Mechanisms and potential therapies for preeclampsia

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 269-275

  George, Eric M ^a   Granger, Joey P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelin 1; Heme oxygenase 1; Hypertension; Placental hypoxia; Placental ischemia; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy; sFlt 1; Sildenafil; Treatment; VEGF

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SILDENAFIL; SOLUBLE FMS LIKE TYROSINE KINASE 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN;

ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PLACENTA CIRCULATION; PLACENTA DISORDER; PLACENTA ISCHEMIA; PLACENTAL HYPOXIA; PREECLAMPSIA; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;

ANOXIA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITORS; PIPERAZINES; PLACENTA; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PURINES; RISK FACTORS; SULFONES; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 80052604125     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0204-0     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Roberts JM, Pearson GD, Cutler JA, Lindheimer MD. Summary of the NHLBI working group on research on hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2003;22(2):109-27. (Pubitemid 37521363)
2. Lindheimer MD, Kanter D. Interpreting abnormal proteinuria in pregnancy: the need for a more pathophysiological approach. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(2 Pt 1):365-75.
3. Turner JA. Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia: an update. Int J Womens Health. 2010;2:327-337.
4. Gant NF, Daley GL, Chand S, et al. A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J Clin Invest. 1973;52(11):2682-9.
5. Khong Y, Brosens I. Defective deep placentation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010. (in press)
6. Brosens IA, Robertson WB, Dixon HG. The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Annu. 1972;1:177-91.
7. Lim KH, Zhou Y, Janatpour M, et al. Human cytotrophoblast differentiation/invasion is abnormal in pre-eclampsia. Am J Pathol. 1997;151(6):1809-18. (Pubitemid 27527944)
8. Zhu X, Wu S, Dahut WL, Parikh CR. Risks of proteinuria and hypertension with bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(2):186-93. (Pubitemid 46178407)
9. Wu FT, Stefanini MO, Mac Gabhann F, et al. A systems biology perspective on sVEGFR1: its biological function, pathogenic role and therapeutic use. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14(3):528-552. This review exhaustively examines the molecular mechanisms of the actions of sFlt-1 and the available physiological data about its role in human disease.
10. Levine RJ, Lam C, Qian C, et al. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(10):992-1005. (Pubitemid 44343543)
11. Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(5):649-58. (Pubitemid 36278583)
12. Bridges JP, Gilbert JS, Colson D, et al. Oxidative stress contributes to soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 induced vascular dysfunction in pregnant rats. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(5):564-8.
13. Gilbert JS, Babcock SA, Granger JP. Hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion in pregnant rats is associated with increased soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 expression. Hypertension. 2007;50(6):1142-7. (Pubitemid 350172938)
14. Gilbert JS, Verzwyvelt J, Colson D, et al. Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor 121 infusion lowers blood pressure and improves renal function in rats with placental ischemia-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 2010;55(2):380-5.
15. Bergmann A, Ahmad S, Cudmore M, et al. Reduction of circulating soluble Flt-1 alleviates preeclampsia-like symptoms in a mouse model. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14(6B):1857-67.
16. Gilbert JS, Ryan MJ, LaMarca BB, et al. Pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia: linking placental ischemia with endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008, 294(2):H541-550. This review thoroughly covers the evidence indicating the central role of placental ischemia in the development of preeclampsia. The evidence for multiple pathways leading to the hypertensive state is covered in detail.
17. Zhou CC, Ahmad S, Mi T, et al. Autoantibody from women with preeclampsia induces soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 production via angiotensin type 1 receptor and calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells signaling. Hypertension. 2008;51(4):1010-9. (Pubitemid 351398948)
18. Zhou CC, Zhang Y, Irani RA, et al. Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies induce pre-eclampsia in pregnant mice. Nat Med. 2008;14(8):855-862. In this paper, Zhou et al. demonstrate the importance of the AT1-AA in the development of preeclampsia-like symptoms. More importantly, they demonstrate that an epitope mimetic hepta peptide, which neutralizes the antibody, is capable of attenuating its effects. This finding suggests an intriguing target for therapeutic intervention.
19. Staff AC, Ranheim T, Khoury J, Henriksen T. Increased contents of phospholipids, cholesterol, and lipid peroxides in decidua basalis in women with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(3 Pt 1):587-92. (Pubitemid 29149132)
20. Sedeek M, Gilbert JS, LaMarca BB, et al. Role of reactive oxygen species in hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion in pregnant rats. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(10):1152-6.
21. Anumba DO, Robson SC, Boys RJ, Ford GA. Nitric oxide activity in the peripheral vasculature during normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancy. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(2 Pt 2):H848-854.
