Young children's racial awareness and affect and their perceptions about mothers' racial affect in a multiracial context

British Journal of Developmental Psychology

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 842-864

  Lam, Virginia ^a   Guerrero, Silvia ^b   Damree, Natasha ^a   Enesco, Ileana ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CASTILLA LA MANCHA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; AGE; ARTICLE; ASIAN; ATTITUDE; AWARENESS; CAUCASIAN; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MALE; MOTHER; NEGRO; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RACE; SOCIAL DISTANCE; UNITED KINGDOM;

AFFECT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AGE FACTORS; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ATTITUDE; AWARENESS; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; LONDON; MALE; MOTHERS; REJECTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 80052744416     PISSN: 0261510X     EISSN: 2044835X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/2044-835X.002013     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Aboud, F. E. (1987). The development of ethnic self-identification and attitudes. In J. Phinney & M. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialisation: Pluralism and development (pp. 32-55). Newbury Park, CA Sage.
2. Aboud, F. E. (1988). Children and prejudice. New York Blackwell.
3. Aboud, F. E. (2003). The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39, 48-60. doi:.
4. Aboud, F. E., & Amato, M. (2001). Developmental and socialization influences on intergroup bias. In G. J. O. Fletcher & M. S. Clark (Series Eds.), & R. Brown & Gaertner (Vol. Eds.), Blackwell handbook in social psychology: Vol. 4. Intergroup processes. Oxford Blackwell.
5. Aboud, F. E., & Skerry, A. E. (1983). Self and ethnic concepts in relation to ethnic constancy. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 1, 14-26. doi:.
6. Alejandro-Wright, M. N. (1985). The child's conception of racial classification: A socio-cognitive developmental model. In M. D. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children (pp. 185-200). Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
7. Anderson, G., & Cramer, P. (2003). Ethnic/racial attitudes and self-identification of black Jamaican and white New England children. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 34, 395-416.
8. Annis, R. C., & Corenblum, B. (1987). Effect of text language and experimenter race on Canadian children's racial self-identity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 761-773.
9. Barrett, M., & Davis, S. C. (2008). Applying social identity and self-categorization theories to children's racial, ethnic, national and state identifications and attitudes. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of race, racism and the developing child (pp. 72-110). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.
10. Bennett, M., Dewberry, C., & Yeeles, C. (1991). A reassessment of the role of ethnicity in children's social perception. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 32, 969-982. doi:.
11. Bhattacharyya, G., Ison, L., & Blair, M. (2003). Minority ethnic attainment and participation in education and training: The evidence. Nottingham Department of Education and Skills Publications.
12. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1993). A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and constructive memory in Euro-American children. Child Development, 64, 1507-1518.
13. Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: In-group love or out-group hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444. doi:.
14. Bruce, J., Curtis, H., & Johnson, L. (1998). Social identity in young New Zealand children. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 27, 21-27.
15. Cameron, J., Alvarez, J. M., Ruble, D. N., & Fuligni, A. J. (2001). Children's lay theories about ingroups and outgroups: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 118-128. doi:.
16. Castelli, L., Carraro, L., Tomelleri, S., & Amari, A. (2007). White children's alignment to the perceived racial attitudes of the parents: Closer to the mother than father. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25, 353-357. doi:.
17. Castelli, L., Zogmaister, C., & Tomelleri, S. (2009). The transmission of racial attitudes within the family. Developmental Psychology, 45, 586-591. doi:.
18. Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. P. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 602-611). London Methuen.
19. Clark, K., & Drinkwater, S. (2007). Ethnic minorities in the labour market: Dynamics and diversity. York Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
20. Clark, A., Hocevar, D., & Dembo, M. H. (1980). The role of cognitive development in children's explanations and preferences for skin color. Developmental Psychology, 16, 332-339. doi:.
21. Connolly, P. (1995). Racism, masculine peer-group relations and the schooling of African/Caribbean infant boys. British Journal of Sociology of Edcuation, 16, 75-92.
