Difference in prevalence of diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular risk factors in a rural area of Tamil Nadu and an urban area of Delhi

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 82-90

  Misra, Ranjita ^a   Misra, Anoop ^b   Kamalamma, N ^c   Vikram, Naval K ^d   Gupta, Sunil ^e   Sharma, Sushum ^e   Patel, Thakor ^f   Balagopal, Padmini ^c  

^a TEXAS A AND M HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b FORTIS HOSPITAL   (India)

^c GANDHIGRAM RURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^d ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^e Railways Hospital   (India)

^f UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

C reactive protein; Diabetes; India; Metabolic syndrome; Prevalence; Rural; Urban

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052599310     PISSN: 09733930     EISSN: 19983832     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13410-011-0017-3     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diab Care. 2004;27:1047-53. (Pubitemid 38579764)
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diab Care. 1998;21:1414-31. (Pubitemid 28405191)
3. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Baskar AD, Mary S, Kumar CK, Selvam S, et al. Temporal changes in prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance associated with lifestyle transition occurring in the rural population in India. Diabetologia. 2004;47:860-5. (Pubitemid 38756999)
4. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(11 Suppl 1):S9-S30.
5. Gupta R, Sarna M, Thanvi J, Sharma V, Gupta VP. Fasting glucose and cardiovascular risk factors in an urban population. J Assoc Physicians India. 2007;55:705-9.
6. Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Das S, Bajaj S, Zargar AH, Prasannakumar KM, et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66:301-7. (Pubitemid 39469376)
7. Mohan A, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Vimaleswaran K, Farooq S, Mohan V. Visceral and central abdominal fat and anthropometry in relation to diabetes in Asian Indians. Diab Care. 2004;27:2948-53. (Pubitemid 39565064)
8. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V. Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adults-a population study using modified ATP III criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;60:199-204. (Pubitemid 36561622)
9. Mahadik SR, Deo SS, Mehtalia SD. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in non-obese asian Indian-an urban-rural comparison. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2007;5:142-52. (Pubitemid 46954299)
10. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V, Das AK, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia. 2001;44:1094-101. (Pubitemid 32835500)
11. Banerji MA, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken RL, Lebovitz HE. Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:137-44. (Pubitemid 29036692)
12. McKeigue PM, Pierpoint T, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG. Relationship of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia to body fat pattern in south Asians and Europeans. Diabetologia. 1992;35:785-91.
13. McKeigue PM. Metabolic consequences of obesity and body fat pattern: lessons from migrant studies. Ciba Found Symp. 1996;201:54-64. discussion 64-7, 188-93.
14. Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Papacosta O, Seymour C, Miller GJ, Alberti KG, et al. Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and white children. BMJ. 2002;324:635.
15. Zargar AH, Khan AK, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Wani AI, Bashir MI, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian subcontinent. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;47:135-46.
16. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V. Type 2 diabetes in Asian-Indian urban children. Diab Care. 2003;26:1022-5. (Pubitemid 36929242)
17. Misra A, Pandey RM, Devi JR, Sharma R, Vikram NK, Khanna N. High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1722-9. (Pubitemid 33052085)
18. Mohan V, Shanthirani S, Deepa R, Premalatha G, Sastry NG, Saroja R. Intra-urban differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in southern India-the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS No. 4). Diabet Med. 2001;18:280-7. (Pubitemid 32579357)
19. Iyer SR, Iyer RR, Upasani SV, Baitule MN. Diabetes mellitus in Dombivli-an urban population study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;49:713-6. (Pubitemid 33643647)
20. Bai PV, Krishnaswami CV, Chellamarippan M, Kumar GV, Subramaniam JR, Srivatwa A, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in the young in south India. Indian Pediatr. 1995;32:1173-6.
21. Balagopal P, Kamalamma N, Patel TG, Misra R. A communitybased diabetes prevention and management education program in a rural village in India. Diab Care. 2008;31:1097-104.
