Opposing Islamification or promoting Islamophobia? Understanding the English Defence League

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 279-294

  Allen, Chris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anti Muslim prejudice; English Defence League; Far right; Islam; Islamophobia; Muslims; Politics; Racism

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052475845     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: 14617331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2011.585014     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. 'Islamaphobia a threat to democracy ... oh the irony', blog posted by 'The Editor' in March 2010, available online on the EDL website (www.englishdefenceleague.org) only to registered users. The blog was a response to the open letter 'Islamaphobia is a threat to democracy', Guardian, 25 March 2010.
2. Jonathan Githens-Mazer and Robert Lambert, Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: A London Case Study (Exeter: European Muslim Research Centre, University of Exeter 2010).
3. Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds), Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993).
4. Robert L. Hilliard and Michael C. Keith, Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe 1999).
5. John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, 'Introduction', in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds), Nationalism (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press 1994), 3-13.
6. Chris Allen, 'From race to religion: the new face of discrimination', in Tahir Abbas (ed.), Muslim Britain: Communities under Pressure (London: Zed Books 2005).
7. Nick Lowles, White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18 (Bury: Milo Books 2001).
8. This leaflet is available online on the Forum against Racism and Islamophobia (FAIR) website at www.fairuk.org/docs/Anti-Islam%20Supplement.pdf (viewed 26 April 2011).
9. Peter John, Helen Margetts, David Rowland and Stuart Weir, The BNP: The Roots of Its Appeal (Colchester: Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex 2006).
10. Githens-Mazer and Lambert, Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime.
11. Nick Griffin, 'By their fruits (or lack of them) shall you know them', 21 March 2006, available on the BNP website at http://web.archive.org/web/20071014195717/http://www.bnp.org.uk/columnists/chairman2.php?ngId_30 (viewed 5 April 2011).
12. Nigel Copsey, The English Defence League: Challenging Our Country and Our Values of Social Inclusion, Fairness and Equality (London: Faith Matters 2010).
13. Nigel Copsey, The English Defence League: Challenging Our Country and Our Values of Social Inclusion, Fairness and Equality (London: Faith Matters 2010), 9.
14. Available online at http://casualsunited.webs.com (viewed 5 April 2011).
15. Jeff Marsh, Tim Lewis, '"Army" made of former football hooligans', 16 August 2009, available on Wales Online at www.walesonline.co.uk/2009/08/16/army-made-of-former-football-hooligans-91466-24450935 (viewed 5 April 2011).
16. 'The shocking picture of a white boy aged 11 being "converted" to Islam by a radical preacher', Daily Mail, 29 June 2009.
17. Robert Booth and Alan Travis, "'Patriot" league plots more clashes with anti-fascist activists', Guardian, 10 August 2009, 5.
18. 'About the EDL', EDL statement, posted online alongside the article by Sam Chadderton, 'EDL set to demonstrate in Blackburn', 15 March 2011, on the Lancashire Telegraph website at www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/8909509.EDL_set_to_demonstrate_in_Blackburn/?action_complain&cid=9225844 (viewed 25 July 2010).
19. 'About the EDL', EDL statement, posted online alongside the article by Sam Chadderton, 'EDL set to demonstrate in Blackburn', 15 March 2011, on the Lancashire Telegraph website at www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/8909509.EDL_set_to_demonstrate_in_Blackburn/?action_complain&cid=9225844 (viewed 25 July 2010).
20. Copsey, The English Defence League, 11.
21. 'About the EDL'.
22. 'British loyalism on the march by "G" Casuals United Hereford', 26 August 2010, blog on Casuals United UK website at http://casualsuhttp://casualsunited.wordpress.com/2010/08/26/british-loyalism-on-the-march-by-gcasuals-united-hereford (viewed 6 April 2011).
23. 'Local EDL divisions', available on Google Maps at http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl_en&ie_UTF8&msa_0&msid_106505025136548765274.000487ff74adb2e3e21d1 (viewed 27 July 2011).
24. EDL's Facebook page at www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/English.Defence.League.EDL (viewed 5 April 2011). On 26 July 2011, The EDL website (www.englishdefenceleague.org) claimed that the EDL Facebook page had been hacked into, silencing 'the voices of nearly 100,000 patriots'.