22. Nelson SH, Steinsland OS, Wang Y, et al. Increased nitric oxide synthase activity and expression in the human uterine artery during pregnancy. Circ Res. 2000;87(5):406-11.
23. Khalil RA, Crews JK, Novak J, et al. Enhanced vascular reactivity during inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in pregnant rats. Hypertension. 1998;31(5):1065-9. (Pubitemid 28191498)
24. Alexander BT, Kassab SE, Miller MT, et al. Reduced uterine perfusion pressure during pregnancy in the rat is associated with increases in arterial pressure and changes in renal nitric oxide. Hypertension. 2001;37(4):1191-5. (Pubitemid 32304024)
25. Lyall F, Young A, Greer IA. Nitric oxide concentrations are increased in the fetoplacental circulation in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(3 Pt 1):714-8.
26. Lyall F, Greer IA. The vascular endothelium in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Rev Reprod. 1996;1(2):107-16. (Pubitemid 126664713)
27. Yanagisawa M, Inoue A, Ishikawa T, et al. Primary structure, synthesis, and biological activity of rat endothelin, an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85(18):6964-7.
28. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel peptide vasoconstrictor, endothelin, is produced by vascular endothelium and modulates smooth muscle Ca2+ channels. J Hypertens Suppl. 1988;6(4):S188-191.
29. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988;332(6163):411-5. (Pubitemid 18090241)
30. Taylor RN, Varma M, Teng NN, Roberts JM. Women with preeclampsia have higher plasma endothelin levels than women with normal pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71 (6):1675-7. (Pubitemid 120032795)
31. Bernardi F, Constantino L, Machado R, et al. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1, arginase and superoxide dismutase in pre-eclamptic women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34(6):957-63.
32. Nezar MA, el-Baky AM, Soliman OA, et al. Endothelin-1 and leptin as markers of intrauterine growth restriction. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76(5):485-8.
33. Benigni A, Orisio S, Gaspari F, et al. Evidence against a pathogenetic role for endothelin in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99(10):798-802.
34. Alexander BT, Rinewalt AN, Cockrell KL, et al. Endothelin type a receptor blockade attenuates the hypertension in response to chronic reductions in uterine perfusion pressure. Hypertension. 2001;37(2 Part 2):485-9. (Pubitemid 32199016)
35. LaMarca BB, Cockrell K, Sullivan E, et al. Role of endothelin in mediating tumor necrosis factor-induced hypertension in pregnant rats. Hypertension. 2005;46(1):82-6. (Pubitemid 40946495)
36. LaMarca B, Speed J, Fournier L, et al. Hypertension in response to chronic reductions in uterine perfusion in pregnant rats: effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade. Hypertension. 2008;52 (6):1161-7.
37. Sedeek MH, Llinas MT, Drummond H, et al. Role of reactive oxygen species in endothelin-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 2003;42(4):806-10. (Pubitemid 37237329)
38. Murphy SR, LaMarca BB, Cockrell K, Granger JP. Role of endothelin in mediating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1- induced hypertension in pregnant rats. Hypertension. 2010;55 (2):394-8.
39. LaMarca B, Parrish M, Ray LF, et al. Hypertension in response to autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1-AA) in pregnant rats: role of endothelin-1. Hypertension. 2009;54 (4):905-9.
40. Bainbridge SA, Farley AE,McLaughlin BE, et al. Carbon monoxide decreases perfusion pressure in isolated human placenta. Placenta. 2002;23(8-9):563-9. (Pubitemid 37184665)
41. Cao J, Inoue K, Li X, et al. Physiological significance of heme oxygenase in hypertension. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009;41(5):1025-1033. This review thoroughly highlights the potentials and pitfalls of using HO-1 in treating hypertension. The roles of the individual metabolic byproducts are thoroughly reviewed.
42. Sabaawy HE, Zhang F, Nguyen X, et al. Human heme oxygenase- 1 gene transfer lowers blood pressure and promotes growth in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001;38(2):210-5. (Pubitemid 34224746)
43. Yang L, Quan S, Nasjletti A, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 gene expression modulates angiotensin II-induced increase in blood pressure. Hypertension. 2004;43(6):1221-6. (Pubitemid 38691743)
44. Coppage KH, Sun X, Baker RS, Clark KE. Expression of phosphodiesterase 5 in maternal and fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3 Pt 2):1005-10. (Pubitemid 41285485)
45. Wareing M, Myers JE, O'Hara M, et al. Effects of a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor on endothelium-dependent relaxation of myometrial small arteries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(5):1283-90. (Pubitemid 38692210)
46. Wareing M, Myers JE, O'Hara M, Baker PN. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) enhances vasodilatation in fetal growth restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2550-5. (Pubitemid 40686290)
47. Samangaya RA, Mires G, Shennan A, et al. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil for the treatment of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2009;28(4):369-82.
48. Downing J. Sildenafil for the treatment of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2010;29(2):248-50. author reply 251-242.
49. Clouthier DE, Hosoda K, Richardson JA, et al. Cranial and cardiac neural crest defects in endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Development. 1998;125(5):813-24. (Pubitemid 28142824)
50. Taniguchi T, Muramatsu I. Pharmacological knockout of endothelin ET(A) receptors. Life Sci. 2003;74(2-3):405-9. (Pubitemid 37357070)