Overview of sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus mortality events in the Adriatic Sea, 1555-2009

Mammal Review

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 276-293

  Bearzi, Giovanni ^a   Pierantonio, Nino ^a   Affronte, Marco ^b,c   Holcer, Draško ^d   Maio, Nicola ^e   Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe ^a  

^a Tethys Research Institute and IUCN Task Force on Marine Mammal Protected Areas   (Italy)

^b Fondazione Cetacea Onlus   (Italy)

^c CROATIAN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM   (Croatia)

^d Blue World Institute of Marine Research and Conservation   (Croatia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Beaching; Human cetacean interactions; Mass mortality; Mediterranean Sea; Stranding

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; MASS MORTALITY; POPULATION DECLINE; STRANDING; WHALE;

ADRIATIC SEA; MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

ANIMALIA; CETACEA; PHYSETER CATODON; PHYSETERIDAE;

EID: 80052536574     PISSN: 03051838     EISSN: 13652907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00171.x     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Affronte M, Scaravelli D, Stanzani LA (1999) Presenza storica del capodoglio Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1798 in Adriatico. 4th Italian Conference on Cetaceans and Marine Turtles. 11-12 November 1999, Milano, Italy.
2. Affronte M, Alessandri C, Butti C, Fasano D, Furlati S, Scaravelli D (2005) Segnalazioni faunistiche n. 71-74. Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus 1758 (Mammalia, Cetacea, Physeteridae). Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna 20: 140-143.
3. Azzellino A, Gaspari S, Airoldi S, Nani B (2008) Habitat use and preferences of cetaceans along the continental slope and the adjacent pelagic waters in the western Ligurian Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I 55: 296-323.
4. Balcomb KC, Claridge DE (2001) A mass stranding of cetaceans caused by naval sonar in the Bahamas. Bahamas Journal of Science 5: 2-12.
5. Bearzi G, Holcer D, Notarbartolo di Sciara G (2004) The role of historical dolphin takes and habitat degradation in shaping the present status of northern Adriatic cetaceans. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14: 363-379.
6. Bearzi G, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Bonizzoni S (2005) Scientific literature on Mediterranean cetaceans: the Italian contribution. Cozzi B (ed.) Marine Mammals of the Mediterranean Sea: Natural History, Biology, Anatomy, Pathology, Parasitology, Massimo Valdina Editore, Milano, Italy. Distributed as CD-ROM.
7. Bearzi G, Costa M, Politi E, Agazzi S, Pierantonio N, Tonini D, Bastianini M (2009) Cetacean records and encounter rates in the northern Adriatic Sea during the years 1988-2007. Annales, Series Historia Naturalis 19: 145-150.
8. Bearzi G, Pierantonio N, Bonizzoni S, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Demma M (2010) Perception of a cetacean mass stranding in Italy: the emergence of compassion. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20: 644-654.
9. Beqiraj S, Rais C, Peja N, Bego F, Ulqini D (2007) The Action Plan for Conservation of Cetaceans in Albanian Waters. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Water Administration of Albania, Tirana, Albania.
10. Boisseau O, Lacey C, Lewis T, Matthews J, Moscrop A, Danbolt M, McLanaghan R (2008) Sighting rates from cetacean surveys in the mediterranean between 2003 and 2007. Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society 22. Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands.
11. Bolognari A (1949) A proposito della recente cattura di alcuni esemplari di capodoglio (Physeter macrocephalus L.) nel Mediterraneo. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique Fondation Albert 1er. Prince de Monaco 949: 1-43.
12. Bolognari A (1950) Ancora sulla comparsa del capodoglio (Physeter macrocephalus L.) nel Mediterraneo. Bollettino di Zoologia 17: 29-37.
13. Bouquegneau JM, Debacker V, Goberts S, Nellissen JP (1997) Toxicological investigations on four sperm whales stranded on the Belgian coast: inorganic contaminants. Biologie 67 (Suppl.): 75-78.
14. Brabyn M, Frew RVC (1994) New Zealand herd stranding sites do not relate to geomagnetic topography. Marine Mammal Science 10: 195-207.
