Three Cs in Measurement Models: Causal Indicators, Composite Indicators, and Covariates

Psychological Methods

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 265-284

  Bollen, Kenneth A ^a   Bauldry, Shawn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Causal indicators; Composite indicators; Factor analysis; Formative indicators; Measurement; Structural equation modeling

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT; STATISTICAL MODEL;

CAUSALITY; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 80052825993     PISSN: 1082989X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0024448     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Arbuckle J.L. AMOS 17.0 user's guide 2008, Amos, Spring House, PA.
2. Atkinson M.J., Lennox R.D. Extending basic principles of measurement models to the design and validation of Patient Reported Outcomes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2006, 4:65. 10.1186/1477-7525-4-65.
3. Blalock H.M. Causal inference in nonexperimental research 1964, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
4. Blalock H.M. Measurement in the social sciences: Theories and strategies 1974, Aldine, Chicago, IL.
5. Bollen K.A. Multiple indicators: Internal consistency or no necessary relationship?. Quality and Quantity 1984, 18(4):377-385. 10.1007/BF00227593.
6. Bollen K.A. Structural equations with latent variables 1989, Wiley, New York, NY.
7. Bollen K.A. Outlier screening and a distribution-free test for vanishing tetrads. Sociological Methods & Research 1990, 19(1):80-92. 10.1177/0049124190019001003.
8. Bollen K.A. Interpretational confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007). Psychological Methods 2007, 12(2):219-228. 10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.219.
9. Bollen K.A., Davis W.R. Causal indicator models: Identification, estimation, and testing. Structural Equation Modeling 2009, 16(3):498-522. 10.1080/10705510903008253.
10. Bollen K.A., Davis W.R. Two rules of identification for structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling 2009, 16(3):523-536. 10.1080/10705510903008261.
11. Bollen K.A., Lennox R.D. Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 110(2):305-314. 10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305.
12. Bollen K.A., Lennox R.D., Dahly D.L. Practical application of the vanishing tetrad test for causal indicator measurement models: An example from health-related quality of life. Statistics in Medicine 2009, 28(10):1524-1536. 10.1002/sim.3560.
13. Bollen K.A., Ting K. Confirmatory tetrad analysis. Sociological Methodology 1993, 23:147-175. 10.2307/271009.
14. Bollen K.A., Ting K. Bootstrapping a test statistic for vanishing tetrads. Sociological Methods & Research 1998, 27(1):77-102. 10.1177/0049124198027001002.
15. Bollen K.A., Ting K. A tetrad test for causal indicators. Psychological Methods 2000, 5(1):3-22. 10.1037/1082-989X.5.1.3.
16. Cohen P., Cohen J., Teresi J., Marchi M., Velez C.N. Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models. Applied Psychological Measurement 1990, 14(2):183-196. 10.1177/014662169001400207.
17. DeVellis R.F. Scale development: Theory and applications 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
18. Diamantopoulos A., Winklhofer H.M. Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research 2001, 38(2):269-277. 10.1509/jmkr.38.2.269.18845.
19. Edwards J.R., Bagozzi R.P. On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods 2000, 5(2):155-174. 10.1037/1082-989X.5.2.155.
20. Fayers P.M., Hand D.J. Factor analysis, causal indicators and quality of life. Quality of Life Research 1997, 6(2):139-150. 10.1023/A:1026490117121.
21. Fayers P.M., Hand D.J. Causal variables, indicator variables and measurement scales: An example from quality of life. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A. Statistics in Society 2002, 165(2):233-261.
22. Fornell C., Bookstein F.L. Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research 1982, 19(4):440-452. 10.2307/3151718.
23. Glanville J.L., Paxton P. How do we learn to trust? A confirmatory tetrad analysis of the sources of generalized trust. Social Psychology Quarterly 2007, 70(3):230-242. 10.1177/019027250707000303.
24. Goldberger A.S. Structural equation models: An overview. Structural equation models in the social sciences 1973, 1-18. Seminar Press, New York, NY. A.S. Goldberger, O.D. Duncan (Eds.).
25. Grace J.B., Bollen K.A. Representing general theoretical concepts in structural equation models: The role of composite variables. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 2008, 15(2):191-213. 10.1007/s10651-007-0047-7.
26. Hauser R.M., Goldberger A.S. The treatment of unobservable variables in path analysis. Sociological methodology 1971, Vol. 3:81-117. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. 10.2307/270819. H.L. Costner (Ed.).
27. Heise D.R. Employing nominal variables, induced variables, and block variables in path analysis. Sociological Methods and Research 1972, 1:147-173. 10.1177/004912417200100201.
28. Hipp J.R., Bauer D.J., Bollen K.A. Conducting tetrad tests of model fit and contrasts of tetrad-nested models: A new SAS macro. Structural Equation Modeling 2005, 12(1):76-93. 10.1207/s15328007sem1201_4.
29. Hipp J.R., Bollen K.A. Model fit in structural equation models with censored, ordinal, and dichotomous variables: Testing vanishing tetrads. Sociological methodology 2003, Vol. 33:267-305. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, NY. 10.1111/j.0081-1750.2003.00133.x. R.M. Stolzenberg (Ed.).
30. Howell R.D., Breivik E., Wilcox J.B. Reconsidering formative measurement. Psychological Methods 2007, 12(2):205-218. 10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.205.
31. Jarvis C.B., MacKenzie B., Podsakoff P.M. A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research 2003, 30(2):199-218. 10.1086/376806.
32. Johnson T.R., Bodner T.E. A note on the use of bootstrap tetrad tests for covariance structures. Structural Equation Modeling 2007, 14(1):113-124. 10.1207/s15328007sem1401_6.
33. Jöreskog K.G., Goldberger A.S. Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1975, 70(351):631-639. 10.2307/2285946.
34. Kelley T.L. Crossroads in the mind of man 1928, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
35. Land K.C. On the estimation of path coefficients for unmeasured variables from correlations among observed variables. Social Forces 1970, 48(4):506-511. 10.2307/2575575.
36. Lawton M.P., Brody E.M. Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist 1969, 9(3, Pt. 1):179-186. 10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179.
37. MacCallum R.C., Browne W.M. The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues. Psychological Bulletin 1993, 114(3):533-541. 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.533.
38. Marsden P.V. A note on block variables in multiequation models. Social Science Research 1982, 11(2):127-140. 10.1016/0049-089X(82)90015-1.
39. Pearl J. Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference 2009, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 2nd ed.
40. Perreira K.M., Deeb-Sossa N., Harris K.M., Bollen K.A. What are we measuring? An evaluation of the CES-D across race/ethnicity and immigrant generation. Social Forces 2005, 83(4):1567-1602. 10.1353/sof.2005.0077.
41. Radloff L.S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977, 1(3):385-401. 10.1177/014662167700100306.
42. Savalei V., Kolenikov S. Constrained versus unconstrained estimation in structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods 2008, 13(2):150-170. 10.1037/1082-989X.13.2.150.
43. Spearman C. " General intelligence," objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 1904, 15(2):201-293. 10.2307/1412107.
44. Ting K. Confirmatory tetrad analysis in SAS. Structural Equation Modeling 1995, 2(2):163-171. 10.1080/10705519509540005.
45. Williams L.J., Edwards J.R., Vandenberg R.J. Recent advances in causal modeling methods for organizational and management research. Journal of Management 2003, 29(6):903-936. 10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00084-9.
46. Wright S. The method of path coefficients. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 1934, 5:161-215. 10.1214/aoms/1177732676.