Role of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the pathogenesis of glaucoma

Acta Ophthalmologica

Volumn 89, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 505-514

  Jonas, Jost B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

cerebrospinal fluid pressure; glaucoma; glaucomatous optic neuropathy; intraocular Pressure; normal pressure glaucoma; trans corneal pressure difference; trans lamina cribrosa pressure difference

Indexed keywords

BAROTRAUMA; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LOW TENSION GLAUCOMA; MORPHOLOGY; MYOPIA; NEURORETINAL RIM SHAPE; NONHUMAN; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC DISK BLEEDING; OPTIC DISK CUP; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; PARAPAPILLARY ATROPHY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRESSURE GRADIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA ARTERY; RETINA GANGLION CELL; REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRANS LAMINA CRIBROSA PRESSURE; VISUAL FIELD; VISUAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; GLAUCOMA; HUMANS; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES;

EID: 80052082430     PISSN: 1755375X     EISSN: 17553768     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01915.x     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Anderson DR, &, Hendrickson A, (1974): Effect of intraocular pressure on rapid axoplasmatic transport in monkey optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol 13: 771-783.
2. Anderson DR, Drance SM, Schulzer M, & Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (2001): Natural history of normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 108: 247-253. (Pubitemid 32115951)
3. Araie M, Sekine M, Suzuki Y, &, Koseki N, (1994): Factors contributing to the progression of visual field damage in eyes with normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 101: 1440-1444. (Pubitemid 24319293)
4. Balaratnasingam C, Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, House PH, Barry CJ, Chan H, Cringle SJ, &, Yu DY, (2007): Value of retinal vein pulsation characteristics in predicting increased optic disc excavation. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 441-444. (Pubitemid 46623673)
5. Balaratnasingam C, Morgan WH, Johnstone V, Pandav SS, Cringle SJ, &, Yu DY, (2009): Histomorphometric measurements in human and dog optic nerve and an estimation of optic nerve pressure gradients in human. Exp Eye Res 89: 618-628.
6. Bellezza AJ, Hart RT, &, Burgoyne CF, (2000): The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: initial finite element modeling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41: 2991-3000.
7. Berdahl JP, Allingham RR, &, Johnson DH, (2008a): Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is decreased in primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 115: 763-768. (Pubitemid 351602306)
8. Berdahl JP, Fautsch MP, Stinnett SS, &, Allingham RR, (2008b): Intracranial pressure in primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, and ocular hypertension: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49: 5412-5418.
9. Broadway DC, &, Drance SM, (1998): Glaucoma and vasospasm. Br J Ophthalmol 82: 862-870. (Pubitemid 28408141)
10. Burgoyne CF, &, Downs JC, (2008): Premise and prediction-how optic nerve head biomechanics underlies the susceptibility and clinical behavior of the aged optic nerve head. J Glaucoma 17: 318-328.
11. Burgoyne CF, &, Morrison JC, (2001a): The anatomy and pathophysiology of the optic nerve head in glaucoma. J Glaucoma 10 (5 Suppl. 1): S16-S18.
12. Burgoyne CF, Downs JC, Bellezza AJ, Suh JK, &, Hart RT, (2005a): The optic nerve head as biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Prog. Retin Eye Res 24: 39-73. (Pubitemid 39535155)
13. Caprioli J, Sears M, &, Miller JM, (1987): Patterns of early visual field loss in open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 103: 512-517. (Pubitemid 17056894)
14. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (1998): Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol 126: 487-497.
15. Dichtl A, Jonas JB, &, Naumann GO, (1998): Histomorphometry of the optic disc in highly myopic eyes with glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 82: 286-289. (Pubitemid 28177118)
16. Dielemans I, Vingerling JR, Wolfs RC, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, &, de Jong PT, (1994): The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in a population-based study in The Netherlands. The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 101: 1851-1855. (Pubitemid 24378870)
17. Downs JC, Suh JK, Thomas KA, Bellezza AJ, Hart RT, &, Burgoyne CF, (2005): Viscoelastic material properties of the peripapillary sclera in normal and early-glaucoma monkey eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46: 540-546. (Pubitemid 40270333)