22. Connolly, P. (2001). Qualitative methods in the study of children's racial attitudes and identities. Infant and Child Development, 10, 219-233. doi:.
23. Connolly, P., & Hosken, K. (2006). The general and specific effects of educational programmes aimed at promoting awareness of and respect for diversity among young children. International Journal of Early Years Education, 14, 107-126.
24. Corenblum, B., & Wilson, A. E. (1982). Ethnic preference and identification among Canadian Indian and White children: Replication and extension. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 14, 50-59. doi:.
25. Davey, A. G. (1983). Learning to be prejudiced. London Edward Arnold.
26. Davey, A. G., & Norburn, M. V. (1980). Ethnic awareness and ethnic differentiation amongst primary school children. New Community, 8, 51-60.
27. Doyle, A. B., & Aboud, F. E. (1995). A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209-228.
28. Duckitt, J., Wall, C., & Pokroy, B. (1999). Color bias and racial preference in white South African preschool children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 143-154. doi:.
29. Dutton, S. E., Singer, J. A., & Devlin, A. S. (1998). Racial identity of children in integrated, predominantly White, and Black schools. Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 41-53.
30. Enesco, I., Navarro, A., Paradela, I., & Guerrero, S. (2005). Stereotypes ad beliefs about different ethnic groups in Spain: A study with Spanish and Latin American children living in Madrid. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 638-659. doi:.
31. Gelman, S. A., & Markman, E. M. (1986). Categories and induction in young children. Cognition, 23, 183-209. doi:.
32. Gelman, S. A., & Markman, E. M. (1987). Young children's inductions from natural kinds: The role of categories and appearances. Child Development, 58, 1532-1541.
33. George, D. M., & Hoppe, R. A. (1979). Racial identification, preference, and self-concept. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 10, 85-100. doi:.
34. Goodman, M. E. (1952). Race awareness in young children. New York Collier.
35. Guerrero, S. (2006). El desarrollo de la toma de conciencia racial. Un estudio evolutivo con niños españoles de 3 a 5 años. Doctoral Dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Reproduced in Guerrero, S. & Enesco, I. (2008). The development of racial awareness. A developmental study with Spanish children from 3 to 5 years. Saarbrücken, Germany: Verlag Dr. Müller.
36. Guerrero, S., Enesco, I., & Lam, V. (in press). Racial awareness, affect and sorting abilities: A study with preschool children. Anales de Psicología.
37. Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747-770. doi:.
38. Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H., & Bovet, M. (1974). Apprentissage et structures de la connaissance. Paris PUF.
39. Katz, P. A. (1982). Development of children's racial awareness and intergroup attitudes. In L. G. Katz (Ed.), Current topics in early childhood education (Vol. 4, pp. 17-54). Norwood, NJ Ablex.
40. Katz, P. A. (1983). Developmental foundations of gender and racial attitudes. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), The child's construction of social inequality (pp. 41-78). New York Academic Press.
41. Katz, P. A., & Koftin, J. A. (1997). Race, gender and young children. In S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 51-74). New York Cambridge University Press.
42. Killen, M., & McKown, C. (2005). How integrative approaches to intergroup attitudes advance the field. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 616-622. doi:.
43. Knight, G. P., Bernal, M. E., Garza, C. A., Cota, M. K., & Ocampo, K. A. (1993). Family socialization and the ethnic identity of Mexican-American children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 99-114.
44. Kowalski, K. (2003). The emergence of ethnic and racial attitudes in preschool-aged children. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 677-690. doi:.
45. Kowalski, K., & Lo, Y.-F. (2001). The influence of perceptual features, ethnic labels, and sociocultural information on the development of ethnic/racial bias in young children. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 32, 444-455.
46. Lam, V. L., & Leman, P. J. (2003). The influence of gender and ethnicity in children's inferences about toy choice. Social Development, 12, 269-287. doi:.
47. Leman, P. J., & Lam, V. L. (2008). The influence of race and gender on children's conversations and playmate choices. Child Development, 79, 1329-1343. doi:.
