Minimizing cardiac risk in perioperative practice - Interdisciplinary pharmacological approaches

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift

Volumn 123, Issue 13-14, 2011, Pages 393-407

  Bock, Matthias ^a,c   Wiedermann, Christian J ^a   Motsch, Johann ^b   Fritsch, Gerhard ^c   Paulmichl, Markus ^c  

^a CENTRAL HOSPITAL OF BOLZANO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^c PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Complications; General medicine; Patient preparation; Patient safety; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ESMOLOL; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METOPROLOL; NITRATE;

ANTICOAGULATION; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CENTRAL NEURAXIAL BLOCKS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CORONARY ARTERY RECANALIZATION; DEFIBRILLATOR; DRUG EFFECT; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PROTECTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPOTHERMIA; MORTALITY; NERVE BLOCK; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PHYSICIAN; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION;

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; COMORBIDITY; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; LENGTH OF STAY; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 80052585535     PISSN: 00435325     EISSN: 16137671     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-011-1595-2     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. W Buhre R Rossaint 2003 Perioperative management and monitoring in anaesthesia Lancet 362 9398 1839 1846 14654324 (Pubitemid 37498215)
2. PP Tekkis JD Poloniecki MR Thompson JD Stamatakis 2003 Operative mortality in colorectal cancer: prospective national study BMJ 327 7425 1196 1201 14630754
3. AA Ghaferi JD Birkmeyer JB Dimick 2009 Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery N Engl J Med 361 14 1368 1375 19797283 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1CksrrE
4. AB Haynes TG Weiser WR Berry SR Lipsitz AH Breizat EP Dellinger, et al. 2009 A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population N Engl J Med 360 5 491 499 19144931 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1Wku7w%3D
5. PG Noordzij D Poldermans O Schouten JJ Bax FA Schreiner E Boersma 2010 Postoperative mortality in The Netherlands: a population-based analysis of surgery-specific risk in adults Anesthesiology 112 5 1105 1115 20418691
6. AW Wallace 2006 Clonidine and modification of perioperative outcome Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 19 4 411 417 16829723 (Pubitemid 44055800)
7. H Kehlet JB Dahl 2003 Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery Lancet 362 9399 1921 1928 14667752 (Pubitemid 37518512)
8. V Chopra SA Flanders JB Froehlich WC Lau KA Eagle 2010 Perioperative practice: time to throttle back Ann Intern Med 152 1 47 51 19949135
9. JB Dimick SL Chen PA Taheri WG Henderson SF Khuri DA Campbell Jr 2004 Hospital costs associated with surgical complications: a report from the private-sector National surgical quality improvement program J Am Coll Surg 199 4 531 537 15454134 (Pubitemid 39420202)
10. LA Fleisher JA Beckman KA Brown H Calkins E Chaikof KE Fleischmann, et al. 2007 ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery Circulation 116 17 1971 1996 17901356
11. A Qaseem V Snow N Fitterman ER Hornbake VA Lawrence GW Smetana, et al. 2006 Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians Ann Intern Med 144 8 575 580 16618955 (Pubitemid 46768148)
12. D Poldermans JJ Bax E Boersma S De Hert E Eeckhout G Fowkes, et al. 2009 Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery: the Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perioperative Cardiac Management in Non-cardiac Surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) Eur Heart J 30 22 2769 2812 19713421
13. M Bock T Sturm J Motsch 2007 Non-invasive extended hemodynamic monitoring. Reduction of circulatory risk situations Anaesthesist 56 7 656 664 17476469 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2svhs1WnsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 47092996)
14. KV Sanborn J Castro M Kuroda DM Thys 1996 Detection of intraoperative incidents by electronic scanning of computerized anesthesia records. Comparison with voluntary reporting Anesthesiology 85 5 977 987 8916813 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FnsVertA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26378281)
