Arrests for child pornography production: Data at two time points from a national sample of U.S. law enforcement agencies

Child Maltreatment

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 184-195

  Wolak, Janis ^a   Finkelhor, David ^a   Mitchell, Kimberly J ^a   Jones, Lisa M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

Author keywords

adolescent victims; adult sex offenders; child victims; Internet; pornography; sexual abuse

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CRIMINAL LAW; FEMALE; HUMAN; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; OFFENDER; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PUBLICATION; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; VICTIM;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CRIME VICTIMS; CRIMINAL LAW; CRIMINALS; EROTICA; FEMALE; HUMANS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MALE; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80052445216     PISSN: 10775595     EISSN: 15526119     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1077559511415837     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. 18 USC Section 2256. Child pornography defined, in criminal code: United States of America. 2003;:.
2. Beech A.,Elliott I. A.,Birgden A.,Findlater D.The Internet and child sexual offending: A criminological review.Aggression & Violent Behavior. 2008;13:216-228.
3. Carr A. The social dimension of the online trade of child sexual exploitation materials. Paper presented at the Global symposium for examining the relationship between online and offline offenses and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina: Injury Prevention Research Center & Gillings School of Global Public Health; 2009 Durham, NC; 2009.
4. Carr J.Child abuse, child pornography and the Internet. London: NCH; 2003:.
5. CollinsM. K. (2007). Child pornography: A closer look. The Police Chief Magazine, 74. Retrieved fromhttp://policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=1139&issue_id=32007.
6. Cooper S. How many ways can you hurt me? An overview of Internet and communication technology crimes against children: A victim's perspective. Paper presented at the Global symposium for examining the relationship between online and offline offenses and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina: Injury Prevention Research Center & Gillings School of Global Public Health; 2009Durham, NC; 2009.
7. EichenwaldK. (2005, December19). Through his webcam, a boy joins a sordid online world. New York Times. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/national/19kids.ready.html.
8. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2007, December11). Innocent images national initiative. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fbi.gov/publications/innocent.htm.
9. Finkelhor D.,Jones L.Why have child maltreatment and child victimization declined?.Journal of Social Issues. 2006;62:685-716.
10. Finkelhor D.,Jones L. Good news: Child victimization has been declining. Why? Child victimization: Violence, crimes, and abuse in the lives of young people. Finkelhor D., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008:122-147.
11. Finkelhor D.,Turner H. A.,Ormrod R. K.,Hamby S. L.Trends in childhood violence and abuse exposure: Evidence from two national surveys.Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2010;164:238-242.
12. FriedenT. (2006, April20). Gonzales gives child porn 'wake-up call': Attorney general issues graphic warning of online 'epidemic'. CNN.com Law Center. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/04/20/gonzales.porn/index.html.
13. Harris Interactive. (2008, November5). Four out of five adults now use the Internet. Retrieved fromhttp://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=973.
14. InbarM. (2009, December2). 'Sexting' bullying cited in teen girl's suicide. Today Show, MSNBC. Retrieved fromhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34236377/ns/today-today_people/.
15. Internet Watch Foundation (IWF). 2008 Annual and charity report. Oakington, Cambridge, UK: Internet Watch Limited; 2009:.
16. Jenkins P.Failure to launch: Why do some social issues fail to detonate moral panics?.British Journal of Criminology. 2009;49:35-47.
17. Jones L.,Finkelhor D.Updated trends in child maltreatment, 2007. Durham, NH: Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire; 2009:.
18. Kish L.Weighting for unequal pi.Journal of Official Statistics. 1992;8:183-200.
19. Klain E. J.,Davies H. J.,Hicks M. A.Child pornography: The criminal-justice-system response. Washington, DC: American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law; 2001:.
20. Lanning K. V.,Burgess A. W. Child pornography and sex rings. Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations. Zillmann D.Bryant J., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1989:235-255.
21. Leary M. G.Self-produced child pornography: The appropriate societal response to juvenile self-sexual exploitation.Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law. 2008;15:2-50.
22. MichelL.SchulmanS. (2009, February5). The child pornpipeline: Part one: Russia and U.S. are bound in the illegal cyber-trafficking of child pornography. Retrieved fromhttp://www.buffalonews.com/339/story/182863.html.
23. Mitchell K.,Finkelhor D.,Wolak J.The Internet and family and acquaintance sexual abuse.Child Maltreatment. 2005;10:49-60.
24. MitchellK.WolakJ.FinkelhorD. (2009). The national juvenile online victimization study: Methodology report. Durham, NH: Crimes against Children Research Center. Retrieved fromhttp://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/N-JOV2_methodology_report.pdf.
25. Oosterbaan A. G.Global symposium for examining the relationship between online and offline offenses and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. Washington, DC: Law Enforcement Projects Sub-Group (LEPSG), U.S. Department of Justice; 2009:.
26. Perneger T. V.What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments?.British Medical Journal. 1998;316:1236-1238.
27. Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2010). Trend data: Internet adoption over time. Retrieved fromhttp://www.pewinternet.org/Static-Pages/Trend-Data/Internet-Adoption.aspx.
28. Quayle E. Abuse images of children: Identifying gaps in our knowledge. Paper presented at the Global symposium for examining the relationship between online and offline offenses and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina: Injury Prevention Research Center & Gillings School of Global Public Health; 2009Durham, NC; 2009.
29. Sedlak A. J.,Mettenburg J.,Basena M.,Petta I.,McPherson K.,Greene A.,Li S.Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS-4): Report to congress: Executive summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010:.
30. Taylor M.,Quayle E.The Internet and abuse images of children: Search, precriminal situations and opportunity.".Crime Prevention Studies. 2006;19:169-195.
31. Troup-Leasure K.,Snyder H. N.Statutory rape known to law enforcement. Juvenile Justice Bulletin (NCJ208803). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2005:.
32. United States Department of Justice. (2007). Department of Justice announces Internet crimes against children task forces in all 50 states. Retrieved fromhttp://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_ojp_061.html.
33. United States Department of Justice. (2008). Fact sheet: Project safe childhood. Retrieved fromhttp://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2008/May/08-opa-382.html.
34. United States v. KnoxStephen A., 32 F 3rd 733 (1994).
35. Wolak J.,Finkelhor D.Sexting: A typology. Durham, NH: Crimes against Children Research Center; 2011:.
36. Wolak J.,Finkelhor D.,Mitchell K. J.Child pornography possessors and the Internet: A national study. Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children; 2005a:.
37. Wolak J.,Finkelhor D.,Mitchell K. J. The varieties of child pornography production. Viewing child pornography on the Internet: Understanding the offense, managing the offender, helping the victims. Taylor M.Quayle E., ed. Dorset, UK: Russell House; 2005b:31-48.
38. Wolak J.,Finkelhor D.,Mitchell K.Trends in arrests of "online predators". Durham, NH: Crimes against Children Research Center; 2009:.
39. Wolak J.,Finkelhor D.,Mitchell K.Child pornography possessors: Trends in offender and case characteristics.Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2011;23:22-42.
40. Wolak J.,Finkelhor D.,Mitchell K.,Ybarra M.Online "predators" and their victims: Myths, realities and implications for prevention and treatment.American Psychologist. 2008;63:111-128.
41. Wortley R. K. Situational prevention of child sexual abuse in the new technologies. Paper presented at the global symposium for examining the relationship between online and offline offenses and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina: Injury Prevention Research Center & Gillings School of Global Public Health; 2009Durham, NC; 2009.