Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 537-547

  Lee, Marcus H S ^a   Hancox, Robert J ^a,b  

^a WAIKATO HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

bronchitis; bullae; cannabis; cigarettes; emphysema; lung cancer; lung function; marijuana; respiratory; tobacco

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; SALBUTAMOL; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; AIRWAY RESISTANCE; BRONCHITIS; CANNABIS SMOKING; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FORCED VITAL CAPACITY; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; HUMAN; HYPERINFLATION; LUNG BULLA; LUNG CANCER; LUNG EMPHYSEMA; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; RESIDUAL VOLUME; REVIEW; SPIROMETRY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TOBACCO; TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY;

EID: 80052614291     PISSN: 17476348     EISSN: 17476356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.40     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report 2008. United Nations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations Publication (2008).
2. Noyes R Jr, Brunk SF, Avery DA et al. Analgesic effect of d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15(2-3), 139-143 (1975).
3. Nocon A, Wittchen HU, Pfister H et al. Dependence symptoms in young marijuana users? A prospective epidemiological study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 40(5), 394-403 (2006). (Pubitemid 43816585)
4. Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Illicit drug use and dependence in a New Zealand birth cohort. Aust. NZJ Psychiatry 40(2), 156-163 (2006). (Pubitemid 43379409)
5. Lange P. Marijuana and the lung. Thorax 62(12), 1036-1037 (2007).
6. Hall W, Degenhardt L. Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet 17(374), 1383-1391 (2009).
7. Walden N, Earleywine M. How high: quantity as a predictor of cannabis-related problems Harm. Reduct. J. 5, 20 (2008).
8. Hoffmann D, Brunnemann KD, Gori GB et al. On the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 9, 63-81 (1975).
9. Taylor DR, Poulton R, Moffitt TE et al. The respiratory effects of marijuana dependence in young adults. Addiction 95(11), 1669-1677 (2000).
10. Tetrault JM, Crothers K, Moore BA et al. Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(3), 221-228 (2007).
11. Aldington S, Williams M, Nowitz M et al. Effects of marijuana on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax 62(12), 1058-1063 (2007). (Pubitemid 350206197)
12. Fligiel SE, Roth MD, Kleerup EC et al. Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest 112(2), 319-326 (1997). (Pubitemid 27349419)
13. Roth MD, Arora A, Barsky SH, Kleerup EC, Simmons M, Tashkin DP. Airway inflammation in young marijuana and tobacco smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 157(3), Pt 1, 928-937 (1998).
14. Camps PWL. A note on the inhalation treatment of asthma. Guys Hosp. Report 79, 496 (1929).
15. Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Lee YE et al. Subacute effects of heavy marihuana smoking on pulmonary function in healthy men. N. Engl. J. Med. 294 (3), 125-129 (1976).
16. Williams SJ, Hartley JP, Graham JD. Bronchodilator effect of d1- tetrahydrocannabinol administered by aerosol of asthmatic patients. Thorax 31(6), 720-723 (1976). (Pubitemid 8015000)
17. Tan WC, Lo C, Jong A et al. Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study. CMAJ 180(8), 814-820 (2009).
18. Hancox RJ, Poulton R, Ely M et al. Effects of marijuana on lung function: a population-based cohort study. Eur. Respir. J. 35(1), 42-47 (2010).
19. Taylor DR, Fergusson DM, Milne BJ et al. A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and marijuana exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction 97, 1055-1061 (2002).
20. Tashkin DP, Coulson AH, Clark VA et al. Respiratory symptoms and lung function in habitual heavy smokers of marijuana alone, smokers of marijuana and tobacco, smokers of tobacco alone, and nonsmokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135(1), 209-216 (1987). (Pubitemid 17223915)
21. Tashkin DP, Calvarese BM, Simmons MS et al. Respiratory status of seventy-four habitual marijuana smokers. Chest 78(5), 699-706 (1980). (Pubitemid 11238666)
22. Wu TC, Tashkin DP, Djahed B et al. Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. N. Engl. J. Med. 318(6), 347-351 (1988). (Pubitemid 18044163)
23. Beshay M, Kaiser H, Niedhart D et al. Emphysema and secondary pneumothorax in young adults smoking marijuana. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 32(6), 834-838 (2007). (Pubitemid 350052575)
24. Azorlosa JL, Greenwald MK, Stitzer ML. Marijuana smoking: effects of varying puff volume and breathhold duration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272(2), 560-569 (1995).
