Co-leaching of brominated compounds and antimony from bottled water

Environment International

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 45-53

  Andra, Syam S ^a   Makris, Konstantinos C ^a   Shine, James P ^b   Lu, Chensheng ^b  

^a CYPRUS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Cyprus)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimony; Bottled water; Drinking water; Environmental health; PBDE; Plastics

Indexed keywords

ANTIMONY; ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS; BOTTLES; BROMINE COMPOUNDS; CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBONATION; COBALT COMPOUNDS; COMMERCE; ELASTOMERS; HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENES; LEACHING; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PLASTIC BOTTLES; PLASTICS; POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATES; WATER; WATER ANALYSIS;

BOTTLED WATER; DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE(HDPE); PBDE; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATES (PET); QUANTITATIVE VALIDATION;

POTABLE WATER;

ANTIMONY; BROMINE; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER; POLYCARBONATE; POLYETHYLENE; POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE; POLYSTYRENE;

ANTIMONY; BROMINE COMPOUND; DRINKING WATER; LEACHING; PBDE; PLASTIC;

AIR TEMPERATURE; ARTICLE; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BROMINATION; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; LEACHING; LIMIT OF DETECTION; LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION; PH; PLASTIC BOTTLE; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PURIFICATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; VALIDATION PROCESS; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER MANAGEMENT;