15. R Rohrig A Junger B Hartmann J Klasen L Quinzio A Jost, et al. 2004 The incidence and prediction of automatically detected intraoperative cardiovascular events in noncardiac surgery Anesth Analg 98 3 569 577 14980900 (Pubitemid 38252639)
16. PJ Devereaux H Yang S Yusuf G Guyatt K Leslie JC Villar, et al. 2008 Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 371 9627 1839 1847 18479744 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsFKnsbc%3D
17. PJ Devereaux L Goldman DJ Cook K Gilbert K Leslie GH Guyatt 2005 Perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a review of the magnitude of the problem, the pathophysiology of the events and methods to estimate and communicate risk CMAJ 173 6 627 634 16157727 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2Mvos1eqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41345578)
18. DT Mangano WS Browner M Hollenberg J Li IM Tateo 1992 Long-term cardiac prognosis following noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group JAMA 268 2 233 239 1608143 1:STN:280:DyaK38zgtVyqtw%3D%3D
19. KE Fleischmann L Goldman B Young TH Lee 2003 Association between cardiac and noncardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: outcomes and effects on length of stay Am J Med 115 7 515 520 14599629 (Pubitemid 37352796)
20. G Landesberg 2003 The pathophysiology of perioperative myocardial infarction: facts and perspectives J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 17 1 90 100 12635070 (Pubitemid 36286458)
21. G Landesberg WS Beattie M Mosseri AS Jaffe JS Alpert 2009 Perioperative myocardial infarction Circulation 119 22 2936 2944 19506125
22. Y Le Manach A Perel P Coriat G Godet M Bertrand B Riou 2005 Early and delayed myocardial infarction after abdominal aortic surgery Anesthesiology 102 5 885 891 15851872 (Pubitemid 40590068)
23. SG Ellis NR Hertzer JR Young S Brener 1996 Angiographic correlates of cardiac death and myocardial infarction complicating major nonthoracic vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 77 12 1126 1128 8644673 1:STN:280:DyaK283jt1ertQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 126334755)
24. YS Chatzizisis AU Coskun M Jonas ER Edelman CL Feldman PH Stone 2007 Role of endothelial shear stress in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling: molecular, cellular, and vascular behavior J Am Coll Cardiol 49 25 2379 2393 17599600 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntFyhsrY%3D (Pubitemid 46962266)
25. BM Biccard RN Rodseth 2010 The pathophysiology of peri-operative myocardial infarction Anaesthesia 65 7 733 741 20528842 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3cnot1Cmtw%3D%3D
26. SJ Howell JW Sear P Foex 2004 Hypertension, hypertensive heart disease and perioperative cardiac risk Br J Anaesth 92 4 570 583 15013960 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7msVegsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38443862)
27. JB Bijker WA van Klei Y Vergouwe DJ Eleveld L van Wolfswinkel KG Moons, et al. 2009 Intraoperative hypotension and 1-year mortality after noncardiac surgery Anesthesiology 111 6 1217 1226 19934864
28. DL Reich S Hossain M Krol B Baez P Patel A Bernstein, et al. 2005 Predictors of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia Anesth Analg 101 3 622 628 16115962 table of contents (Pubitemid 41208481)
29. BC Dickson AI Gotlieb 2003 Towards understanding acute destabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques Cardiovasc Pathol 12 5 237 248 14507572 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsVantrs%3D (Pubitemid 37162706)
30. NN Boushra M Muntazar 2006 Review article: the role of statins in reducing perioperative cardiac risk: physiologic and clinical perspectives Can J Anaesth 53 11 1126 1147 17079641 (Pubitemid 44767074)
31. P Schoenhagen KM Ziada SR Kapadia TD Crowe SE Nissen EM Tuzcu 2000 Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes: an intravascular ultrasound study Circulation 101 6 598 603 10673250 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7jsl2jsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30094729)
32. PD Richardson MJ Davies GV Born 1989 Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques Lancet 2 8669 941 944 2571862 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FhtlOgtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19255745)