15. Brabyn MW, McLean IG (1992) Oceanography and coastal topography of herd-stranding sites for whales in New Zealand. Journal of Mammalogy 73: 469-476.
16. Bradshaw CJA, Evans K, Hindell MA (2006) Mass cetacean strandings: a plea for empiricism. Conservation Biology 20: 584-586.
17. Braschi S, Cagnolaro L, Nicolosi P (2007) Catalogo dei cetacei attuali del Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio dell'Università di Pisa, alla Certosa di Calci: note osteometriche e ricerca storica. Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie B 114: 1-22.
18. Brusina S (1885) Velribe i ulješura od Lastova. Narodne Novine 117: 1.
19. Brusina S (1889) Sisavci Jadranskoga mora. Rad Jazu 95: 79-177.
20. Cagnolaro L, Cozzi B, Magnaghi L, Podestà M, Poggi R, Tangerini P (1986) Sui 18 cetacei spiaggiati sulle coste italiane dal 1981 al 1985. Rilevamento biometrico ed osservazioni necroscopiche. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 127: 79-106.
21. Centro Studi Cetacei Onlus e Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano (2006) Cetacei Spiaggiati Lungo le Coste Italiane. XX. Rendiconto 2005 (Mammalia). Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 147: 325-335.
22. Chambers SL, James RN (2005) Sonar termination as a cause of mass cetacean strandings in Geographe Bay, South-Western Australia. Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2005. 9-11 November 2005, Busselton, Western Australia, 1-8.
23. Christensen I (1990) A note on recent strandings of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and other cetaceans in Norwegian waters. Report of the International Whaling Commission 40: 513-515.
24. Cornalia E (1872) Fauna d'Italia, Parte 1a. Catalogo Descrittivo dei Mammiferi Osservati Fino ad Ora in Italia. Vallardi, Milano, Italy.
25. Cornax MJ, Pardo E (2009) Adrift: Swordfish and Driftnets in the Mediterranean Sea. Oceana Europe, Madrid, Spain.
26. Costa OG (1847) Fauna del Regno di Napoli Ossia Enumerazione di Tutti gli Animali che Abitano le Diverse Regioni di Questo Regno e le Acque che le Bagnano. Supplemento al Catalogo dei Mammiferi. Stamperia Azzolino e Compagno, Napoli, Italy.
27. De Marchesetti C (1882) La Pesca Lungo le Coste Orientali dell'Adria. Istituto Regio Governo Marittimo, Trieste, Italy.
28. De Nicolò ML (1999) Mostri marini in Adriatico (secc. XVI-XIX). Marzari M (ed.) Navis, Rassegna di Studi di Archeologia, Storia e Etnologia Navale, 9-22. Istituto di Archeologia e Etnologia Navale di Venezia, Sottomarina di Chioggia, Italy.
29. De Sanctis L (1879) Monografia zootomico-zoologica sul capidoglio arenato a Porto S. Giorgio. Atti dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti Classe di Scienze Fisiche matematiche e Naturali 9: 160-241.
30. Dobler JP (2002) Analysis of shipping patterns in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. CIESM Workshop Monographs 20: 19-28.
31. Evans K, Morrice M, Hindell M, Thiele D (2002) Three mass strandings of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Southern Australian waters. Marine Mammal Science 18: 622-643.
32. Evans K, Hindell M, Hince G (2004) Concentrations of organochlorines in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) from Southern Australian waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 486-503.
33. Evans K, Thresher R, Warneke RM, Bradshaw CJA, Pook M, Thiele D, Hindell MA (2005) Periodic variability in cetacean strandings: links to large-scale climate events. Biology Letters 1: 147-150.
34. Faust I, Barthelmess K, Stopp K (1999) Zoologische Einblattdrucke und Flugschriften vor 1800. 4. Wale, Sirenen, Elefanten. Anton Hiersmann Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
35. Faust I, Barthelmess K, Stopp K (in press) Zoologische Einblattdrucke und Flugschriften vor 1800. 6 (Suppl.) Anton Hiersmann Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
36. Fortuna CM (2006) Ecology and Conservation of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the North-Eastern Adriatic Sea. PhD thesis, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK.
37. Frantzis A (1998) Does acoustic testing strand whales? Nature 392: 29.
38. Frantzis A, Alexiadou P, Paximadis G, Politi E, Gannier A, Corsini-Foka M (2003) Current knowledge on the cetacean fauna of the Greek seas. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5: 219-232.
39. Franzoi E (1898) Ancora qualche cosa sul 'Physeter macrocephalus Lac'. Rivista Italiana di Scienze Naturali 18: 7-8.
