Happy Mouth and Sad Eyes: Scanning Emotional Facial Expressions

Emotion

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 860-865

  Eisenbarth, Hedwig ^a   Alpers, Georg W ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANNHEIM   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Emotion; Eye tracking; Facial expressions; Scan path

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANGRY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; EYE DOMINANCE; EYE FIXATION; EYE TRACKING; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HAPPY MOUTH; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; REST; SAD EYE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; EMOTIONS; EYE; EYE MOVEMENTS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; MALE; MOUTH; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80052302570     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: 19311516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0022758     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Adolph D., Alpers G.W. Differences in valence and arousal: A comparison of two sets of emotional facial expressions. American Journal of Psychology 2010, 123:209-219.
2. Adolphs R., Gosselin F., Buchanan T.W., Tranel D., Schyns P., Damasio A.R. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 2005, 433(7021):68-72. 10.1038/nature03086.
3. Alpers G.W. Eye-catching: Right hemisphere attentional bias for emotional pictures. Laterality: Asymetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 2008, 13:158-178. 10.1080/13576500701779247.
4. Alpers G.W., Gerdes A.B.M. Here's looking at you: Emotional faces predominate in binocular rivalry. Emotion 2007, 7(3):495-506. 10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.495.
5. Bediou B., Franck N., Saoud M., Baudouin J.-Y., Tiberghien G., Dalery J., et al. Effects of emotion and identity on facial affect processing in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2005, 133(2-3):149-157. 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.08.008.
6. Boraston Z., Blakemore S.-J., Chilvers R., Skuse D. Impaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45(7):1501-1510. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.010.
7. Butler S., Gilchrist I.D., Burt D.M., Perrett D.I., Jones E., Harvey M. Are the perceptual biases found in chimeric face processing reflected in eye-movement patterns?. Neuropsychologia 2005, 43(1):52-59. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.005.
8. Calvo M.G., Lundqvist D. Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior Research Methods 2008, 40:109-115. 10.3758/BRM.40.1.109.
9. Calvo M.G., Nummenmaa L. Eye-movement assessment of the time course in facial expression recognition: Neurophysiological implications. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2009, 9(4):398-411. 10.3758/cabn.9.4.398.
10. Dalton K.M., Nacewicz B.M., Johnstone T., Schaefer H.S., Gernsbacher M.A., Goldsmith H.H., et al. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8(4):519-526. 10.1038/nn1421.
11. Dimberg U., Thunberg M., Grunedal S. Facial reactions to emotional stimuli: Automatically controlled emotional responses. Cognition & Emotion 2002, 16(4):449-471. 10.1080/02699930143000356.
12. Eisenbarth H., Alpers G.W., Segrè D., Calogero A., Angrilli A. Categorization and evaluation of emotional faces in psychopathic women. Psychiatry Research 2008, 159(1-2):189-195. 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.09.001.
13. Ekman P., Friesen W.V. The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica 1969, 1(1):49-98.
14. Engbert R., Kliegl R. Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention. Vision Research 2003, 43(9):1035-1045. 10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00084-1.
15. Findlay J.M., Gilchrist I.D. Eye guidance and visual search. Eye guidance in reading and scene perception 1998, 297-314. Elsevier, Amsterdam. G. Underwood (Ed.).
16. Gilbert C., Bakan P. Visual asymmetry in perception of faces. Neuropsychologia 1973, 11(3):355-362. 10.1016/0028-3932(73)90049-3.
17. Goeleven E., De Raedt R., Leyman L., Verschuere B. The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces: A validation study. Cognition & Emotion 2008, 22(6):1094-1118. 10.1080/02699930701626582.
18. Hanson S.J., Halchenko Y.O. Brain reading using full brain support vector machines for object recognition: There is no "face" identification area. Neural Computation 2008, 20(2):486-503. 10.1162/neco.2007.09-06-340.
19. Hastings M.E., Tangney J.P., Stuewig J. Psychopathy and identification of facial expressions of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences 2008, 44(7):1474-1483. 10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.004.
20. Henderson J.M., Williams C.C., Falk R.J. Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory & Cognition 2005, 33(1):98-106.
21. Hernandez N., Metzger A., Magnè R., Bonnet-Brilhault F., Roux S., Barthelemy C., et al. Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47(4):1004-1012. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.023.