22. Chow CK, Raju PK, Raju R, Reddy KS, Cardona M, Celermajer DS, et al. The prevalence and management of diabetes in rural India. Diab Care. 2006;29:1717-8. (Pubitemid 44127621)
23. Rao PV, Ushabala P, Seshiah V, Ahuja MM, Mather HM. The Eluru survey: prevalence of known diabetes in a rural Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1989;7:29-31. (Pubitemid 19164299)
24. Lemeshow S, Stroh GJ. Sampling techniques for evaluating health parameters in developing countries. Washington: National Academy Press; 1988.
25. International Association for the Study of Obesity and International Obesity Task Force. The Asia-Pacific Perspective. Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. International Diabetes Institute: Western Pacific Region, Health Communications Australia Pvt Ltd., 2000.
26. Banerjee D, Misra A. Does using ethnic specific criteria improve the usefulness of the term metabolic syndrome? Controversies and suggestions. Int J Obes Lond. 2007;31:1340-9. (Pubitemid 47339926)
27. Chamukuttan S, Viswanathan V, Ramachandran A. Cut-off values for normal anthropomatric variables in Asian Indian adults. Diab Care. 2003;26:1380-4. (Pubitemid 36929166)
28. Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan Jr AV, Devaraj S, Jialal I, Grundy SM, Abate N. Elevated plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations in Asian Indians living in the United States. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3773-6. (Pubitemid 37034527)
29. Boddula R, Yadav S, Bhatia V, Genitta G, Pandey D, Kumar A, et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in affluent urban Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(2):e4-7.
30. Menon VU, Kumar KV, Gilchrist A, Sugathan TN, Sundaram KR, Nair V, et al. Prevalence of known and undetected diabetes and associated risk factors in central Kerala-ADEPS. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;74:289-94. (Pubitemid 44572553)
31. Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Das S, Bajaj S, Zargar AH, Prasannakumar KM, et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in India using the ADA 1997 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66:293-300. (Pubitemid 39469375)
32. Ramachandran A, Mary S, Yamuna A, Murugesan N, Snehalatha C. High prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in India. Diab Care. 2008;31:893-8.
33. Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R, Deepa M, Shukla DK, Menon GR, et al. Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India-the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;80:159-68.
34. Nongkynrih B, Acharya A, Ramakrishnan L, Ritvik, Anand K, Shah B. Profile of biochemical risk factors for non communicable diseases in urban, rural and periurban Haryana, India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:165-70.
35. Pandey RM, Madhavan M, Misra A, Kalaivani M, Vikram NK, Dhingra V. Centiles of anthropometric measures of adiposity for 14-to 18-year-old urban Asian Indian adolescents. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7:133-41.
36. Yajnik CS, Joglekar CV, Lubree HG, Rege SS, Naik SS, Bhat DS, et al. Adiposity, inflammation and hyperglycaemia in rural and urban Indian men: Coronary Risk of Insulin Sensitivity in Indian Subjects (CRISIS) Study. Diabetologia. 2008;51:39-46. (Pubitemid 50000013)
37. Qiao Q, Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Nakagami T, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. Age-and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 11 Asian cohorts. Diab Care. 2003;26:1770-80. (Pubitemid 36929118)
38. Chow CK, McQuillan B, Raju PK, Iyengar S, Raju R, Harmer JA, et al. Greater adverse effects of cholesterol and diabetes on carotid intima-media thickness in South Asian Indians: comparison of risk factor-IMT associations in two population-based surveys. Atherosclerosis. 2008;199:116-22.
39. Misra A, Vikram NK. Insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome) and obesity in Asian Indians: evidence and implications. Nutrition. 2004;20:482-91. (Pubitemid 38501805)
40. Kulkarni SR, Fall CH, Joshi NV, Lubree HG, Deshpande VU, Pasarkar RV, et al. Determinants of incident hyperglycemia 6 years after delivery in young rural Indian mothers: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study (PMNS). Diab Care. 2007;30:2542-7. (Pubitemid 47547790)
41. Mohan V, Deepa R, Velmurugan K, Premalatha G. Association of C-reactive protein with body fat, diabetes and coronary artery disease in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-6). Diabet Med. 2005;22:863-70. (Pubitemid 40942583)
42. Sainani GS, Karatela RA. Plasma leptin in insulin-resistant and insulin-nonresistant coronary artery disease and its association with cardio-metabolic risk factors among Asian Indians. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7:335-40.