Waves of change within civil society in latin america: Mexico city and são paulo

Politics and Society

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 415-450

  Lavalle, Adrian Gurza ^a   Bueno, Natália S ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning   (Brazil)

Author keywords

civil society; coordinating bodies; Mexico City; network analysis; NGOization; organizational ecology; popular movements; S o Paulo

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052286498     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: 15527514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329211415504     Document Type: Article

References (40)

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2. Mary Kaldor, Global Civil Society: An Answer to War (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press/Blackwell, 2003); Sonia E. Alvarez, "Advocating Feminism: The Latin American Feminist 'Boom,'" International Feminist Journal of Politics 1, no. 2 (1999): 181-209; George Yúdice, The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era (Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books, 2004); Jael Silliman, "Expanding Civil Society: Shrinking Political Spaces. The Case of Women's Nongovernmental Organizations," Social Politics 6 (Spring 1999): 23-53; James Petras, "Imperialism and NGOs in Latin America," Monthly Review 49, no. 7 (1997): 10-28.
3. Emir Sader, Quando Novos Personagens Entraram em Cena: Experiências, Falas e Lutas dos Trabalhadores da Grande São Paulo (1970-1980) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Paz e Terra, 1988); Paul Singer and Vinicius C. Brant, eds., São Paulo: O Povo em Movimento (São Paulo, Brazil: Vozes, 1980); Jorge Alonso, ed., Los Movimientos Sociales en el Valle de México (Mexico City: Ediciones de la Casa Chata, 1988).
4. Leonardo Avritzer, "Transition to Democracy and Political Culture: An Analysis of the Conflict between Civil and Political Society in Post-Authoritarian Brazil." Constellations 2, no. 2 (1995): 242-66.
5. According to official figures by Brazilian Institute for Geography and Estatistics (IBGE) and the enrollment mandated by the Mexican Ley Federal de Fomento a las Actividades Realizadas por las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil (see note 36).
6. Manuel Castells, La Cuestión Urbana (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Siglo XXI, 1974); Manuel Castells, Movimientos Sociales Urbanos (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1974); Jordi Borja, Movimientos Sociales Urbanos (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Nueva Visiõn, 1975); Alain Touraine, "La Marginalidad Urbana," Revista Mexicana de Sociologia 39, no. 4 (1977): 1105-42; Alain Touraine, Movimientos Sociales Y Sistemas Políticos En América Latina (Santiago, Chile: OIT, 1987); Jean Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Sonia Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, "Introduction: Theory and Protest in Latin America Today," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy, ed. Sonia Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar (Boulder, Colo: Westview Press), 1-19; Richard E. Feinberg, Carlos Horacio Waisman, and León Zamosc, Civil Society and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2006).
7. Sonia E. Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, Cultures of Politics Politics of Cultures: Re-Visioning Latin American Social Movements (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998).
8. Kaldor, Global Civil Society, 94.
9. George Yúdice, The Expediency of Culture," 77.
10. Sonia E. Alvarez, "Beyond NGO-ization? Reflections from Latin America," Development 52, no. 2 (2009): 179. It must be said that the term NGOization was apparently coined by Alvarez, whose recent work critically revisits the NGOization theses.
11. James Petras, "Imperialism and NGOs in Latin America," Monthly Review 49, no. 7 (1997): 11.
12. Leilah Landim, "Notas Para Um Perfil Das Ongs," in Ongs: Um Perfil, ed. Leilah Landim and Leticia Cotrim (São Paulo, Brazil: ABONG/ISER, 1996), xiv; Rubem César Fernandes, Privado, Porém Público (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Relume Dumará, 1994); Ilse Scherrer- Warren, Redes De Movimentos Sociais (São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Loyola, 1996).
13. Landim, "Notas," xiv.
14. Sociedade Civil, Estado E Terceiro Setor," São Paulo em Perspectiva 12, no. 4 (1998): 83-91; Maria Celia Paoli, "Empresas E Responsabilidade Social: Os Enredamentos Da Cidadania," in Democratizar a Democracia, ed. Boaventura de Souza Santos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Civilização Brasileira, 2003), 373-418
15. Including as social actors the popular urban movement and social movements, see Silvia Bolos, Constitución De Actores Sociales Y La Política (Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana/ Plaza y Valdez Editores, 1999); Fernando Carrasco Pliego, "Panorama De Las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales En La Ciudad De México: Encuesta 1997," Cuadernos de Investigación 28, no. IIS (2001): 1-106.
16. René Coloumb and Cristina Sánchez Mejorada, "El Protagonismo Emergente De Las Ongs De Desarollo Sobre La Escena De La Conflictiva Social En La ZMCM: Una Aproximación," in Dinámica Urbana Y Procesos Socio-Políticos, ed. René Coloumb and Emilio Duhau (Mexico City: Ocim/CENVI/UAM, 1997), 175-201.
17. Lucia Enriques Álvarez, Distrito Federal: Sociedad, Economía, Política Y Cultura (Mexico City: CHCH/UNAM, 2005), 180.
18. José Alonso, "Los Movimientos Sociales en el Valle de México, una introducción," in Los Movimientos Sociales En El Valle De México, ed. Jorge Alonso (Mexico City: Ediciones de la Casa Chata, 1988), 17-51; Lucio Kowarick, As Lutas Sociais E a Cidade (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Paz e Terra, 1988).