40. Gannier A, Drouot V, Goold JC (2002) Distribution and relative abundance of sperm whales in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243: 281-293.
41. Genov T, Kotnjek P, Lesjak J, Hace A, Fortuna CM (2008) Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Slovenian and adjacent waters (northern Adriatic Sea). Annales, Series Historia Naturalis 18: 227-244.
42. Geraci JR, Harwood J, Lounsbury VJ (1999) Marine mammal die-offs: causes, investigations, and issues. Twiss JR, Reeves RR (eds) Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals, 367-395, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, USA.
43. Gesner C (1553) Icones Animalium Quadrupedum Viviparorum et Oviparorum Quae in Historia Animalium Conradi Gesneri Describuntur, cum Nomenlaturis Singulorum Latinis, Italicis, Gallicis et Germanicis Plerunque, per Certos Ordines Digestae. Christoffel Froschoverus, Zürich, Switzerland. (Addenda inserted in post-1555 edition, year of publishing left unchanged).
44. Gesner C (1560) Nomenclator Aquatilium Animantium. Christoffel Froschower, Zürich, Switzerland.
45. Gesner C (1575) Fischbuch, das ist ein Kurzte doch Vollkommne Beschzenbung aller Fischen so in dem Meer unnd süssen Wasseren. Christoffel Froschower, Zürich, Switzerland.
46. Ghirardelli E (1944) Ancora dei grandi cetacei del Mediterraneo. Sapere 108: 229-234.
47. Giaccio M, Cichelli A (1984) Il contenuto in oligoelementi in un capodoglio (Physeter catodon) arenatosi sulla costa abruzzese. Rivista di Merceologia 23: 279-289.
48. Goold JC, Whitehead H, Reid RJ (2002) North Atlantic sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, strandings on the coastlines of the British Isles and Eastern Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 116: 371-388.
49. Griselini F (1765) Sopra un Pesce del genere de' Cetacei preso ed ucciso sulle Spiaggie di Rovigno Città dell'Istria, a' 27 dello scorso Mese di Novembre 1764. Giornale d'Italia spettante alla Scienza Naturale 1: 208.
50. Hajderi E (1994) Caratteristiche biologiche della zona costiera albanese. Salento Mare, Museo Missionario Cinese e di Storia Naturale 6: 79-85.
51. Heckel J (1853) Bericht über die am 15 August 1853 bei Cittanova gestrandeten Pottwalle (Physeter). Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Keiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaft, Wien 11: 765-772.
52. Hirtz M (1921) Kitovi u našim vodama. Lovačko-Ribarski Vjesnik 30: 34-35.
53. Hirtz M (1922) Kit debeloglavac, Globicephalus melas (Traill) u vodama Hrvatske. Glasnik Hrvatskog Naravoslovnog Društva 34: 84-89.
54. Hirtz M (1929) Ogroman kit u našem Jadranu. Priroda 19: 180-181.
55. Istituto Luce (1938) Falconara: Sette Capodogli Arenati (58s). Giornale Luce. Video report B1291 of 20 April 1938.
56. Jauniaux T, Brosens L, Jacquinet E, Lambrigts D, Coignoul F (1997) Pathological investigations on sperm whales stranded on the Belgian and Dutch coasts. Biologie 67 (Suppl.): 63-67.
57. Joiris CR, Holsbeek L, Bossicart M, Tapia G (1997) Mercury and organochlorines in four sperm whales stranded on the Belgian coast, November 1994. Biologie 67 (Suppl.): 69-73.
58. Kirschvink JL (1990) Geomagnetic sensitivity in cetaceans: an update with live stranding records in the United States. Thomas JA, Kastelein RA (eds) Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans: Laboratory and Field Evidence, 639-649, Plenum Press, New York, USA.
59. Kirschvink JL, Dizon AE, Westphal JA (1986) Evidence from strandings for geomagnetic sensitivity in cetaceans. Journal of Experimental Biology 120: 1-24.
60. Klein IT (1741) Historiae Piscium Naturalis Promovendae Missus Secundus: de Piscibus per Pulmones Spirantibus ad Iustum Numerum ed Ordinem Redigendis. Litteris Schreiberianis, Danzig (Gedani), Germany.
61. Klinowska M (1985a) Cetacean live stranding dates relate to geomagnetic disturbances. Aquatic Mammals 11: 109-119.
62. Klinowska M (1985b) Cetacean live stranding sites relate to geomagnetic topography. Aquatic Mammals 11: 27-32.
63. Klinowska M (1988) Cetacean 'navigation' and the geomagnetic field. Journal of Navigation 41: 52-71.
64. Kolombatović G (1882) Mammiferi, Anfibi e Rettili della Dalmazia e Pesci Rari e Nuovi per l'Adriatico che Furono Catturati nelle Acque di Spalato. A Zannoni, Split, Croatia.
65. Kolombatović G (1885) Imenik Kralješnjaka Dalmacije. I dio: Sisavci i Ptice. Godišnje izvješće c. Kr. Velike Realke u Splitu za godinu 1884-1885, Split, 10.