25. Azorlosa JL, Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML et al. Marijuana smoking: effect of varying d 9-tetrahydrocannabinol content and number of puffs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261(1), 114-122 (1992).
26. Zacny JP, Chait LD. Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 33, 481-484 (1989). (Pubitemid 19245540)
27. Zacny JP, Chait LD. Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology 103, 223-226 (1991).
28. Maertens RM, White PA, Rickert W et al. The genotoxicity of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco smoke condensates. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22(8), 1406-1414 (2009).
29. Mehra R, Moore BA, Corthers K et al. The association between marijuana smoking and lung cancer-a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1359-1367 (2006). (Pubitemid 44036347)
30. Hashibe M, Straif K, Tashkin DP et al. Epidemiologic review of marijuana use and cancer risk. Alcohol 35(3), 265-275 (2005). (Pubitemid 41079926)
31. Sidney S, Quesenberry CP Jr, Friedman GD et al. Marijuana use and cancer incidence (California, United States). Cancer Causes Control 8(5), 722-728 (1997). (Pubitemid 27404642)
32. Aldington S, Harwood M, Cox B et al. Marijuana use and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study. Eur. Respir. J. 31(2), 280-286 (2008).
33. Hashibe M, Morgenstern H, Cui Y et al. Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15(10), 1829-1834 (2006). (Pubitemid 44664256)
34. Munson AE, Harris LS, Friedman MA et al. Antineoplastic activity of cannabinoids. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 55, 597-602 (1975).
35. Hart S, Fischer OM, Ullrich A. Cannabinoids induce cancer cell proliferation via tumor necrosis factor a-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17)- mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor Cancer Res. 64, 1943-1950 (2004). (Pubitemid 38339438)
36. Melamede R. Cannabis and tobacco smoke are not equally carcinogenic. Harm. Reduction J. 2, 21 (2005).
37. Van Dam NT, Earleywine M. Pulmonary function in cannabis users: support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. Intern. J. Drug Policy 21, 511-513 (2010).
38. Earleywine M, Barnwell SS. Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction J. 4, 11 (2007).
39. Douglas G, Nicol F, Robertson C. Macleod's Clinical Examination (12th Edition). Churchill Livingstone, NY, USA (2009).
40. Johnson MK, Smith RP, Morrison D et al. Large lung bullae in marijuana smokers. Thorax 55, 340-342 (2000). (Pubitemid 30248805)
41. Gao Z, Wood-Baker R, Harle R et al. 'Bong lung' in cystic fibrosis: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 4, 371 (2010).
42. Hii S, Tam J, Thompson B et al. Bullous lung disease due to marijuana. Respirology 13, 122-127 (2008).
43. Phan TD, Lau KK, Li X. Lung bullae and pulmonary fibrosis associated with marijuana smoking. Australas. Radiol. 49, 411-414 (2005). (Pubitemid 43942598)
44. Thompson CS, White RJ. Lung bullae and marijuana. Thorax 57, 563 (2002).
45. Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Paoletti P et al. Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 295, 1516-1518 (1987). (Pubitemid 18009749)
46. Cruickshank EK. Physical Assessment of 30 chronic cannabis users and 30 matched controls. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 282, 162-167 (1976). (Pubitemid 8023829)
47. Hernandez MJ, Martinez F, Blair HT et al. Airway response to inhaled histamine in asymptomatic long-term marijuana smokers. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 67, 153-155 (1981). (Pubitemid 11173855)
48. Moore BA, Augustson EM, Moser RP et al. Respiratory effects of marijuana and tobacco use in a US sample. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 20, 33-37 (2005). (Pubitemid 40271036)
49. Sherman MP, Roth MD, Gong H Jr et al. Marijuana smoking, pulmonary function, and lung macrophage oxidant release. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40, 663-669 (1991).
50. Sherrill DL, Krzyzanowski M, Bloom JW et al. Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes: a longitudinal study in general population. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20, 132-137 (1991).
51. Tashkin DP, Simmons MS, Sherrill DL et al. Heavy habitual marijuana smoking does not cause an accelerated decline in FEV1 with age. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155, 141-148 (1997). (Pubitemid 27053155)
52. Tashkin DP, Simmons MS, Chang P et al. Effects of smoked substance abuse on non-specific airway hyperresponsiveness. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, 97-103 (1993). (Pubitemid 23025923)
53. Tilles DS, Goldenheim PD, Johnson DC et al. Marijuana smoking as a cause of reduction in single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Am. J. Med. 80, 601-606 (1986). (Pubitemid 16035576)