Anatomic single- and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, part 1: Basic science

American Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 39, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1789-1799

  Yasuda, Kazunori ^a   Van Eck, Carola F ^b   Hoshino, Yuichi ^b   Fu, Freddie H ^b   Tashman, Scott ^b  

^a HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ACL; Anatomy; Anterior cruciate ligament; Biomechanics; In vivo; Kinematics

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; BIOMECHANICS; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; KNEE; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; BIOMECHANICS; HUMANS; KNEE JOINT;

EID: 80052551697     PISSN: 03635465     EISSN: 15523365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363546511402659     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Amiel D, Kuiper S. Experimental studies on anterior cruciate ligament grafts: histology and biochemistry. In: Daniel DM, Akeson WH, O'Conner JJ, eds. Knee Ligaments: Structure, Function, Injury, and Repair. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990:379-388.
2. Amis AA, Dawkins GP. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament: fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73(2):260-267.
3. Anderst W, Zauel R, Bishop J, Demps E, Tashman S. Validation of three-dimensional model-based tibio-femoral tracking during running. Med Eng Phys. 2009;31(1):10-16.
4. Anderst WJ, Les C, Tashman S. In vivo serial joint space measurements during dynamic loading in a canine model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(9):808-816. (Pubitemid 41263939)
5. Andriacchi TP, Briant PL, Bevill SL, Koo S. Rotational changes at the knee after ACL injury cause cartilage thinning. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;442:39-44. (Pubitemid 44384162)
6. Andriacchi TP, Dyrby CO. Interactions between kinematics and loading during walking for the normal and ACL deficient knee. J Biomech. 2005;38(2):293-298. (Pubitemid 39642950)
7. Andriacchi TP, Mundermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. 2004;32(3):447-457.
8. Araki D, Kuroda R, Kubo S, et al. A prospective randomised study of anatomical single-bundle versus double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: quantitative evaluation using an electromagnetic measurement system. Int Orthop. 2011;35(3):439-446.
9. Arnoczky S. Biology of ACL reconstructions: what happens to the graft? Instr Course Lect. 1996;45:229-233.
10. Arnoczky SP. Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;172:19-25. (Pubitemid 13138390)
11. Bach JM, Hull ML, Patterson HA. Direct measurement of strain in the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech. 1997;30(3):281-283. (Pubitemid 27077501)
12. Barber SD, Noyes FR, Mangine RE, McCloskey JW, Hartman W. Quantitative assessment of functional limitations in normal and anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;255:204-214. (Pubitemid 20187450)
13. Belisle AL, Bicos J, Geaney L, et al. Strain pattern comparison of double-and single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques with the native anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(11):1210-1217. (Pubitemid 350026714)
14. Biau DJ, Tournoux C, Katsahian S, Schranz P, Nizard R. ACL reconstruction: a meta-analysis of functional scores. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;458:180-187. (Pubitemid 46701375)
15. Brophy RH, Selby RM, Altchek DW. Anterior cruciate ligament revision: double-bundle augmentation of primary vertical graft. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(6):683 e681-e685.
16. Chhabra A, Starman JS, Ferretti M, Vidal AF, Zantop T, Fu FH. Anatomic, radiographic, biomechanical, and kinematic evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament and its two functional bundles. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88 Suppl 4:2-10. (Pubitemid 44901969)
17. Cross MJ, Wootton JR, Bokor DJ, Sorrenti SJ. Acute repair of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament: a long-term followup. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:128-131. (Pubitemid 23026957)
18. Danylchuk KD, Finlay JB, Krcek JP. Microstructural organization of human and bovine cruciate ligaments. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;131:294-298. (Pubitemid 8324524)
19. Dortmans L, Jans H, Sauren A, Huson A. Nonlinear dynamic behavior of the human knee joint, part II: time-domain analyses, effects of structural damage in postmortem experiments. J Biomech Eng. 1991;113(4):392-396.