25. 'EDL-Tommy Robinson interviewed on Sky News TV (12-12-2010)', YouTube video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v_6Wkh1AZtLm8 (viewed 25 July 2011).
26. 'EDL-Tommy Robinson interviewed on Sky News TV (12-12-2010)', YouTube video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v_6Wkh1AZtLm8 (viewed 25 July 2011).
27. 'About the EDL'.
28. 'Hindus who support the English Defence League (EDL)', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/Hindus-who-support-the-English-Defence-League-EDL/170299619653558 (viewed 25 July 2011).
29. 'EDL English Defence League Jewish Division (Official)', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/EDL-English-Defence-League-Jewish-Division/220366781308574 (viewed 25 July 2011).
30. 'Sikhs who support the English Defence League (EDL)', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/Sikhs-who-support-the-English-Defence-League-EDL/149604458388481 (viewed 25 July 2011).
31. 'EDL (English Defence League)-Greek and Cypriot Division', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/EDL-English-Defence-League-Greek-and-Cypriot-Division/151082344937365 (viewed 25 July 2011).
32. 'EDL English Defence League Pakistani Christian Division', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/EDL-English-Defence-League-Pakistani-Christian-Division/213362658698691 (viewed 25 July 2011).
33. 'English Defence League Angels', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/English-Defence-League-Angels/156738124362251 (viewed 25 July 2011).
34. 'English Defence League Disabled Division', Facebook page formerly at www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/group.php?gid_124365514253928 (viewed 4 January 2011, no longer available).
35. For the Disabled Division.
36. Copsey, The English Defence League, 9.
37. 'EDL-Green Division', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/EDL-Green-Division/181866838505571 (viewed 25 July 2011).
38. 'EDL LGBT Division', Facebook page at www.facebook.com/EDL.LGBT.Division (viewed 25 July 2011).
39. Homo Sapiens (of the EDL LGBT Division), quoted in.
40. Esmerelda Weatherwax, 'Give Saint George some fighting room', July 2010, blog on the Casuals United website at http://casualsunited.wordpress.com/2010/06 (viewed 5 April 2011).
41. Guramit Singh, 'EDL blocks Koran protest pastor Terry Jones from event', BBC News, 13 December 2010, available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-11986228 (viewed 5 April 2011).
42. This audio cassette, which was widely distributed to the media and received significant coverage in 2001 and 2002, is now very difficult to obtain.
43. Chris Allen, Islamophobia (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate 2010).
44. Copsey, The English Defence League, 5.
45. 'Dudley "to ban" future EDL rallies', BBC News, 10 August 2010, available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-black-country-10932631 (viewed 5 April 2011).
46. 'EDL accused of council "blackmail" in Christmas letter', BBC News, 26 November 2010, available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-11848225 (viewed 5 April 2011).
47. Insted, The Search for Common Ground: Muslims, Non-Muslims and the UK Media (London: Greater London Authority 2007), 50.
48. Insted, The Search for Common Ground: Muslims, Non-Muslims and the UK Media (London: Greater London Authority 2007), 50.
49. 'Islamaphobia a threat to democracy ... oh the irony'.
50. Marcel Maussen, 'Anti-Muslim sentiments and mobilization in the Netherlands: discourse, policies and violence', in Jocelyne Cesari (ed.), Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe: Muslims in Western Europe after 9/11: Why the Term Islamophobia Is More a Predicament than an Explanation (Paris: Challenge 2006).
51. Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All (London: Runnymede Trust 1997).
52. Allen, Islamophobia.
53. Simon Clarke, Social Theory, Psychoanalysis and Racism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2003), 15.
54. Allen, Islamophobia.
55. 'About the EDL'.
56. Martin Barker, The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe (London: Junction Books 1981).
57. Tariq Modood Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press 2005).
58. 'EDL-Tommy Robinson interviewed on Sky News TV (12-12-2010)'.
59. Steve Hughes, 'EDL threatens to "close your towns" over Xmas bans', Daily Star, 26 October 2010.
60. Alison Park, John Curtice, Katarina Thomson, Miranda Phillips, Elizabeth Clery and Sarah Butt (eds), British Social Attitudes: The 26th Report (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 2010).
61. Githens-Mazer and Lambert, Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime, 151.