66. Kolombatović G (1894) O Navodima vrsti Meći (Cephalopoda) i Kralješnjaka (Vertebrata) Jadranskoga Mora. A Zannoni, Split, Croatia.
67. Korljević A (1903) Popis sisara hrvatske faune koi su prispjeli 'narodnomu zoološkomu muzeju' u Zagrebu do konca godine 1900. Glasnik Hrvatskog Naravoslovnog Društva 14: 1-10.
68. Kryštufek B (1991) Sesalci Slovenije. Prirodoslovni Muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenja.
69. Kryštufek B, Lipej L (1985) Kiti v severnem Jadranu. Proteus 47: 349-352.
70. Kryštufek B, Lipej L (1993) Kiti (Cetacea) v severnem Jadranu. Annales, Series Historia Naturalis 3: 9-20.
71. Lambertsen RH (1997) Natural disease problems of the sperm whales. Biologie 67 (Suppl.): 105-112.
72. Langhoffer A (1917) Ulješura. Priroda 7: 6-9.
73. Lewis T, Gillespie D, Lacey C, Matthews J, Danbolt M, Leaper R, McLanaghan R, Moscrop A (2007) Sperm whale abundance estimates from acoustic surveys of the Ionian Sea and Straits of Sicily in 2003. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 353-357.
74. Manoukian S, Azzali M, Giovagnoli L (2004) Features of cetacean groups observed in the Adriatic Sea from 1998 to 2000. European Research on Cetaceans 15: 437-441.
75. Matteini N (1977) Rimini Negli Ultimi Due Secoli. Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna, Italy.
76. Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Toyos-González GM, Pérez-Padilla J, Rodríguez-López MA, Overing J (1999) Mass stranding of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the British Virgin Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80: 759-760.
77. Nardo GD (1854) Notizie sui mammali viventi nel mare Adriatico specialmente sui fisetteri presi in esso nello scorso secolo e nel presente. Atti del Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 4: 1-7.
78. Notarbartolo di Sciara G (2002) Cetacean species occurring in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Notarbartolo di Sciara G (ed.) Cetaceans in the Mediterranean and Black Seas: State of Knowledge and Conservation Strategies. ACCOBAMS, Monaco.
79. Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Bearzi G (1992) Cetaceans in the northern Adriatic Sea: past, present and future. Rapports de la Commission Intérnationale de la Mer Méditerranée 33: 303.
80. Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Bearzi G (2002) Cetacean direct killing and live capture in the Mediterranean Sea. Notarbartolo di Sciara G (ed.) Cetaceans in the Mediterranean and Black Seas: State of Knowledge and Conservation Strategies. ACCOBAMS, Monaco.
81. Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Frantzis A, Bearzi G, Reeves RR (2006) Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus (Mediterranean subpopulation). Reeves RR, Notarbartolo di Sciara G (eds) The Status and Distribution of Cetaceans in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, 48-56. IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Malaga, Spain.
82. Pace DS, Miragliuolo A, Mussi B (2008) Behaviour of a social unit of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) entangled in a driftnet off Capo Palinuro (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 10: 131-135.
83. Parona C (1896) Notizie storiche sopra i grandi cetacei nei mari italiani ed in particolare sulle quattro balenottere catturate in Liguria nell'autunno 1896. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali Milano 36: 297-373.
84. Parona C (1909) Catture recenti di grandi cetacei nei mari italiani. Atti della Società Ligustica di Scienze Naturali e Geografiche Genova 19: 173-205.
85. Pesante G, Collet A, Dhermain F, Frantzis A, Panigada S, Zanardelli M (2001) Review of collisions in the Mediterranean Sea. Pesante G, Panigada S, Zanardelli M (eds) Proceedings of the Workshop 'Collisions Between Cetaceans and Vessels: Can We Find Solutions?' European Cetacean Society, Rome, Italy.
86. Pierce GJ, Santos MB, Smeenk C, Saveliev A, Zuur AF (2007) Historical trends in the incidence of strandings of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) on North Sea coasts: an association with positive temperature anomalies. Fisheries Research 87: 219-228.
87. Praca E, Gannier A (2008) Ecological niches of three teutophagous odontocetes in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Science 4: 49-59.