33. UE Heidland BE Strauer 2001 Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption Circulation 104 13 1477 1482 11571239 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrisVWhtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32917338)
34. D Poldermans E Boersma JJ Bax IR Thomson B Paelinck LL van de Ven, et al. 2001 Bisoprolol reduces cardiac death and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients as long as 2 years after successful major vascular surgery Eur Heart J 22 15 1353 1358 11465968 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmsVygsLk%3D (Pubitemid 32737628)
35. A Wallace B Layug I Tateo J Li M Hollenberg W Browner, et al. 1998 Prophylactic atenolol reduces postoperative myocardial ischemia. McSPI Research Group Anesthesiology 88 1 7 17 9447850 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnsFWhsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 128721126)
36. D Poldermans E Boersma JJ Bax IR Thomson LL van de Ven JD Blankensteijn, et al. 1999 The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography Study Group N Engl J Med 341 24 1789 1794 10588963 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsVektA%3D%3D
37. RD Stevens H Burri MR Tramer 2003 Pharmacologic myocardial protection in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a quantitative systematic review Anesth Analg 97 3 623 633 12933373 (Pubitemid 37046418)
38. PK Lindenauer P Pekow K Wang DK Mamidi B Gutierrez EM Benjamin 2005 Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery N Engl J Med 353 4 349 361 16049209 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXms1Kntrs%3D (Pubitemid 41132339)
39. BM Biccard JW Sear P Foex 2006 The pharmacoeconomics of peri-operative beta-blocker therapy Anaesthesia 61 1 4 8 16409334 1:STN:280: DC%2BD28%2Fit1Sksg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43336619)
40. PJ Devereaux WS Beattie PT Choi NH Badner GH Guyatt JC Villar, et al. 2005 How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta blockers in non-cardiac surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials BMJ 331 7512 313 321 15996966 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFWgu7bJ
41. AB Juul J Wetterslev C Gluud A Kofoed-Enevoldsen G Jensen T Callesen, et al. 2006 Effect of perioperative beta blockade in patients with diabetes undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: randomised placebo controlled, blinded multicentre trial BMJ 332 7556 1482 16793810
42. S Bangalore J Wetterslev S Pranesh S Sawhney C Gluud FH Messerli 2008 Perioperative beta blockers in patients having non-cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis Lancet 372 9654 1962 1976 19012955 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVKlsLvM
43. D Redelmeier D Scales A Kopp 2005 Beta blockers for elective surgery in elderly patients: population based, retrospective cohort study BMJ 331 7522 932 16210252 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1amtL7P
44. M Dunkelgrun E Boersma O Schouten AW Koopman-van Gemert F van Poorten JJ Bax, et al. 2009 Bisoprolol and fluvastatin for the reduction of perioperative cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction in intermediate-risk patients undergoing noncardiovascular surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DECREASE-IV) Ann Surg 249 6 921 926 19474688
45. S Suttner J Boldt A Mengistu K Lang J Mayer 2009 Influence of continuous perioperative beta-blockade in combination with phosphodiesterase inhibition on haemodynamics and myocardial ischaemia in high-risk vascular surgery patients Br J Anaesth 102 5 597 607 19336536 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXksFamt7o%3D
46. WA van Klei GL Bryson H Yang AJ Forster 2009 Effect of beta-blocker prescription on the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction after hip and knee arthroplasty Anesthesiology 111 4 717 724 19707119 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtFOjtLjF
47. WS Beattie DN Wijeysundera K Karkouti S McCluskey G Tait N Mitsakakis, et al. 2010 Acute surgical anemia influences the cardioprotective effects of beta-blockade: a single-center, propensity-matched cohort study Anesthesiology 112 1 25 33 20032700
48. KE Fleischmann JA Beckman CE Buller H Calkins LA Fleisher WK Freeman, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation/American heart association task force on practice guidelines Circulation 120 21 2123 2151 19884474