48. Lupton, R., & Power, A. (2004). Minority ethnic groups in Britain. Case-Brookings Census Briefs, No. 2. London London School of Economics.
49. McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., Child, P., & Fujioka, T. (1978). Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concepts as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 511-520. doi:.
50. Milner, D. (1983). Children and race: Ten years on. London Allan Sutton.
51. Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 103-122. doi:.
52. Nesdale, D. (1999). Developmental changes in children's ethnic preferences and social cognitions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 501-519. doi:.
53. Nesdale, D. (2004). Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice. In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 219-246). New York Psychology Press.
54. Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2004). Group status, outgroup ethnicity and children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 237-251. doi:.
55. Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Threat, group identification, and children's ethnic prejudice. Social Development, 14, 189-205. doi:.
56. Norburn, V. (1983). Ethnic preferences in young children and in their adolescence in three London districts. Human Relations, 36, 309-344.
57. Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford Blackwell.
58. Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1980). Social categorisation and intergroup bias: Does minimal group discrimination make social identity more positive? European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 295-301. doi:.
59. Office for National Statistics. (2001). United Kingdom Census 2001. London ONS.
60. Powell, G. J. (1973). Self-concept in White and Black children. In C. V. Willie, B. M. Kramer, & B. S. Brown (Eds.), Racism and mental health. Pittsburgh, PA University of Pittsburgh Press.
61. Quintana, S. M., & McKown, C. (Eds.) (2008). Handbook of race, racism and the developing child. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.
62. Ramsey, P. G. (1987). Young children's thinking about ethnic differences. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialisation: Pluralism and development (pp. 56-72). Newbury Park, CA Sage.
63. Ramsey, P. G. (1991). The salience of race in young children growing up in an all-White community. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 28-34. doi:.
64. Ramsey, P. G., & Myers, L. C. (1990). Salience of race in young children's cognitive, affective, and behavioural responses to social environments. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11, 49-67. doi:.
65. Ruble, D. N., Alvarez, J., Bachman, M., Cameron, J., Fuligni, A., Coll, C. J., et al. (2004). The development of a sense of 'We': The emergence and implications of children's collective identity. In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 29-76). Hove Psychology Press.
66. Rutland, A., Brown, R. J., Cameron, L., Ahmavaara, A., Arnold, K., & Samson, J. (2007). Development of the positive-negative asymmetry effect: In-group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 171-190. doi:.
67. Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Bennett, L., & Ferrell, J. (2005). Interracial contact and racial constancy: A multi-site study of racial intergroup bias in 3-5 year old Anglo-British children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 699-713. doi:.
68. Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1987). Status differentials and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 277-293. doi:.
69. Selman, R. L. (1971). Taking another's perspective: Role-taking development in early childhood. Child Development, 42, 1721-1734.
70. Selman, R. L., & Byrne, D. F. (1974). A structural-developmental analysis of levels of role taking in middle childhood. Child Development, 45, 803-806.
71. Semaj, L. T. (1981). The development of racial-classification abilities. Journal of Negro Education, 50, 41-48.
72. Semaj, L. T. (1985). Afrikanity, cognition, and extended self-identity. In M. B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children (pp. 185-200). Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum.
73. Serbin, L. A., Powlishta, K. K., & Gulko, J. (1993). The development of sex-typing in middle childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58[232], pp. V-74.
74. Spencer, M. B., & Markstrom-Adams, C. (1990). Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development, 61, 290-310.
75. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA Brooks/Cole.
76. Turner, J. C. (1981). The experimental social psychology of intergroup behaviour. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behaviour. Oxford Blackwell.
77. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorisation theory. Oxford Blackwell.
78. Verkuyten, M. (2004). Ethnic identity and social context. In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 189-221). Hove Psychology Press.
79. Zimmerman, B. J., & Levy, G. D. (2000). Social cognitive predictors of prosocial behavior toward same and alternate race children among white pre-schoolers. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 19, 175-193. doi:.
80. Zinser, O, Rich, M. C., & Bailey, R. C. (1981). Sharing behavior and racial preference in children. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 179-187. doi:.