88. Praca E, Gannier A, Das K, Laran S (2009) Modelling the habitat suitability of cetaceans: example of the sperm whale in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I 56: 648-657.
89. Procaccini Ricci V (1825) Lettera di Vito Procaccini Ricci al ch. sig. prof. dott. Ottaviano Targioni Tozzetti in Firenze, sopra diversi oggetti del lido sinigagliese. Giornale di Fisica, Chimica e Storia Naturale del Brugnatelli 2: 369-374.
90. Puzanov V, Lamani F (1956) Balena në bregdetin shqiptar. Buletin per Shkencat Natyrore 3: 106-108.
91. Ranzani C (1821) Elementi di Zoologia, Tomo Secondo Contenente la Storia Naturale dei Mammiferi. 3. Annesio Nobile, Bologna, Italy.
92. Renić I (1983a) Tragedija morskih divova: zašto kitovi sve rjed{stroke}e dolaze u Jadran. Part 4/9, 8-9 October 1983. Večernji List. p. 45.
93. Renić I (1983b) Tragedija morskih divova: zašto kitovi sve rjed{stroke}e dolaze u Jadran. Part 8/9, 13 October 1983. Večernji List. p. 17.
94. Repetti U (1925) Catalogo dei cetacei del Museo di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Pisa. Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa, Processi Verbali 33: 1-12.
95. Rice DW (1989) Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus. Ridgway SH, Harrison R (eds) Handbook of Marine Mammals Vol. 4: River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed Whales, 177-233. Academic Press, New York, USA.
96. Rice DW, Wolman AA, Mate BR, Harvey JY (1986) A mass stranding of sperm whales in Oregon: sex and age composition of the school. Marine Mammal Science 2: 64-69.
97. Robson FD, van Bree PJH (1971) Some remarks on a mass stranding of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, near Gisborne, New Zealand, on March 18, 1970. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 36: 55-60.
98. Ronconi G (1857) Prospetto degli scritti pubblicati da Tommaso Antonio Catullo, Civ. 1847. Osservazioni sopra un Cacialoto (Cachalot) preso nel 1767 a Torrette nell'Adriatico, quindici millia distante da Zara. Lettura fatta alla Sezione Zoologica del Nono Congresso scientifico tenuto in Venezia nell'anno 1847: 236-239.
99. Rossi AM, Graccaceva G (2008) Gli animali di Ulisse Aldrovandi. Dispense per la Scuola 08/1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
100. Sangiorgi F (1989) Diario di Francesco Maria II della Rovere. Quattroventi, Urbino, Italy.
101. Scaravelli D, Affronte M, Butti C, Furlati S (2006) Case Report: A Stranded Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephalus, in North Adriatic Sea. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society 20, Gdynia, Poland.
102. Simmonds MP (1997) The meaning of cetacean strandings. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 67 (Suppl.): 29-34.
103. Simmonds MP, Lopez-Jurado LF (1991) Whales and the military. Nature 351: 448.
104. Smeenk C (1997) Strandings of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, in the North Sea: history and patterns. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 67 (Suppl.): 15-28.
105. Szabo VE (2005) 'Bad to the Bone?' The Unnatural History of Monstrous Medieval Whales. The Heroic Age: a Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe. 8.
106. Trois EF (1894) Elenco dei cetacei dell'Adriatico. Rivista Italiana di Scienze Naturali 14: 113-115.
107. Vanselow KH, Ricklefs K (2005) Are solar activity and sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus strandings around the North Sea related? Journal of Sea Research 53: 319-327.
108. Vanselow KH, Ricklefs K, Colijn F (2009) Solar driven geomagnetic anomalies and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) strandings around the North Sea: an analysis of long term datasets. The Open Marine Biology Journal 3: 89-94.
109. Whitehead H (2003) Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
110. Wood FG (1979) The cetacean stranding phenomena: an hypothesis. Geraci RJ, St Aubin DJ (eds) The Biology of Marine Mammals: Insights through Strandings, 129-188. U.S. Marine Mammal Commission Report MMC-77/13. US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, USA.
111. Woodings S (1995) A Plausible Physical Cause of Mass Cetacean Strandings. Honours Thesis, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, Australia.
112. Wright A (2005) Lunar cycles and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) strandings on the North Atlantic coastlines of the British isles and eastern Canada. Marine Mammal Science 21: 145-149.