49. O Schouten E Boersma SE Hoeks R Benner H van Urk MR van Sambeek, et al. 2009 Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery N Engl J Med 361 10 980 989 19726772 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVygsbfE
50. K Buhre L de Rossi W Buhre 2005 Preoperative long-term therapy Anaesthesist 54 9 902 913 16091922 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvotVeisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41296846)
51. E Boersma D Poldermans JJ Bax EW Steyerberg IR Thomson JD Banga, et al. 2001 Predictors of cardiac events after major vascular surgery: role of clinical characteristics, dobutamine echocardiography, and beta-blocker therapy JAMA 285 14 1865 1873 11308400 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jtVSjug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32289154)
52. S Morikawa W Takabe C Mataki T Kanke T Itoh Y Wada, et al. 2002 The effect of statins on mRNA levels of genes related to inflammation, coagulation, and vascular constriction in HUVEC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells J Atheroscler Thromb 9 4 178 183 12226549 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVCkur0%3D
53. G Mowatt E Cummins N Waugh S Walker J Cook X Jia, et al. 2008 Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease Health Technol Assess 12 17 iii iv 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1czgtVOmtw%3D%3D ix-143
54. M Crisby G Nordin-Fredriksson PK Shah J Yano J Zhu J Nilsson 2001 Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization Circulation 103 7 926 933 11181465 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXit1Cru70%3D (Pubitemid 32183796)
55. NC Kaneider CM Reinisch S Dunzendorfer C Meierhofer A Djanani CJ Wiedermann 2001 Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of migration of inflammatory and vascular wall cells by cerivastatin Atherosclerosis 158 1 23 33 11500171 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlslGgu7o%3D (Pubitemid 32735464)
56. JP Halcox JE Deanfield 2004 Beyond the laboratory: clinical implications for statin pleiotropy Circulation 109 21 Suppl. 1 II42 II48 15173062
57. D Poldermans JJ Bax MD Kertai B Krenning CM Westerhout AF Schinkel, et al. 2003 Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery Circulation 107 14 1848 1851 12695283 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis12qu7c%3D (Pubitemid 36444123)
58. PK Lindenauer P Pekow K Wang B Gutierrez EM Benjamin 2004 Lipid-lowering therapy and in-hospital mortality following major noncardiac surgery JAMA 291 17 2092 2099 15126437 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjslegsbw%3D (Pubitemid 38580152)
59. MD Kertai E Boersma CM Westerhout J Klein H Van Urk JJ Bax, et al. 2004 A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28 4 343 352 15350554 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvktlaqtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39207082)
60. MD Kertai E Boersma CM Westerhout R van Domburg J Klein JJ Bax, et al. 2004 Association between long-term statin use and mortality after successful abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery Am J Med 116 2 96 103 14715323 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtFekug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38056662)
61. K O'Neil-Callahan G Katsimaglis MR Tepper J Ryan C Mosby JP Ioannidis, et al. 2005 Statins decrease perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery: the Statins for Risk Reduction in Surgery (StaRRS) study J Am Coll Cardiol 45 3 336 342 15680709 (Pubitemid 40186781)
62. RP Ward NJ Leeper JN Kirkpatrick RM Lang MJ Sorrentino KA Williams 2005 The effect of preoperative statin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing infrainguinal vascular surgery Int J Cardiol 104 3 264 268 16186054 (Pubitemid 41379059)
63. AE Durazzo FS Machado DT Ikeoka C De Bernoche MC Monachini P Puech-Leao, et al. 2004 Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial J Vasc Surg 39 5 967 975 15111846 discussion 75-6
64. O Schouten MD Kertai JJ Bax AE Durazzo E Biagini E Boersma, et al. 2005 Safety of perioperative statin use in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 95 5 658 660 15721114 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhtlGjsrg%3D (Pubitemid 40255263)
65. J Kennedy H Quan AM Buchan WA Ghali TE Feasby 2005 Statins are associated with better outcomes after carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients Stroke 36 10 2072 2076 16179564 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVeisbbF (Pubitemid 41429222)