22. Hsiao J.H.-W., Cottrell G.W. Two fixations suffice in face recognition. Psychological Science 2008, 19(10):998-1006. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02191.x.
23. Jack R.E., Blais C., Scheepers C., Schyns P.G., Caldara R. Cultural confusions show that facial expressions are not universal. Current Biology 2009, 19(18):1543-1548. 10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.051.
24. Jonides J. Voluntary vs. automatic control over the mind's eye's movement. Attention and performance IX 1981, 187-203. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J.B. Long, A.D. Baddeley (Eds.).
25. Joormann J., Gotlib I.H. Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115(4):705-714. 10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.705.
26. Kanwisher N., McDermott J., Chun M.M. The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience 1997, 17(11):4302-4311.
27. Klein R.M. On the Control of Visual Orienting. Cognitive neuroscience of attention 2004, 29-44. Guilford Press, New York. M.I. Posner (Ed.).
28. Kosson D.S., Suchy Y., Mayer A.R., Libby J. Facial affect recognition in criminal psychopaths. Emotion 2002, 2(4):398-411. 10.1037//1528-3542.2.4.398.
29. Kreklewetz, K., & Roesch, R. (2005, July). Facial affect recognition in psychopathic offenders. Paper presented at the Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy, Vancouver.
30. Laeng B., Rouw R. Canonical views of faces and the cerebral hemispheres. Laterality 2001, 6(3):193-224. 10.1080/713754410.
31. Levy J., Heller W., Banich M.T., Burton L.A. Asymmetry of perception in free viewing of chimeric faces. Brain and Cognition 1983, 2(4):404-419. 10.1016/0278-2626(83)90021-0.
32. Loughland C.M., Williams L.M., Gordon E. Schizophrenia and affective disorder show different visual scanning behavior for faces: A trait versus state-based distinction?. Biological Psychiatry 2002, 52(4):338-348. 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01356-2.
33. Lundqvist D., Flykt A., Ohman A. Karolinska directed emotional faces (KDEF) 1998, Department of Neurosciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
34. Meyer-Marcotty P., Alpers G.W., Gerdes A.B., Stellzig-Eisenhauer A. Impact of facial asymmetry in visual perception: A 3-dimensional data analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010, 137(2):161-169. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.11.023.
35. Meyer-Marcotty, P., Gerdes, A. B. M., Stellzig-Eisenhauer, A., & Alpers, G. W. (in press). How orthognathic patients are perceived by others: An eye-tracking study. World Journal of Orthodontics.
36. Nummenmaa L., Hyona J., Calvo M.G. Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures. Emotion 2006, 6(2):257-268. 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.257.
37. Pessoa L., Kastner S., Ungerleider L.G. Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli. Cognitive Brain Research 2002, 15(1):31-45. 10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00214-8.
38. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124(3):372-422.
39. Rayner K., Pollatsek A. Eye movements and scene perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1992, 46(3):342-376.
40. Rizzolatti G., Riggio L., Dascola I., Umilta C. Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia 1987, 25(1):31-40. 10.1016/0028-3932(87)90041-8.
41. Rousselet G., Joubert O., Fabre-Thorpe M. How long to get to the "gist" of real-world natural scenes?. Visual Cognition 2005, 12(6):852-877. 10.1080/13506280444000553.
42. Smith D.T., Rorden C., Jackson S.R. Exogenous orienting of attention depends upon the ability to execute eye movements. Current Biology 2004, 14(9):792-795. 10.1016/j.cub.2004.04.035.
43. Spezio M.L., Adolphs R., Hurley R.S.E., Piven J. Analysis of face gaze in autism using "Bubbles" Neuropsychologia 2007, 45(1):144-151. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.027.
44. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R., Vagg P.R., Jacobs G.A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1983, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
45. Streit M., Wolwer W., Gaebel W. Facial-affect recognition and visual scanning behavior in the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997, 24(3):311-317. 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00126-0.
46. Turner S.M., Beidel D.C., Dancu C.V., Stanley M.A. An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment 1989, 1(1):35-40. 10.1037//1040-3590.1.1.35.
47. Vuilleumier P., Armony J.L., Driver J., Dolan R.J. Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron 2001, 30(3):829-841. 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00328-2.
48. Wieser M.J., Pauli P., Alpers G.W., Mühlberger A. Is eye to eye contact really threatening and avoided in social anxiety? An eye-tracking and psychophysiology study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23(1):93-103. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.004.
49. Workman L., Peters S., Taylor S. Lateralization of perceptual processing of pro- and anti-social emotions displayed in chimeric faces. Laterality 2000, 5(3):237-249. 10.1080/713754378.
50. Yarbus A.L. Eye movements and visions 1967, Plenum Press, New York.