18. Drance SM, (1969): The early field defects in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol 8: 84-91.
19. Drance SM, (1972): Some factors in the production of low tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 56: 229-242.
20. Drance SM, (1989): Disc hemorrhages in the glaucomas. Surv Ophthalmol 33: 331-337. (Pubitemid 19113489)
21. Drance SM, (1999): The Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study and some of its lessons. Can J Ophthalmol 34: 1-6.
22. Drance SM, Sweeney VP, Morgan RW, &, Feldman F, (1973): Studies of factors involved in the production of low tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 89: 457-465.
23. Emre M, Orgül S, Gugleta K, &, Flammer J, (2004): Ocular blood flow alteration in glaucoma is related to systemic vascular dysregulation. Br J Ophthalmol 88: 662-666. (Pubitemid 38526650)
24. Frisén L, &, Claesson M, (1984): Narrowing of the retinal arterioles in descending optic atrophy. A quantitative clinical study. Ophthalmology 91: 1342-1346. (Pubitemid 15208901)
25. Girard MJ, Downs JC, Burgoyne CF, &, Suh JK, (2009a): Peripapillary and posterior scleral mechanics-part I: development of an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model. J Biomech Eng 131: 051011.
26. Girard MJ, Downs JC, Bottlang M, Burgoyne CF, &, Suh JK, (2009b): Peripapillary and posterior scleral mechanics-part II: experimental and inverse finite element characterization. J Biomech Eng 131: 051012.
27. Graham SL, &, Drance SM, (1999): Nocturnal hypotension: role in glaucoma progression. Surv Ophthalmol 43 (Suppl. 1): S10-S16. (Pubitemid 29328575)
28. Gramer E, Gerlach R, Krieglstein GK, &, Leydhecker W, (1982): Zur Topographie früher glaukomatöser Gesichtsfeldausfälle bei der Computerperimetrie. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 180: 515-523. (Pubitemid 12039816)
29. Han Y, McCulley TJ, &, Horton JC, (2008): No correlation between intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure. Ann Neurol 64: 221-224.
30. Hayreh SS, (1972): Colour and fluorescence of the optic disc. Ophthalmologica 165: 100-108.
31. Hayreh SS, (1977): Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. V. Pathogenesis. Arch Ophthalmol 95: 1553-1565. (Pubitemid 8192934)
32. Hayreh SS, (2009a): Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and glaucomatous optic disc cupping. Graefe Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247: 721-724.
33. Hayreh SS, &, Jonas JB, (2001): Optic disc morphology after arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 108: 1586-1594. (Pubitemid 32808333)
34. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P, &, Alward WL, (1994): Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders. Am J Ophthalmol 117: 603-624. (Pubitemid 24150730)
35. Healey PR, Mitchell P, Smith W, &, Wang JJ, (1998): Optic disc hemorrhages in a population with and without signs of glaucoma. Ophthalmology 105: 216-223. (Pubitemid 28090823)
36. Iwase A, Suzuki Y, Araie M, et al., (2004): The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese: the Tajimi Study. Ophthalmology 111: 1641-1648. (Pubitemid 39179676)
37. Javitt JC, Spaeth GL, Katz LJ, Poryzees E, &, Addiego R, (1990): Acquired pits of the optic nerve. Increased prevalence in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 97: 1038-1043.
38. Jonas JB, (2005): Optic disc size correlated with refractive error. Am J Ophthalmol 139: 346-348. (Pubitemid 40288284)
39. Jonas JB, (2007a): Intraocular pressure during headstand. Comment Ophthalmol 113: 1327-1332. Ophthalmology 114:1791.
40. Jonas JB, (2007b): Trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference. Comment Arch Ophthalmol 124: 165-168. Arch Ophthalmol 125:431.
41. Jonas JB, (2008): Intraocular pressure during weight lifting. Comment Arch Ophthalmol 124: 1251-1254. Arch Ophthalmol 126:287-288.
42. Jonas JB, &, Budde WM, (1999): Optic cup deepening spatially correlated with optic nerve damage in focal normal-pressure glaucoma. J Glaucoma 8: 227-231. (Pubitemid 32429175)
43. Jonas JB, &, Budde WM, (2000): Optic nerve head appearance in juvenile-onset chronic high-pressure glaucoma and normal-pressure glaucoma. Ophthalmology 107: 704-711. (Pubitemid 30191337)
44. Jonas JB, &, Budde WM, (2005): Optic nerve damage in highly myopic eyes with chronic open-angle glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 15: 41-47. (Pubitemid 40462728)
45. Jonas JB, &, Dichtl A, (1997): Optic disc morphology in myopic primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235: 627-633. (Pubitemid 27450379)
46. Jonas JB, &, Gründler AE, (1996): Optic disc morphology in juvenile primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234: 750-754. (Pubitemid 27007380)