19. Victor Manuel Ponte Durand, "El Movimiento Obrero, El Sindicalismo Y La Transición Política En México," in La Construcción De La Democracia En México: Movimientos Sociales Y Ciudadanía, ed. Victor Manuel Ponte Durand (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1994), 103-64; Juan Manuel Saiz Ramirez, "Trabajador Y/O Colono: ¿Una Dicotomia En Las Luchas Sociales? (La Articulación Entre El Movimiento Urbano Popular Y El Sindicalismo Independiente," in Los Movimientos Sociales En El Valle De México, ed. Jorge Alonso (Mexico City: Ediciones de la Casa Chata, 1988), 21-99.
20. Ruth Côrrea Leite Cardoso, "A Trajetória Dos Movimentos Sociais," in Anos 90: Política E Sociedade No Brasil, ed. Evelina Dagnino (São Paulo, Brazil: Brasiliense, 1994), 81-90.
21. Sérgio Costa, "Esfera Pública, Redescoberta Da Sociedade Civil E Movimentos Sociais No Brasil," Novos Estudos Cebrap 38, no. março (1994): 38-52.
22. .Alberto Olvera, "Las Tendencias Generales De Desarollo De La Sociedad Civil En México," In Sociedad Civil, Esfera Pública Y Democratización En América Latina: México, ed. Alberto Olvera. Mexico: Fundo de Cultura Económica, 2003, 53.
23. Carlos Soares Jiménez, "Reflexiones En Torno a Los Sujetos, Los Actores, Los Movimientos Socials Y La Acción Colectiva," in Sociedad Civil: Capital Social Y Gestión Local, ed. Clara Inés Charry and Alejandra Massolo (Mexico City: Plazas y Valdes Editores/UAM, 2007), 45-62.
24. Bolos, Constitución; Cristina Sánchez Mejorada and Lucia Enríquez Álvarez, "Gobierno Democrático, Sociedad Civil Y Participación Ciudadana En La Ciudad De México, 1997-2000," in Sociedad Civil, Esfera Pública Y Democratización En América Latina: México, ed. Alberto Olvera. Mexico: Fundo de Cultura Económica, 2003, 351-409.
25. The presence of coordinating bodies as a new actor was first exposed in Adrian Gurza Lavalle, Graziela Castello, and Renata Bichir, "Protagonistas Na Sociedade Civil: Redes E Centralidades De Organizações Civis Em São Paulo," Dados 50, no. 3 (2007): 465-97. Coordinating bodies are similar to organizations referred to as peak associations in the Anglo-Saxon literature. For instance, see Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), although they are not federations.
26. Roberto Sanz Casanova and Oscar Garcia Chacón. Las Ongs Latinoamericanas Y Los Desafíos Del Desarollo Organizacional (La Paz, Bolivia: ICCO/PROACTIVA/IDEPRO, 2000), 69-74.
27. Ramirez, "Trabajador Y/O Colono"; Ernesto Isunza, Las Tramas Del Alba: Una Visión De Las Luchas Por El Reconocimiento En El México Contemporáneo (1968-1993). México: Porrua/CIESAS, 2001, 179-284.
28. Bolos, Constitución, 166.
29. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, Organizational Ecology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989); Michael T. Hannan, Lászlo Pólos, and Glenn Carrol, Logics of Organizations Theory: Audiences, Codes and Ecologies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
30. John P. Scott, Social Network Analysis: A Handbook (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1991); Rowland Atkinson and John Flint, "Accessing Hidden and Hard to Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies," Social Research Update 33, no. 1 (2001): 93-108; Leo A. Goodman, "Snowball Sampling," Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32, no. 1 (1961): 148-70.
31. David Knoke and Song Yang, Social Network Analysis (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008), 15-32; Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Programme," in Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, ed. Mario Diani and Doug McAdam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 299-319.
32. The category other was included in the networks to generate measures and calculate averages. However, as this category is of no analytical interest, it was excluded from the tables and analyses.
33. For the complete tables, see Adrian Gurza Lavalle and Natalia Bueno, "Civil Society Organizations in Two Latin American Metropolises," in Textos para Discussão: Centro de Estudos da Metrópole (São Paulo, Brazil: CEM, 2010), 5-52.
34. Adrian Gurza Lavalle, Graziela Castello, and Renata Mirandola Bichir, "The Backstage of Civil Society: Protagonism, Networks, and Affinities between Civil Organisations in São Paulo" (IDS Working Paper 299, 2008), 12.
35. For a full exposition of the criteria and their application, see Peter Houtzager, Adrian Gurza Lavalle, and Arnab Acharya, "Who Participates? Civil Society and the New Democratic Politics in São Paulo" (IDS Working Paper 210, 2003).
36. Felipe Hevia, "Patrones asociativos en México más allá de las OSC, notas de investigación," in As Fundações Privadas e Associações sem Fins Lucrativos no Brasil, 2005 (Mexico City: IBGE, 2008), http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/fasfil/2005/default.sht m.
37. Hevia, "Patrones asociativos"; Ana Cláudia Teixeira, "A atuação das Organizações Não-Governamentais: Entre o Estado e o conjunto da sociedade," in Sociedade Civil e Espaços Públicos no Brasil, ed. Evelina Dagnino (São Paulo, Brazil: Paz e Terra, 2002), 105-42.
38. For an empirical critique of the diagnosis of NGOs' lack of social embeddedness using a sample from the largest Brazilian cities, see Mariane Koslinski and Elisa P. Reis, "Transnational and Domestic Relations of Ngos in Brazil," World Development 37, no. 3 (2009): 714-25.
39. The selected Paulistana and Mexican NGOs rank among the first five with the highest centrality measures analyzed in this article.
40. Koslinski and Reis, "Transnational and Domestic Relations."