66. BM Biccard JW Sear P Foex 2005 Statin therapy: a potentially useful peri-operative intervention in patients with cardiovascular disease Anaesthesia 60 11 1106 1114 16229696 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Giu7fE (Pubitemid 41644901)
67. AS Kapoor H Kanji J Buckingham PJ Devereaux FA McAlister 2006 Strength of evidence for perioperative use of statins to reduce cardiovascular risk: systematic review of controlled studies BMJ 333 7579 1149 17088313 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntF2gtg%3D%3D
68. BM Biccard 2008 A peri-operative statin update for non-cardiac surgery. Part I: the effects of statin therapy on atherosclerotic disease and lessons learnt from statin therapy in medical (non-surgical) patients Anaesthesia 63 1 52 64 18086071 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1artb4%3D (Pubitemid 350237622)
69. A Hognestad K Dickstein E Myhre S Snapinn J Kjekshus 2004 Effect of combined statin and beta-blocker treatment on one-year morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction associated with heart failure Am J Cardiol 93 5 603 606 14996587 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhslWmsr0%3D (Pubitemid 38293067)
70. HJ Priebe 2005 Perioperative myocardial infarction - aetiology and prevention Br J Anaesth 95 1 3 19 15665072
71. DN Wijeysundera JS Naik WS Beattie 2003 Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications: a meta-analysis Am J Med 114 9 742 752 12829201 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvVKis7k%3D (Pubitemid 36776356)
72. MF Oliver L Goldman DG Julian I Holme 1999 Effect of mivazerol on perioperative cardiac complications during non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary heart disease: the European Mivazerol Trial (EMIT) Anesthesiology 91 4 951 961 10519497 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntVWnsrc%3D (Pubitemid 29466529)
73. AW Wallace D Galindez A Salahieh EL Layug EA Lazo KA Haratonik, et al. 2004 Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery Anesthesiology 101 2 284 293 15277909 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXlvFCqtr0%3D (Pubitemid 38988482)
74. P Colson F Ryckwaert P Coriat 1999 Renin angiotensin system antagonists and anesthesia Anesth Analg 89 5 1143 1155 10553825 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnslGjtb0%3D (Pubitemid 29521929)
75. P Coriat C Richer T Douraki C Gomez K Hendricks JF Giudicelli, et al. 1994 Influence of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on anesthetic induction Anesthesiology 81 2 299 307 8053578 1:STN:280:DyaK2czjtVKjtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24320619)
76. F Ryckwaert P Colson 1997 Hemodynamic effects of anesthesia in patients with ischemic heart failure chronically treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Anesth Analg 84 5 945 949 9141913 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtlGqsL4%3D (Pubitemid 27197648)
77. SM Brabant M Bertrand D Eyraud PL Darmon P Coriat 1999 The hemodynamic effects of anesthetic induction in vascular surgical patients chronically treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists Anesth Analg 89 6 1388 1392 10589613 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsFyquw%3D%3D
78. A Ouattara G Boccara P Lecomte R Souktani P Le Cosquer S Mouren, et al. 2004 Amplification by hyperoxia of coronary vasodilation induced by propofol Anesth Analg 98 3 595 603 14980904 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXislarsbk%3D (Pubitemid 38252643)
79. K Holte NE Sharrock H Kehlet 2002 Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess Br J Anaesth 89 4 622 632 12393365 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38njs1entg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 35167811)
80. V Nisanevich I Felsenstein G Almogy C Weissman S Einav I Matot 2005 Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabdominal surgery Anesthesiology 103 1 25 32 15983453 (Pubitemid 40943133)
81. M Bertrand G Godet K Meersschaert L Brun E Salcedo P Coriat 2001 Should the angiotensin II antagonists be discontinued before surgery? Anesth Analg 92 1 26 30 11133595 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvV2jtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32039172)