BOSTON; MASSACHUSETTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80052668829     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.08.007     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Albemarle Brominated Flame Retardants. Albemarle's Fire Safety Solutions Product Selector Available at:, Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.albemarle.com/Products-and-Markets/Polymer-Solutions/Fire-Safety-Solutions/Brominated-Flame-Retardants-183.html.
2. Amiridou D., Voutsa D. Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled waters. J Hazard Mater 2011, 185(1):281-288.
3. Brownell K. Sugar-sweetened beverages fact sheet: flavored or enhanced waters. Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/policy/SSBtaxes/SSB_EnhancedWater_Fall2010.pdf.
4. Carwile J.L., Luu H.T., Bassett L.S., Driscoll D.A., Yuan C., Chang J.Y., et al. Polycarbonate bottle use and urinary bisphenol A concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2009, 117(9):1368-1372.
5. CDS Analytical, Inc. CDSolutions: applications information using advanced sample handling technology. Brominated Flame Retardant in PET Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.cdsanalytical.com/appnotes/104.pdf.
6. Choe S.Y., Kim S.J., Kim H.G., Lee J.H., Choi Y., Lee H., et al. Evaluation of estrogenicity of major heavy metals. Sci Total Environ 2003, 312(1):15-21.
7. Covaci A., Harrad S., Mohamed-Abdallah M.A.E., Ali N., Law R.J., Herzke D., et al. Novel brominated flame retardants: A review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour. Environ International 2011, 37(2):532-556.
8. Directorate-General Environment RoHS substances (Hg, Pb, Cr(VI), Cd, PBB, and PBDE) in electrical and electronic equipment in Belgium. Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/weee_2008/library?l=/characteristics/rohsreportnovemberbelgiu/_EN_1.0_&a=d.
9. EU Commission Decision 2005/717/EC RoHS Directive ban on PBDEs. Official Journal of the European Union. L271, page 48 Available at:, Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.rohs.eu/english/legislation/docs/launchers/launch-2005-717-EC.html.
10. EU Council Directive 98/83/EC Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31998L0083:EN:HTML.
11. FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration Section 165.110 Bottled water Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=165.110.
12. Guler C., Alpaslan M. Mineral content of 70 bottled water brands sold on the Turkish market: assessment of their compliance with current regulations. J Food Compos Anal 2009, 22(7-8):728-737.
13. Hansen H.R., Pergantis S.A. Detection of antimony species in citrus juices and drinking water stored in PET containers. J Anal At Spectrom 2006, 21(8):731-733.
14. Health Canada 8.1 Metals and trace elements. 8.1.1 Antimony (CASRN 7440-36-0) Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/contaminants/chms-ecms/section8-eng.php#n8_1.
15. Keresztes S., Tatar E., Mihucz V.G., Virag I., Majdik C., Zaray G. Leaching of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into mineral water. Sci Total Environ 2009, 407(16):4731-4735.
16. Krachler M., Shotyk W. Trace and ultratrace metals in bottled waters: survey of sources worldwide and comparison with refillable metal bottles. Sci Total Environ 2009, 407(3):1089-1096.
17. Mingwu S., Chao W., Yongjuan J., Xinhua D., Xiang F. Determination of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyl in polymers by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010, 82(12):5154-5159.
18. Muncke J. Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: is packaging a relevant source- Sci Total Environ 2009, 407(16):4549-4559.
19. Oros D.R., Hoover D., Rodigari F., Crane D., Sericano J. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments, and bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary. Environ Sci Technol 2005, 39(1):33-41.
20. Pang K., Kotek R., Tonelli A. Review of conventional and novel polymerization processes for polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 2006, 31(11):1009-1037.
21. Poon R., Chu I., Lecavalier P., Valli V.E., Foster W., Gupta S., et al. Effects of antimony on rats following 90-day exposure via drinking water. Food Chem Toxicol 1998, 36(1):20-35.
22. Reimann C., Birke M., Filzmoser P. Bottled drinking water: water contamination from bottle materials (glass, hard PET, soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification. Appl Geochem 2010, 25(7):1030-1046.
23. Rodwan J.G. Bottled water 2009 2010, International Bottled Water Association, Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.bottledwater.org/files/2009BWstats.pdf.
24. Sax L. Polyethylene terephthalate may yield endocrine disruptors. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118(4):445-448.
25. Schmid P., Kohler M., Meierhofer R., Luzi S., Wegelin M. Does the reuse of PET bottles during solar water disinfection pose a health risk due to the migration of plasticisers and other chemicals into the water?. Water Res 2008, 42(20):5054-5060.
26. Shotyk W., Krachler M. Contamination of bottled waters with antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) increases upon storage. Environ Sci Technol 2007, 41(5):1560-1563.
27. Shotyk W., Krachler M., Chen B. Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers. J Environ Monit 2006, 8(2):288-292.
28. Suzuki J., Katsuki Y., Ogawa H., Suzuki K., Matsumoto H., Yasuda K. Concentration of trace elements in bottled drinking water. J Food Hyg Soc Japan 2000, 41(6):387-396.
29. Talsness C.E., Andrade A.J.M., Kuriyama S.N., Taylor J.A., vom Saal F.S. Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 2009, 364(1526):2079-2096.
30. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking water contaminants: national primary drinking water regulations Available at, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm.
31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxicological review of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) (CASRN 1163-19-5) in support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). December, 2006 Available at, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.epa.gov/iris.
32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency An exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-08/086F. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA Available at, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.epa.gov/ncea.
33. Westerhoff P., Prapaipong P., Shock E., Hillaireau A. Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water. Water Res 2008, 42(3):551-556.
34. World Health Organization Brominated Acetic Acids in Drinking-water, 2004. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Available at:, Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.who.int/watersanitationhealth/dwq//brominatedaceticacids.pdf.
35. World Health Organization Antimony in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva, Switzerland Available at:, Accessed March 28, 2011. http://www.who.int/watersanitationhealth/dwq/chemicals/antimony.pdf.
36. World Health Organization Bromide in drinking-water, 2009. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva, Switzerland Available at:, Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.who.int/watersanitationhealth/dwq/chemicals/FourthEditionBromideFinalJanuary2010.pdf.
37. Yang C.Z., Yaniger S.I., Craig J.V., Klein D.J., Bittner G.D. Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: a potential health problem that can be solved. Environ Health Perspect 2011, 119(7):989-996.