. The role of musical aptitude and language skills in preattentive duration processing in school-aged children. Neuroscience letters 460. 161-5.
83. Moreno, S., C. Marques, A. Santos, M. Santos, S. L. Castro, and M. Besson. 2009. Musical training influences linguistic abilities in 8-year-old children: more evidence for brain plasticity. Cerebral Cortex 19. 712-23.
84. Münte, T. F., E. Altenmüller, and L. Jancke. 2002. The musician's brain as a model for neuroplasticity. Nature Neuroscience Reviews 3. 473-8.
85. Musacchia, G., D. Strait, and N. Kraus. 2008. Relationships between behavior, brainstem and cortical encoding of seen and heard speech in musicians and nonmusicians. Hearing Research 241. 34-42.
86. Musacchia, G., M. Sams, E. Skoe, and N. Kraus. 2007. Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104(40). 15894-8.
87. Näätänen, R., A. W. K. Gaillard, and S. Mäntysalo. 1978. Early selective attention effect on evoked potential reinterpretes. Acta Psychologica 42. 312-29.
88. Nadel, S. 1930. The origin of music. Musical Quarterly 16. 531-46.
89. Nager, W., C. Kohlmetz, E. Altenmüller, A. Rodriguez-Fornells, and T. F. Münte. 2003. The fate of sounds in conductor's brains: an ERP study. Cognitive Brain Research 17. 83-93.
90. Ohnishi, T., H. Matsuda, T. Asada, M. Aruga, M. Hirakata, M. Nishikawa, A. Katoh, and E. Imabayashi. 2001. Functional anatomy of musical perception in musicians. Cerebral Cortex 11(8). 754-60.
91. Overy, K., R. I. Nicolson, A. J. Fawcett, and E. F. Clarke. 2003. Dyslexia and music: measuring musical timing skills. Dyslexia 9. 18-36.
92. Owen, A. M., A. Hampshire, J. A. Grahn, R. Stenton, S. Dajani, A. S. Burns, R. J. Howard, and C. G. Ballard. 2010. Putting brain training to the test. Nature 465. 775-8.
93. Pallone, G., P. Boussard, L. Daudet, P. Guillemain, and R. Kronland-Martinet. 1999. A wavelet based method for audio-video synchronization in broadcasting applications. In Proceedings of the Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-99); 9-11 December 1999; 59-62. Norway: Trondheim.
94. Pantev, C., B. Ross, T. Fujioka, L. J. Trainor, M. Schulte, and M. Schulz. 2003. Music and learning-induced cortical plasticity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999. 438-50.
95. Pantev, C., L. E. Roberts, M. Schulz, A. Engelien, and B. Ross. 2001. Timbre- specific enhancement of auditory cortical representations in musicians. NeuroReport 12. 169-74.
96. Pantev, C., R. Oostenveld, A. Engelien, B. Ross, L. E. Roberts, and M. Hoke. 1998. Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature 392. 811-4.
97. Patel, A. D. 2003. Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nature Neuroscience 6(7). 674-81.
98. Patel, A. D. 2008. Music language and the brain. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
99. Patel, A. D., E. Gibson, J. Ratner, M. Besson, and P. J. Holcomb. 1998. Processing syntactic relations in language and music: an event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10(6). 717-33.
100. Peretz, I., and R. J. Zatorre. 2005. Brain organization for music processing. Annual Review of Psychology 56. 89-114.
101. Pinker, S. (ed.). 1994. The language instinct: how the mind creates language. New York: Harper Perennial.
102. Pinker, S. (ed.). 1997. How the mind works. London: Penguin.
103. Pinker, S. 2005. So how does the mind works? Mind and Language 20(1). 1-24.
104. Poulain-Charronnat, B., E. Bigand, F. Madurell, and R. Peereman. 2005. Musical structure modulates semantic priming in vocal music. Cognition 94. B67-78.
105. Rammsayer, T., and E. Altenmüller. 2006. Temporal information processing in musicians and nonmusicians. Music Perception. 24(1). 37-47.
106. Rüsseler, J., E. Altenmüller, W. Nager, C. Kohlmetz, and T. F. Münte. 2001. Event-related brain potentials to sound omissions differ in musicians and non-musicians. Neuroscience Letters 308. 33-6.
107. Sadakata, M., L. van der Zanden, and K. Sekiyama 2010. Influence of musical training on perception of L2 speech. 11th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2010), Makuhari, Japan, 118-21.
108. Salverda, A. P., D. Dahan, and S. McQueen. 2003. The role of prosodic boundaries in the resolution of lexical embedding in speech comprehension. Cognition 90. 51-89.
109. Santos, A., B. Joly-Pottuz, S. Moreno, M. Habib, and M. Besson. 2007. Behavioural and event-related potential evidence for pitch discrimination deficit in dyslexic children: improvement after intensive phonic intervention. Neuropsychologia 45. 1080-90.
110. Schirmer, A., S. A. Kotz, and A. D. Friederici. 2002. Sex differentiates the role of emotional prosody during word processing. Cognitive Brain Research 14. 228-33.
111. Schlaug, G. 2001. The brain of musicians: a model for functional and structural plasticity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 930. 281-99.
112. Schlaug, G., L. Jäncke, Y. Huang, and H. Steinmetz. 1995a. In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science 267. 699-671.
113. Schlaug, G., L. Jäncke, Y. Huang, J. F. Staiger, and H. Steinmetz. 1995b. Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia 33. 1047-55.
114. Schmitdt-Kassow, M., and S. Kotz. 2009. Event-related potentials suggest a late interaction of meter and syntax in the P600. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21. 1693-708.