82. P Colson M Saussine JR Seguin D Cuchet PA Chaptal B Roquefeuil 1992 Hemodynamic effects of anesthesia in patients chronically treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Anesth Analg 74 6 805 808 1595911 1:STN:280:DyaK383otFWjsw%3D%3D
83. T Comfere J Sprung MM Kumar M Draper DP Wilson BA Williams, et al. 2005 Angiotensin system inhibitors in a general surgical population Anesth Analg 100 3 636 644 15728043 (Pubitemid 40300051)
84. S Kheterpal O Khodaparast A Shanks M O'Reilly KK Tremper 2008 Chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker therapy combined with diuretic therapy is associated with increased episodes of hypotension in noncardiac surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 22 2 180 186 18375317 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsFOhurg%3D (Pubitemid 351424915)
85. CJ Railton J Wolpin J Lam-McCulloch SE Belo 2010 Renin-angiotensin blockade is associated with increased mortality after vascular surgery Can J Anaesth 57 8 736 744 20524103
86. DN Wijeysundera WS Beattie 2003 Calcium channel blockers for reducing cardiac morbidity after noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis Anesth Analg 97 3 634 641 12933374 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsF2qsbk%3D (Pubitemid 37046419)
87. MD Kertai CM Westerhout KS Varga G Acsady J Gal 2008 Dihydropiridine calcium-channel blockers and perioperative mortality in aortic aneurysm surgery Br J Anaesth 101 4 458 465 18556693 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFWhsrjP
88. TA Winkel O Schouten SE Hoeks WJ Flu D Hampton P Kirchhof, et al. 2010 Risk factors and outcome of new-onset cardiac arrhythmias in vascular surgery patients Am Heart J 159 6 1108 1115 20569727
89. N Butte BW Bottiger P Teschendorf 2008 Amiodaron for treatment of perioperative cardiac arrythmia: a broad spectrum antiarrythmetic agent? Anaesthesist 57 12 1183 1192 18704341 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFSrur7F
90. AN Passanante 2010 prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 24 1 58 63
91. JP Morrow CP Cannon JA Reiffel 2007 New antiarrhythmic drugs for establishing sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: what are our therapies likely to be by 2010 and beyond? Am Heart J 154 5 824 829 17967585 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXht1agsrzJ (Pubitemid 350017712)
92. PR Kowey P Dorian LB Mitchell CM Pratt D Roy PJ Schwartz, et al. 2009 Vernakalant hydrochloride for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2 6 652 659 19948506
93. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/EPAR-Product- Information/human/001215/WC500097154.pdf (last assessed January 14)
94. Y Beaulieu AY Denault P Couture D Roy M Talajic E O'Meara, et al. 2010 Perioperative intravenous amiodarone does not reduce the burden of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac valvular surgery Anesthesiology 112 1 128 137 19996947 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhs1Smt77N
95. MA Rozner 2007 The patient with a cardiac pacemaker or implanted defibrillator and management during anaesthesia Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 20 3 261 268 17479032 (Pubitemid 46701342)
96. H Gombotz M Anelli Monti N Leitgeb M Nurnberg B Strohmer 2009 Perioperative management of patients with implanted pacemakers or cardioverter/defibrillators. Recommendations of the Austrian Society for Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, the Austrian Society for Cardiology and the Austrian Society for Surgery Anaesthesist 58 5 485 498 19458974 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MzlvFGktQ%3D%3D
97. Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: an updated report by the american society of anesthesiologists task force on perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Anesthesiology 2011;114(2):247-61
98. SL Pinski RG Trohman 2002 Interference in implanted cardiac devices, part II Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25 10 1496 1509 12418748 (Pubitemid 35222808)
99. I Iakovou T Schmidt E Bonizzoni L Ge GM Sangiorgi G Stankovic, et al. 2005 Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents JAMA 293 17 2126 2130 15870416 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjvFKiu7w%3D (Pubitemid 40617065)
100. NR Desai DL Bhatt 2010 The state of periprocedural antiplatelet therapy after recent trials JACC Cardiovasc Interv 3 6 571 583 20630450