20. Edwards TB, Guanche CA, Petrie SG, Thomas KA. In vitro comparison of elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament and single-and dual-tunnel anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Orthopedics. 1999;22(6):577-584. (Pubitemid 29283654)
21. Ellison AE, Berg EE. Embryology, anatomy, and function of the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthop Clin North Am. 1985;16(1): 3-14. (Pubitemid 15129913)
22. Ferretti M, Ekdahl M, Shen W, Fu FH. Osseous landmarks of the femoral attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament: an anatomic study. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(11):1218-1225. (Pubitemid 350026722)
23. Ferretti M, Levicoff EA, Macpherson TA, Moreland MS, Cohen M, Fu FH. The fetal anterior cruciate ligament: an anatomic and histologic study. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(3):278-283. (Pubitemid 46349523)
24. Fu FH, Jordan SS. The lateral intercondylar ridge - a key to anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(10):2103-2104. (Pubitemid 47606153)
25. Gabriel MT, Wong EK, Woo SL, Yagi M, Debski RE. Distribution of in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament in response to rotatory loads. J Orthop Res. 2004;22(1):85-89. (Pubitemid 38035449)
26. Gao B, Zheng NN. Investigation of soft tissue movement during level walking: translations and rotations of skin markers. J Biomech. 2008;41(15):3189-3195.
27. Georgoulis AD, Papadonikolakis A, Papageorgiou CD, Mitsou A, Stergiou N. Three-dimensional tibiofemoral kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient and reconstructed knee during walking. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(1):75-79. (Pubitemid 36110136)
28. Georgoulis AD, Ristanis S, Chouliaras V, Moraiti C, Stergiou N. Tibial rotation is not restored after ACL reconstruction with a hamstring graft. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;454:89-94. (Pubitemid 46066019)
29. Gianotti SM, Marshall SW, Hume PA, Bunt L. Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury and other knee ligament injuries: a national population-based study. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12:622-627.
30. Girgis FG, Marshall JL, Monajem A. The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;106:216-231.
31. Hara K, Mochizuki T, Sekiya I, Yamaguchi K, Akita K, Muneta T. Anatomy of normal human anterior cruciate ligament attachments evaluated by divided small bundles. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(12):2386-2391.
32. Harner CD, Baek GH, Vogrin TM, Carlin GJ, Kashiwaguchi S, Woo SL. Quantitative analysis of human cruciate ligament insertions. Arthroscopy. 1999;15(7):741-749. (Pubitemid 29473357)
33. Harter RA, Osternig LR, Singer KM, James SL, Larson RL, Jones DC. Long-term evaluation of knee stability and function following surgical reconstruction for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:434-443.
34. Ho JY, Gardiner A, Shah V, Steiner ME. Equal kinematics between central anatomic single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(5):464-472.
35. Hoshino Y, Kuroda R, Nagamune K, et al. In vivo measurement of the pivot-shift test in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee using an electromagnetic device. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1098-1104. (Pubitemid 46976492)
36. Hosseini A, Gill TJ, Li G. In vivo anterior cruciate ligament elongation in response to axial tibial loads. J Orthop Sci. 2009;14(3):298-306.
37. Hsieh HH, Walker PS. Stabilizing mechanisms of the loaded and unloaded knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(1):87-93.
38. Jordan SS, DeFrate LE, Nha KW, Papannagari R, Gill TJ, Li G. The in vivo kinematics of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(4):547-554. (Pubitemid 46953070)
39. Kocher MS, Steadman JR, Briggs KK, Sterett WI, Hawkins RJ. Relationships between objective assessment of ligament stability and subjective assessment of symptoms and function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(3):629-634. (Pubitemid 38509009)
40. Kopf S, Forsythe B, Wong AK, et al. Nonanatomic tunnel position in traditional transtibial single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction evaluated by three-dimensional computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(6):1427-1431.
41. Kurosawa H, Yamakoshi K, Yasuda K, Sasaki T. Simultaneous measurement of changes in length of the cruciate ligaments during knee motion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991;265:233-240.
42. Lehmann AK, Osada N, Zantop T, Raschke MJ, Petersen W. Femoral bridge stability in double-bundle ACL reconstruction: impact of bridge width and different fixation techniques on the structural properties of the graft/femur complex. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(8):1127-1132.
43. Li G, DeFrate LE, Sun H, Gill TJ. In vivo elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament during knee flexion. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(6):1415-1420. (Pubitemid 39100881)
44. Lorenz S, Tashman S, Fu FH. Failed exploration of rotational instability in single-and double-bundle ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(9):949; author reply 949-950.