115. Schmithorst, V. J., and M. Wilke. 2002. Differences in white matter architecture between musicians and non-musicians: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroscience Letters 321(1-2). 57-60.
116. Schneider, P., M. Scherg, H. G. Dosch, H. J. Specht, A. Gutschalk, and A. Rupp. 2002. Morphology of Heschl's gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nature Neuroscience 5(7). 688-94.
117. Schneider, P., V. Sluming, N. Roberts, M. Scherg, R. Goebel, H. J. Specht et al. 2005. Structural and functional asymmetry of lateral heschl's gyrus reflects pitch perception preference. Nature Neuroscience 8. 1241-7.
118. Schön, D., C. Magne, and M. Besson. 2004. The music of speech: music facilitates pitch processing in language. Psychophysiology 41. 341-9.
119. Shahin, A., D. J. Bosnyak, L. J. Trainor, and L. E. Roberts. 2003. Enhancement of neuroplastic P2 and N1c auditory evoked potentials in musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience 23(12). 5545-52.
120. Shahin, A., L. E. Roberts, and L. J. Trainor. 2004. Enhancement of auditory cortical development by musical experience in children. Neuroreport 15(12). 1917-21.
121. Slevc, L. R., and A. Miyake. 2006. Individual differences in second-language proficiency: does musical ability matter? Psychological Science 17(8). 675-81.
122. Spiegel, M. F., and C. S. Watson. 1984. Performance on frequency discrimination tasks by musicians and nonmusicians. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 76. 1690-5.
123. Steinbeis, N., and S. Koelsch. 2008. Comparing the processing of music and language meaning using EEG and fMRI provides evidence for similar and distinct neural representations. PLoS ONE 3(5). e2226. doi:.
124. Steinhauer, K., K. Alter, and A. D. Friederici. 1999. Brain potentials indicate immediate use of prosodic cues in natural speech processing. Nature Neuroscience 2. 191-6.
125. Strait, D. L., N. Kraus, A. Parbery-Clark, and R. Ashley. 2010. Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: evidence from masking and auditory attention performance. Hearing Research 261. 22-9.
126. Swan, D., and U. Goswami. 1997. Phonological awareness deficits in developmental dyslexia and phonological representations hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 66. 18-41.
127. Takegata, R., P. Paavilainen, R. Näätänen, and I. Winkler. 2001. Preattentive processing of spectral, temporal, and structural characteristics of acoustic regularities: a mismatch negativity study. Psychophysiology 38. 92-8.
128. Tallal, P., and N. Gaab. 2006. Dynamic auditory processing, musical experience and language development. Trends Neuroscience 29(7). 382-90.
129. Tervaniemi, M., T. Jacobsen, S. Rottger, T. Kujala, A. Widmann, M. Vainio et al. 2006. Selective tuning of cortical sound-feature processing by language experience. European Journal of Neuroscience 23(9). 2538-41.
130. Tervaniemi, M., V. Just, S. Koelsch, A. Widmann, and E. Schröger. 2005. Pitch discrimination accuracy in musicians vs nonmusicians: an event-related potential and behavioral study. Experimental Brain Research 171. 1-10.
131. Tierney, A., T. R. Bergeson, and D. B. Pisoni. 2008. Effecs of early musical experience on auditory sequence memory. Empirical musicology review 3(4). 178-86.
132. Trainor, L. J., R. N. Desjardins, and C. Rockel. 1999. A comparison of contour and interval processing in musicians and nonmusicians using event-related potentials. Australian Journal of Psychology 51. 147-53.
133. Tzounopoulos, T., and N. Kraus. 2009. Learning to encode timing: mechanisms of plasticity in the auditory brainstem. Neuron 62(4). 463-9.
134. Van Zuijen, T., E. Sussman, I. Winkler, R. Näätänen, and M. Tervaniemi. 2004. Grouping of sequential sounds - an event-related potential study comparing musicians and nonmusicians. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16. 331-8.
135. Van Zuijen, T., E. Sussman, I. Winkler, R. Näätänen, and M. Tervaniemi. 2005. Auditory organization of sound sequences by a temporal or numerical regularity - a mismatch negativity study sounds comparing musicians and non-musicians. Cognitive Brain Research 23. 270-6.
136. Vuust, P., A. Roepstorff, M. Wallentin, K. Mouridsen, and L. Ostergaard. 2006. It don't mean a thing... Keeping the rhythm during polyrhythmic tension, activates language areas (BA47). Neuroimage 31(2). 832-41.
137. Vuust, P., K. J. Pallesen, C. Bailey, T. L. van Zuijen, A. Gjedde, A. Roepstor et al. 2005. To musicians, the message is in the meter-preattentive neuronal responses to incongruent rhythm are left-lateralized in musicians. NeuroImage 24. 560-4.
138. Wang, Y., J. A. Sereno, A. Jongman, and J. Hirsch. 2003. fMRI evidence for cortical modification during learning of Mandarin lexical tone. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15. 1019-27.
139. Wang, Y., M. M. Spence, A. Jongman, and J. A. Sereno. 1999. Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tone. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106. 3649-58.
140. Wong, P. C. M., E. Skoe, N. M. Russo, T. Dees, and N. Kraus. 2007. Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Nature Neuroscience 10. 420-2.
141. Xu, Y., A. Krishnan, and J. T. Gandour. 2006. Specificity of experience dependent pitch representation in the brainstem. Neuroreport 17(15). 1601-5.
142. Zatorre, R. J., and J. T. Gandour. 2008. Neural specializations of speech and pitch: moving beyond the dichotomies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 363. 1087-104.