Overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism during pregnancy

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 478-487

  Stagnaro Green, Alex ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

complications; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; overt; prevalence

Indexed keywords

ANTITHYROID AGENT; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; THIAMAZOLE; THYROTROPIN;

ARTICLE; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; DOWN SYNDROME; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FETUS DEATH; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GRAVES DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MATERNAL DISEASE; MATERNAL WELFARE; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NEWBORN MORTALITY; OVERT HYPERTHYROIDISM; OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM; PLACENTA WEIGHT; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE LABOR; PRENATAL SCREENING; PREVALENCE; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STILLBIRTH; THYROID DISEASE; THYROTOXICOSIS;

FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREVALENCE;

EID: 80052189224     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: 15325520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182272f32     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Robyn C, et al. Serum levels of intact human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and its free alpha and beta subunits, in relation to maternal thyroid stimulation during normal pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993;16: 881-888. (Pubitemid 24026807)
2. Davies TF, Platzer M, hCG-induced TSH. Receptor activation and growth acceleration in FRLT-5 thyroid cells. Endocrinology. 1986;118:2149-2151.
3. Panesar NS, Li CY, Rogers MS. Reference intervals for thyroid hormones in pregnant Chinese women. Ann Clin Biochem. 2001;38:329-332. (Pubitemid 32626074)
4. Dashe JS, Casey BM, Wells CE, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone in singleton and twin pregnancy: Importance of gestational age-specific reference ranges. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:753-757. (Pubitemid 41362179)
5. Stricker Rt Echenard M, Eberhart R, et al. Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: The importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:509-514. (Pubitemid 350018455)
6. Marwaha RK, Chopra S, Gopalakrishnan S,, et al. Establishment of reference range for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Indian women. Br J Gynecol. 2008;115:602-606. (Pubitemid 351357586)
7. Haddow JE, Knight GJ, Palomaki GE, et al. The reference range and withinperson variability of thyroid stimulating hormone during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. J Med Screen. 2004;11:170-174. (Pubitemid 40006739)
8. McElduff A, Morris J. Thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies in an unselected population of women undergoing first trimester screening for aneuploidy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;48:478-480.
9. Pearce EN, Oken E, Gillman MW, et al. Association of first-trimester thyroid function test values with thyroperoxidase antibody status, smoking, and multivitamin use. Endocr Pract. 2008;14:33-39.
10. Gilbert RM, HadlowNC, Walsh JP, et al. Assessment of thyroid function during pregnancy: First trimester (weeks 9-13) reference intervals derived from Western Australian women. Med J Austral. 2008; 189:250-253.
11. Bocos-Terraz JP, Izquierdo-Alvarez S, Bancalero-Flores JL. Thyroid hormonses according to gestational age in pregnant Spanish women. BMC Research Notes 2009:2.
12. Mannisto T, Surcel HM, Ruikonen A, et al. Early pregnancy reference intervals of thyroid hormone concentrations in a thyroid antibody-negative pregnant population. Thyroid. 2011;21:291-298.
13. Yan YQ, Dong ZL, Dong L, et al. Trimester-and method-specific reference intervals for thyroid tests in pregnant Chinese women: Methodology, euthyroid definition and iodine status can influence the setting of reference intervals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74:262-269.
14. Kurioka H, Takahashi K, Miyazaki K. Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and puerperal period. Endocrine J. 2005;52:587-591. (Pubitemid 41609048)
15. Dhatt GS, Jayasundaram R, Wareth LA, et al. Thyrotrophin and free thyroxine trimester-specific reference intervals in a mixed ethnic pregnant population in the United Arab Emirates. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;370:147-151. (Pubitemid 44080185)
16. Lockwood CM, Grenache DG, Gronowski AM. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations greater than 400,000 IU/L are invariably associated with suppressed serum thyrotropin concentrations. Thyroid. 2009;19:863-868.
17. Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 107:337-341.
18. Vaidya B, Anthony S, Bilous M, et al. Detection of thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy Universal screening or targeted high-risk case finding? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:203-207. (Pubitemid 46067531)
19. Lazarus JH, KaklamanouM. Significance of low thyroid-stimulating hormone in pregnancy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity. 2007;14:389-392. (Pubitemid 47368092)
20. Sahu MT, Das V, Mittal S, Agarwal A, Sahu M. Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effectonmaternal and fetal outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281:215-220.
21. Wang W, Teng W, Shan Z, et al. The prevalence of thyroid disorders during early pregnancy inChina: The benefits of universal screening in the first trimester of pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164:263-268.
22. Stagnaro-Green A. TSH abnormalities and fetal loss.ClinicalThyroidology. 2009; 21:3-7. Available at http://thyroid.org/ professionals/publications/ clinthy/volume 21/issue6/clinthy-v216-3-7.pdf. Accessed May 6, 2011..
23. Davis LE, Lucas MJ, Hankins GDV, et al. Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160: 63-70. (Pubitemid 19055258)
24. Easterling TR, Schmucker BC, Carlson KL, et al. Maternal hemodynamics in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:348-352.
25. Millar LK, Wing DA, Leung AS, et al. Low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:946-949. (Pubitemid 24360253)
26. Anselmo J, Cao D, Karrison T, Weiss RE, Refetoff S. Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure. JAMA. 2004;292:691-695. (Pubitemid 39062522)
27. Sheffield JS, Cunningham FG. Thyrotoxicosis and heart failure that complicate pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190:211-217. (Pubitemid 38156350)
28. Momotani N, Yoshimura J, Ishikawa N, et al.Effects of propylthiouracil andmethimazole on fetal thyroid status in mothers with Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 1997;82:3633-3636. (Pubitemid 27509348)
29. Bahn RS, Burch HS, Cooper DS, et al. The role of propylthiouracil in the management of Graves' disease in adults Report of a meeting jointly sponsored by the American Thyroid Association and Food and Drug Administration. Thyroid. 2009;19:673-674.
30. Rotondi M, Cappelli C, Pirali B, et al. The effect of pregnancy on subsequent relapse from Graves' disease after a successful course of antithyroid drug therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3985-3988.
31. Rochester DB, Davies TF. Increased risk of Graves' disease after pregnancy. Thyroid. 2005;15:1287-1290. (Pubitemid 41821764)
32. Rotondi M, Pirali B, Lodigiani S, et al. The post partum period and the onset of Graves' disease: An overestimated risk factor. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:161-165.
33. Stagnaro-Green A. Clinical Review 152: Postpartum Thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2002;87:4042-4047.
34. Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. JClin EndocrinolMetabol. 2007;92 (Supp): S1-S47. (Pubitemid 47236338)
35. Negro R, Schwartz A, Gismondi R, et al. Increased pregnancy loss rate in thyroid antibody negative women with TSH levels between 2.5 and 5.0 in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;95:E44-E48.
36. Benhadi N, Wiersinga WM, Reitsma JB, et al. Higher maternal TSH levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160:985-991.
37. KleinRJ,HaddowJE,FaixJD.Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol. 1991;35:41-46.
38. Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells E, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:23-245.
39. Cleary-Goldman J,Malone FD, Lambert- Messerlian G, et al. Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:85-92.
40. Jones WS, Man EB. Thyroid function in human pregnancy. Premature deliveries and reproductive failures of pregnant women with low serum butanol-extractable iodines. Maternal serum TBG and TBPA capacities. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969; 104:909-914.
41. Leung AS, Millar LK, Koonings PP, et al. Perinatal outcome in hypothyroid pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81: 349-353. (Pubitemid 23085288)
42. Allan WC, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: Implications for population screening. J Med Screen. 2000;7:127-130.
43. Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, et al. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid. 2002;12:63-68. (Pubitemid 34106718)
44. Mannisto T, Vaarasmaki M, Pouta A, et al. Perinatal outcome of children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction or antibodies: A prospective populationbased cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;94:772-779.