45. Mae T, Shino K, Matsumoto N, Nakata K, Nakamura N, Iwahashi T. Force sharing between two grafts in the anatomical two-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14(6):505-509. (Pubitemid 43854290)
46. Malinin TI, Levitt RL, Bashore C, Temple HT, Mnaymneh W. A study of retrieved allografts used to replace anterior cruciate ligaments. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(2):163-170. (Pubitemid 36114609)
47. Markolf KL, Bargar WL, Shoemaker SC, Amstutz HC. The role of joint load in knee stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:570-585. (Pubitemid 11090616)
48. Markolf KL, Park S, Jackson SR, McAllister DR. Anterior-posterior and rotatory stability of single and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(1):107-118.
49. Merida-Velasco JA, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Merida-Velasco JR, Rodriguez-Vazquez JF, Jimenez-Collado J. Development of the human knee joint ligaments. Anat Rec. 1997;248(2):259-268. (Pubitemid 27246821)
50. Mochizuki T, Muneta T, Nagase T, Shirasawa S, Akita KI, Sekiya I. Cadaveric knee observation study for describing anatomic femoral tunnel placement for two-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(4):356-361.
51. Morimoto Y, Ferretti M, Ekdahl M, Smolinski P, Fu FH. Tibiofemoral joint contact area and pressure after single-and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(1):62-69.
52. Morooka TA, Hamai S, Miura H, et al. Dynamic activity dependence of in vivo normal knee kinematics. J Orthop Res. 2008;26(4):428-434.
53. Newton PO, Horibe S, Woo SL-Y. Experimental studies on anterior cruciate ligament autografts and allografts. Mechanical studies. In: Daniel DM, Akeson WH, O'Conner JJ, eds. Knee Ligaments: Structure, Function, Injury, and Repair. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990:389-397.
54. Odensten M, Gillquist J. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament and a rationale for reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67(2):257-262. (Pubitemid 15167127)
55. Pearle AD, Shannon FJ, Granchi C, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Comparison of 3-dimensional obliquity and anisometric characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament graft positions using surgical navigation. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(8):1534-1541. (Pubitemid 352019475)
56. Petersen W, Tillmann B. Anatomy and function of the anterior cruciate ligament [in German]. Orthopade. 2002;31(8):710-718. (Pubitemid 36061993)
57. Petersen W, Tillmann B. Structure and vascularization of the cruciate ligaments of the human knee joint. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1999;200(3):325-334. (Pubitemid 29370998)
58. Petersen W, Tretow H, Weimann A, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of two techniques for double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: one tibial tunnel versus two tibial tunnels. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(2):228-234. (Pubitemid 46145402)
59. Purnell ML, Larson AI, Clancy W. Anterior cruciate ligament insertions on the tibia and femur and their relationships to critical bony landmarks using high-resolution volume-rendering computed tomography. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(11):2083-2090.
60. Radford WJ, Amis AA. Biomechanics of a double prosthetic ligament in the anterior cruciate deficient knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(6):1038-1043. (Pubitemid 20362644)
61. Robinson J, Stanford FC, Kendoff D, Stuber V, Pearle AD. Replication of the range of native anterior cruciate ligament fiber length change behavior achieved by different grafts: measurement using computerassisted navigation. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(7):1406-1411.
62. Sakane M, Fox RJ, Woo SL, Livesay GA, Li G, Fu FH. In situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and its bundles in response to anterior tibial loads. J Orthop Res. 1997;15(2):285-293. (Pubitemid 27220548)
63. Scanlan SF, Chaudhari AM, Dyrby CO, Andriacchi TP. Differences in tibial rotation during walking in ACL reconstructed and healthy contralateral knees. J Biomech. 2010;43(9):1817-1822.
64. Schipplein OD, Andriacchi TP. Interaction between active and passive knee stabilizers during level walking. J Orthop Res. 1991;9: 113-119.
65. Seto JL, Orofino AS, Morrissey MC, Medeiros JM, Mason WJ. Assessment of quadriceps/hamstring strength, knee ligament stability, functional and sports activity levels five years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:170-178.
