Early parental death and remarriage of widowed parents as risk factors for alzheimer disease: The cache county study

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 814-824

  Norton, Maria C ^a   Smith, Ken R ^b   Østbye, Truls ^c,d,e   Tschanz, Joann T ^a   Schwartz, Sarah ^a   Corcoran, Chris ^a   Breitner, John C S ^f   Steffens, David C ^c   Skoog, Ingmar ^g   Rabins, Peter V ^h   Welsh Bohmer, Kathleen A ^d  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^c Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center   (United States)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

^f MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^h JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; parental death; parental remarriage; Psychosocial stress

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; FATHER CHILD RELATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MATERNAL DEPRIVATION; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MENTAL STRESS; PARENTAL DEPRIVATION; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STATUS; WIDOW;

EID: 80052423490     PISSN: 10647481     EISSN: 15457214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3182011b38     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Kirwin KM, Hamrin V: Decreasing the risk of complicated bereavement and future psychiatric disorders in children. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs 2005; 18(2):62-78
2. Melhem NM, Walker M, Moritz G, et al: Antecedents and sequelae of sudden parental death in offspring and surviving caregivers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162(5):403-410 (Pubitemid 351656555)
3. Brent D, Melhem N, Donohoe MB, et al: The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166(7):786-794
4. Lehman BJ, Taylor SE, Kiefe CI, et al: Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study. Health Psychol 2009; 28(3):338-346
5. Anda RF, Brown DW, Dube SR, et al: Adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. Am J Prev Med 2008; 34(5):396-403 (Pubitemid 351491581)
6. Schwartz JE, Friedman HS, Tucker JS, et al: Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in childhood as predictors of adult mortality. Am J Public Health 1995; 85(9):1237-1245
7. Zhao H, Xu H, Xu X, Young D: Predatory stress induces hippocampal cell death by apoptosis in rats. Neurosci Lett 2007; 421(2):115-120 (Pubitemid 46907435)
8. Herbert J, Goodyer IM, Grossman AB, HastingsMH, et al: Do corticosteroids damage the brain? J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18(6):393-411 (Pubitemid 43670845)
9. Peavy GM, Lange KL, Salmon DP, et al: The effects of prolonged stress and APOE genotype on memory and cortisol in older adults. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62(5):472-478 (Pubitemid 47284040)
10. Lee BK, Glass TA, McAtee MJ, et al: Associations of salivary cortisol with cognitive function in the Baltimore memory study. Arch GenPsychiatry 2007; 64(7):810-818 (Pubitemid 47026377)
11. MacLullich AM, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Ferguson KJ,Wardlaw JM, Seckl JR: Plasma cortisol levels, brain volumes and cognition in healthy elderly men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005; 30(5):505-515 (Pubitemid 40249815)
12. McEwen BS: Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol Reviews 2007; 87(3): 873-904 (Pubitemid 47086281)
13. Borenstein AR, Copenhaver CI, Mortimer JA: Early-life risk factors for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20(1):63-72 (Pubitemid 44356897)
14. Coffino B: The role of childhood parent figure loss in the etiology of adult depression: findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Attach Hum Dev 2009; 11(5):445-470
15. Neugarten BL, Neugarten DA: Changing meanings of age. Psychol Today 1987; 15(5):29
16. Moceri VM, Kukull WA, Emanual I, et al. Using census data and birth certificates to reconstruct the early life socioeconomic environment and the relation to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology 2001; 12(4):383-389 (Pubitemid 32567526)
17. Green RC, Cupples A, Kurz A, et al: Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the Mirage study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:753-759 (Pubitemid 36569895)
18. Persson G, Skoog I: A prospective population study of psychosocial risk factors for late onset dementia. Int J Geriat Psychiatr 1996; 11(1):15-22 (Pubitemid 26041261)
19. Norton MC, Østbye T, Smith KR, et al. Early parental death and late-life dementia risk: findings from the Cache County Study. Age Ageing 2009; 38(3):340-343
20. Breitner JC, Wyse BW, Anthony JC, et al: APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study. Neurology 1999; 53(2): 321-331 (Pubitemid 29344354)
21. Tschanz JT, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Plassman BL, et al: An adaptation of the modified mini-mental state examination: analysis of demographic influences and normative data: The Cache County Study. Neuropsychiatr Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2002; 15(1):28-38 (Pubitemid 34213814)
22. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA: The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psych Med 1989; 19:1015-1022 (Pubitemid 20012268)
23. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition-Revised, 3 ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1987
24. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-944 (Pubitemid 14076461)
25. Roman G, Tatemichi T, Erkinjuntti T, et al: Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993; 43:250-260
26. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, et al: Association of apolipoprotein E allele E4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43:1467-1472 (Pubitemid 23230526)
27. Nam CB, Powers MG: The Socioeconomic Approach to Status Measurement. Houston, TX, Cap and Gown Press, 1983
28. Smith KR, Mineau GP, Garibotti G, et al: Effects of childhood and middle-adulthood family conditions on later-life mortality: evidence from the Utah Population Database, 1850-2002. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68(9):1649-1658
29. Rocca WA, van Duijn CM, Clayton D, et al: Maternal age and Alzheimer's disease : a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20(suppl 2): S21-S27
30. Auroux M: Paternal age and development, in Fertility and Sterility: A Current Overview. Edited by Hedon B, Bringer J, & Mares, P. Proceedings of the 15th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility. IFFS-95, Montpellier, France, 1995, pp. 321-327
31. Cĺement JP, Darthout N, Nubukpo P. Life events, personality and dementia. Psychol Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement 2003; 1(2):129-138
32. Mearns SJ: The impact of loss on adolescents: developing appropriate support. Int J Palliat Nurs 2000; 6(1):12-17
33. Haine RA, Ayers TS, Sandler IN, et al: Locus of control and selfesteem as stress-moderators or stress-mediators in parentally bereaved children. Death Stud 2003; 27(7):619-640 (Pubitemid 37075337)
34. Dehlin L, Reg LM: Adolescents' experiences of a parent's serious illness and death. Palliat Support Care 2009; 7(1):13-25
35. Wolchik SA, Tein JY, Sandler IN, et al: Stressors, quality of the child-caregiver relationship, and children's mental health problems after parental death: the mediating role of self-system beliefs. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2006; 34(2):221-238 (Pubitemid 43854250)
36. Paul C, MasonWM, McCaffrey D, Fox SA: A cautionary case study of approaches to the treatment ofmissing data. Stat Methods Appl 2008; 17(3):351-372
37. Ramsdell J, Jackson JE, Guy HJ, et al: Comparison of clinic-based home assessment to a home visit in demented elderly patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2004; 18(3):145-153 (Pubitemid 39202190)
38. Norton MC, Breitner JCS, Welsh KA, et al: Characteristics of nonresponders in a community survey of the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42:1252-1256 (Pubitemid 24377526)
39. Jorm AF: History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: an updated review. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatr 2001; 35(6):776-781 (Pubitemid 34048449)
40. Christ GH: Impact of development on children's mourning. Cancer Pract 2000; 8(2):72-81 (Pubitemid 30141591)