101. H Metzler K Huber S Kozek-Langenecker 2008 Anaesthesia in patients with drug-eluting stents Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 21 1 55 59 18195611
102. MN Vicenzi T Meislitzer B Heitzinger M Halaj LA Fleisher H Metzler 2006 Coronary artery stenting and non-cardiac surgery - a prospective outcome study Br J Anaesth 96 6 686 693 16670113 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283mslKktw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43786682)
103. H Mollmann HM Nef CW Hamm A Elsasser 2009 How to manage patients with need for antiplatelet therapy in the setting of (un-)planned surgery Clin Res Cardiol 98 1 8 15 18853094
104. P Barash S Akhtar 2010 Coronary stents: factors contributing to perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events Br J Anaesth 105 Suppl. 1 i3 i15 21148653
105. GG Biondi-Zoccai M Lotrionte P Agostoni A Abbate M Fusaro F Burzotta, et al. 2006 A systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50,279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease Eur Heart J 27 22 2667 2674 17053008 (Pubitemid 44729867)
106. ES Brilakis S Banerjee PB Berger 2007 Perioperative management of patients with coronary stents J Am Coll Cardiol 49 22 2145 2150 17543633 (Pubitemid 46824115)
107. H Bornemann F Pruller H Metzler 2010 The patient with coronary stents and antiplatelet agents: what to do and how to deal? Eur J Anaesthesiol 27 5 406 410 20009935 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXms1amtrg%3D
108. H Metzler F Pruller A Munch G Primus J Kainz R Hodl, et al. 2010 Premature preoperative discontinuation of antiplatelet drug therapy in cardiovascular risk patients: a preliminary study on the role of P2Y12 receptor monitoring Eur J Anaesthesiol 27 2 138 145 19593147 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXisVaksLk%3D
109. R Ebrahimi C Dyke R Mehran SV Manoukian F Feit DA Cox, et al. 2009 Outcomes following pre-operative clopidogrel administration in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) trial J Am Coll Cardiol 53 21 1965 1972 19460609 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnvFahsL8%3D
110. EY Wong HP Lawrence DT Wong 2007 The effects of prophylactic coronary revascularization or medical management on patient outcomes after noncardiac surgery-a meta-analysis Can J Anaesth 54 9 705 717 17766738 (Pubitemid 47492396)
111. G Godet B Riou M Bertrand MH Fleron JP Goarin G Montalescot, et al. 2005 Does preoperative coronary angioplasty improve perioperative cardiac outcome? Anesthesiology 102 4 739 746 15791102 (Pubitemid 40467586)
112. EO McFalls HB Ward TE Moritz S Goldman WC Krupski F Littooy, et al. 2004 Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery N Engl J Med 351 27 2795 2804 15625331 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhslyguw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40051903)
113. D Poldermans O Schouten R Vidakovic JJ Bax IR Thomson SE Hoeks, et al. 2007 A clinical randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a noninvasive approach in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery: the DECREASE-V Pilot Study J Am Coll Cardiol 49 17 1763 1769 17466225 (Pubitemid 46617863)
114. M Monaco P Stassano L Di Tommaso P Pepino A Giordano GB Pinna, et al. 2009 Systematic strategy of prophylactic coronary angiography improves long-term outcome after major vascular surgery in medium- to high-risk patients: a prospective, randomized study J Am Coll Cardiol 54 11 989 996 19729114
115. BM Biccard RN Rodseth 2009 A meta-analysis of the prospective randomised trials of coronary revascularisation before noncardiac vascular surgery with attention to the type of coronary revascularisation performed Anaesthesia 64 10 1105 1113 19735402 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MngvVGnsQ%3D%3D
116. HB Ward RF Kelly L Thottapurathu TE Moritz GC Larsen G Pierpont, et al. 2006 Coronary artery bypass grafting is superior to percutaneous coronary intervention in prevention of perioperative myocardial infarctions during subsequent vascular surgery Ann Thorac Surg 82 3 795 800 16928485
117. O Schouten RT van Domburg JJ Bax PJ de Jaegere M Dunkelgrun HH Feringa, et al. 2007 Noncardiac surgery after coronary stenting: early surgery and interruption of antiplatelet therapy are associated with an increase in major adverse cardiac events J Am Coll Cardiol 49 1 122 124 17207733 (Pubitemid 46026891)