66. Shen W, Forsythe B, Ingham SM, Honkamp NJ, Fu FH. Application of the anatomic double-bundle reconstruction concept to revision and augmentation anterior cruciate ligament surgeries. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90 Suppl 4:20-34.
67. Siu D, Rudan J, Wevers HW, Griffiths P. Femoral articular shape and geometry: a three-dimensional computerized analysis of the knee. J Arthroplasty. 1996;11(2):166-173. (Pubitemid 26070694)
68. Snyder-Mackler L, Fitzgerald GK, Bartolozzi AR 3rd, Ciccotti MG. The relationship between passive joint laxity and functional outcome after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25(2):191-195. (Pubitemid 27137153)
69. Tashman S, Anderst WJ. Skin motion artifacts at the knee during impact movements. Gait Posture. 2002;16s1:11-12.
70. Tashman S, Anderst WJ, Kolowich P, Havstad S, Arnoczky S. Kinematics of the ACL-deficient canine knee during gait: serial changes over two years. J Orthop Res. 2004;22(5):931-941. (Pubitemid 39145107)
71. Tashman S, Collon D, Anderson K, Kolowich P, Anderst W. Abnormal rotational knee motion during running after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(4):975-983. (Pubitemid 38669394)
72. Tashman S, Kolowich P, Collon D, Anderson K, Anderst WJ. Dynamic function of the ACL-reconstructed knee during running. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;454:66-73. (Pubitemid 46066016)
73. Tischer T, Ronga M, Tsai A, et al. Biomechanics of the goat three bundle anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(8):935-940.
74. Toy BJ, Yeasting RA, Morse DE, McCann P. Arterial supply to the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Athl Train. 1995;30(2):149-152.
75. Tsai AG, Wijdicks CA, Walsh MP, Laprade RF. Comparative kinematic evaluation of all-inside single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(2):263-272.
76. van Dommelen JA, Jolandan MM, Ivarsson BJ, et al. Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of human knee ligaments subjected to complex loading histories. Ann Biomed Eng. 2006;34(6):1008-1018. (Pubitemid 43954333)
77. van Eck CF, Lesniak BP, Schreiber VM, Fu FH. Anatomic single-and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction flowchart. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(2):258-268.
78. Woo SL, Kanamori A, Zeminski J, Yagi M, Papageorgiou C, Fu FH. The effectiveness of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with hamstrings and patellar tendon: a cadaveric study comparing anterior tibial and rotational loads. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(6):907-914.
79. Wu C, Noorani S, Vercillo F, Woo SL. Tension patterns of the anteromedial and posterolateral grafts in a double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(7):879-884.
80. Wu JL, Hosseini A, Kozanek M, Gadikota HR, Gill TJ, Li G. Kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament during gait. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(7):1475-1482.
81. Yagi M, Kuroda R, Nagamune K, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M. Doublebundle ACL reconstruction can improve rotational stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;454:100-107. (Pubitemid 46066021)
82. Yagi M, Wong EK, Kanamori A, Debski RE, Fu FH, Woo SL. Biomechanical analysis of an anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(5):660-666.
83. Yamamoto Y, Hsu W, Woo SL, Van Scyoc AH, Takakura Y, Debski RE. Knee stability and graft function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison of a lateral and an anatomical femoral tunnel placement. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(8):1825-1832. (Pubitemid 39551859)
84. Yasuda K, Ichiyama H, Kondo E, Miyatake S, Inoue M, Tanabe Y. An in vivo biomechanical study on the tension-versus-knee flexion angle curves of 2 grafts in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: effects of initial tension and internal tibial rotation. Arthroscopy. 2008;24(3):276-284. (Pubitemid 351625560)
85. Yasuda K, Sasaki T. Exercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the force exerted on the tibia by the separate isometric contractions of the quadriceps or the hamstrings. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;220:275-283. (Pubitemid 17095225)
86. Zantop T, Herbort M, Raschke MJ, Fu FH, Petersen W. The role of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament in anterior tibial translation and internal rotation. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(2):223-227. (Pubitemid 46145401)
87. Zantop T, Petersen W, Fu FH. Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Oper Tech Orthop. 2005;15:20-28. (Pubitemid 40220876)