118. GA Nuttall MJ Brown JW Stombaugh PB Michon MF Hathaway KC Lindeen, et al. 2008 Time and cardiac risk of surgery after bare-metal stent percutaneous coronary intervention Anesthesiology 109 4 588 595 18813036
119. Practice alert for the perioperative management of patients with coronary artery stents: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology 2009;110(1):22-3
120. CL Grines RO Bonow DE Casey Jr TJ Gardner PB Lockhart DJ Moliterno, et al. 2007 Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians Circulation 115 6 813 818 17224480 (Pubitemid 46294748)
121. KA Eagle CM Coley JB Newell DC Brewster RC Darling HW Strauss, et al. 1989 Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery Ann Intern Med 110 11 859 866 2655519 1:STN:280:DyaL1M3ksFGksg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19153770)
122. CS Rihal KA Eagle MC Mickel ED Foster G Sopko BJ Gersh 1995 Surgical therapy for coronary artery disease among patients with combined coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease Circulation 91 1 46 53 7805218 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7gtlOgsg%3D%3D
123. S Garcia TE Moritz S Goldman F Littooy G Pierpont GC Larsen, et al. 2009 Perioperative complications after vascular surgery are predicted by the revised cardiac risk index but are not reduced in high-risk subsets with preoperative revascularization Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2 2 73 77 20031818
124. O Schouten JP van Kuijk WJ Flu TA Winkel GM Welten E Boersma, et al. 2009 Long-term outcome of prophylactic coronary revascularization in cardiac high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery (from the randomized DECREASE-V Pilot Study) Am J Cardiol 103 7 897 901 19327412
125. WS Beattie NH Badner P Choi 2001 Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Anesth Analg 93 4 853 858 11574345 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mrisl2mtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32905967)
126. WY Park JS Thompson KK Lee 2001 Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: a randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs cooperative study Ann Surg 234 4 560 569 11573049 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3MrmslOmtQ%3D%3D discussion 9-71
127. A Rodgers N Walker S Schug A McKee H Kehlet A van Zundert, et al. 2000 Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials BMJ 321 7275 1493 11118174 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7isVWqtg%3D%3D
128. JR Rigg K Jamrozik PS Myles BS Silbert PJ Peyton RW Parsons, et al. 2002 Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial Lancet 359 9314 1276 1282 11965272 (Pubitemid 34310632)
129. DN Wijeysundera WS Beattie PC Austin JE Hux A Laupacis 2008 Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study Lancet 372 9638 562 569 18692893
130. PJ Peyton PS Myles BS Silbert JA Rigg K Jamrozik R Parsons 2003 Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients Anesth Analg 96 2 548 12538211 table of contents
131. MS Vaughan RW Vaughan RC Cork 1981 Postoperative hypothermia in adults: relationship of age, anesthesia, and shivering to rewarming Anesth Analg 60 10 746 751 7197479 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2Fktl2lsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11020218)
132. SM Frank MS Higgins MJ Breslow LA Fleisher RB Gorman JV Sitzmann, et al. 1995 The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to mild perioperative hypothermia. A randomized clinical trial Anesthesiology 82 1 83 93 7832339 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7jtlOnsA%3D%3D
133. SM Frank C Beattie R Christopherson EJ Norris BA Perler GM Williams, et al. 1993 Unintentional hypothermia is associated with postoperative myocardial ischemia. The Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group Anesthesiology 78 3 468 476 8457047 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3gslaitA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23090481)
134. SM Frank LA Fleisher MJ Breslow MS Higgins KF Olson S Kelly, et al. 1997 Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial JAMA 277 14 1127 1134 9087467 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3kt1Clug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27157630)
135. HP Nguyen JG Zaroff EO Bayman AW Gelb MM Todd BJ Hindman 2010 Perioperative hypothermia (33 degrees C) does not increase the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial Anesthesiology 113 2 327 342 20571361