47. Jonas JB, &, Hayreh SS, (1999a): Optic disc morphology in experimental central retinal artery occlusion in rhesus monkeys. Am J Ophthalmol 127: 523-530. (Pubitemid 29215762)
48. Jonas JB, &, Hayreh SS, (1999b): Localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects in chronic high-pressure experimental glaucoma in rhesus monkeys. Br J Ophthalmol 83: 1291-1295. (Pubitemid 29511816)
49. Jonas JB, &, Naumann GO, (1989a): Parapapillary chorio-retinal atrophy in normal and glaucoma eyes. II. Correlations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 919-926. (Pubitemid 19140185)
50. Jonas JB, &, Naumann GO, (1989b): Parapapillary retinal vessel diameter in normal and glaucoma eyes. II. Correlations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 1604-1611. (Pubitemid 19185966)
51. Jonas JB, &, Xu L, (1993): Optic disc morphology in eyes after nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34: 2260-2265. (Pubitemid 23191253)
52. Jonas JB, &, Xu L, (1994): Optic disc hemorrhages in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 118: 1-8.
53. Jonas JB, Gusek GC, &, Naumann GO, (1988a): Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size, configuration, and correlations in normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29: 1151-1158.
54. Jonas JB, Gusek GC, &, Naumann GO, (1988b): Optic disc morphometry in chronic primary open-angle glaucoma. I. Morphometric intrapapillary characteristics. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 226: 522-530.
55. Jonas JB, Gusek GC, &, Naumann GO, (1988c): Optic disc morphometry in chronic primary open-angle glaucoma. II. Correlation of the intrapapillary parameters to visual field indices. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 226: 531-538.
56. Jonas JB, Nguyen NX, Gusek GC, &, Naumann GO, (1989a): Parapapillary chorio-retinal atrophy in normal and glaucoma eyes. I. Morphometric data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 908-918. (Pubitemid 19140184)
57. Jonas JB, Nguyen XN, &, Naumann GO, (1989b): Parapapillary retinal vessel diameter in normal and glaucoma eyes. I. Morphometric data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 1599-1603. (Pubitemid 19185965)
58. Jonas JB, Mardin CY, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, &, Naumann GO, (1991a): Morphometry of the human lamina cribrosa surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 401-405.
59. Jonas JB, Fernández MC, &, Naumann GO, (1991b): Parapapillary atrophy and retinal vessel diameter in nonglaucomatous optic nerve damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 2942-2947.
60. Jonas JB, Fernández MC, &, Naumann GO, (1992a): Glaucomatous parapapillary atrophy: occurrence and correlations. Arch Ophthalmol 110: 214-222.
61. Jonas JB, Königsreuther KA, &, Naumann GO, (1992b): Optic disc histomorphometry in normal eyes and eyes with secondary angle-closure glaucoma. II. Parapapillary region. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 230: 134-139.
62. Jonas JB, Gründler AE, &, Gonzales-Cortés J, (1998): Pressure-dependent neuroretinal rim loss in normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 125: 137-144.
63. Jonas JB, Budde WM, &, Panda-Jonas S, (1999): Ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic nerve head. Surv Ophthalmol 43: 293-320. (Pubitemid 29070417)
64. Jonas JB, Budde WM, Németh J, Gründler AE, Mistlberger A, &, Hayler JK, (2001): Central retinal vessel trunk exit and location of glaucomatous parapapillary atrophy in glaucoma. Ophthalmology 108: 1059-1064. (Pubitemid 32500021)
65. Jonas JB, Martus P, &, Budde WM, (2002a): Anisometropia and degree of optic nerve damage in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 134: 547-551. (Pubitemid 35304644)
66. Jonas JB, Martus P, Budde WM, Jünemann A, &, Hayler JK, (2002b): Small neuroretinal rim and large parapapillary atrophy as predictive factors for progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 109: 1561-1567.
67. Jonas JB, Berenshtein E, &, Holbach L, (2003): Anatomic relationship between lamina cribrosa, intraocular space, and cerebrospinal fluid space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 5189-5195. (Pubitemid 37475388)
68. Jonas JB, Berenshtein E, &, Holbach L, (2004): Lamina cribrosa thickness and spatial relationships between intraocular space and cerebrospinal fluid space in highly myopic eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45: 2660-2665. (Pubitemid 38998862)
69. Kain S, Morgan WH, &, Yu DY, (2009): New observations concerning the nature of the central retinal vein pulsation. Br J Ophthalmol. [Epub ahead of print]
70. Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, Miller NR, &, Huber AR, (2006): The optic nerve: a new window into cerebrospinal fluid composition? Brain 129: 1027-1030.
71. Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, Miller NR, Huber AR, &, Mironov A, (2007): Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between the intracranial and the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve. Is it always bidirectional. Brain 130: 514-520. (Pubitemid 46181104)
72. Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, &, Miller NR, (2008): Is open-angle glaucoma caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation: around the optic nerve? Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 36: 308-311. (Pubitemid 352015170)
73. Kitazawa Y, Shirato S, &, Yamamoto T, (1986): Optic disc hemorrhage in low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 93: 853-857. (Pubitemid 16068361)
74. Lashutka MK, Chandra A, Murray HN, Philipps GS, &, Hiestand BC, (2004): The relationship of intraocular pressure to intracranial pressure. Ann Emerg Med 43: 585-591. (Pubitemid 38560404)
75. Lenfeldt N, Koskinen LO, Bergenheim AT, Malm J, &, Eklund A, (2007): CSF pressure assessed by lumbar puncture agrees with intracranial pressure. Neurology 68: 155-158. (Pubitemid 46071903)
76. Leske C, Connell A, Schachat AP, &, Hyman L, (1994): The Barbados Eye Study. Prevalence of open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 112: 821-829. (Pubitemid 24180521)
77. Levy NS, (1974): The effects of elevated intraocular pressure on slow axonal protein flow. Invest Ophthalmol 13: 691-695.
78. Magnaes B, (1976): Body position and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Part 2: clinical studies on orthostatic pressure and the hydrostatic indifferent point. J Neurosurg 44: 698-705.
79. Minckler DS, Tso MOM, &, Zimmermann LE, (1976): A light microscopic, autoradiographic study of axonal transport in the optic nerve head during ocular hypotony, increased intraocular pressure, and papilledema. Am J Ophthalmol 82: 741-757.
80. Mitchell P, Smith W, Attebo K, &, Healey PR, (1996): Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 103: 1661-1669. (Pubitemid 26357144)
81. Mitchell P, Lee AJ, Wang JJ, &, Rochtchina E, (2005): Intraocular pressure over the clinical range of blood pressure: blue Mountains Eye Study findings. Am J Ophthalmol 140: 131-132. (Pubitemid 41008103)
82. Morgan WH, Yu DY, Cooper RL, Alder VA, Cringle SJ, &, Constable IJ, (1995): The influence of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the lamina cribrosa tissue pressure gradient. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36: 1163-1172.
83. Morgan WH, Yu DY, Cooper RL, Alder VA, Cringle SJ, &, Constable IJ, (1997): Retinal artery and vein pressures in the dog and their relationship to aortic, intraocular, and cerebrospinal fluid pressures. Microvasc Res 53: 211-221. (Pubitemid 27273901)
84. Morgan WH, Yu DY, Alder VA, Cringle SJ, Cooper RL, House PH, &, Constable IJ, (1998): The correlation between cerebrospinal fluid pressure and retrolaminar tissue pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39: 1419-1428. (Pubitemid 28307367)
85. Morgan WH, Chauhan BC, Yu DY, Cringle SJ, Alder VA, &, House PH, (2002): Optic disc movement with variations in intraocular and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43: 3236-3242.
86. Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, Azar SL, House PH, Yu DY, Cringle SJ, &, Balaratnasingam C, (2004): Retinal venous pulsation in glaucoma and glaucoma suspects. Ophthalmology 111: 1489-1494. (Pubitemid 39030800)
87. Morgan WH, Yu DY, &, Balaratnasingam C, (2008a): The role of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma pathophysiology: the dark side of the optic disc. J Glaucoma 17: 408-413.
88. Morgan WH, Cringle SJ, Balaratnasingam C, &, Yu DY, (2008b): Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation and its relationship to glaucoma. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 36: 802-803.
89. Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, Balaratnasingamm C, Chan H, House PH, Barry CJ, Cringle SJ, &, Yu DY, (2009): The association between retinal vein ophthalmodynamometric force change and optic disc excavation. Br J Ophthalmol 93: 594-596.
90. Nicolela MT, Ferrier SN, Morrison CA, Archibald ML, LeVatte TL, Wallace K, Chauhan BC, &, LeBlanc RP, (2003): Effects of cold-induced vasospasm in glaucoma: the role of endothelin-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 2565-2572. (Pubitemid 36618416)
91. Quigley HA, (1993): Open-angle glaucoma. N Engl J Med 328: 1097-1106. (Pubitemid 23097800)
92. Quigley HA, &, Anderson DR, (1976): The dynamics and location of axonal transport blockade by acute intraocular pressure elevation in primate optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 15: 606-616.
93. Radius RL, (1981): Regional specificity in anatomy at the lamina cribrosa. Arch Ophthalmol 99: 478-480. (Pubitemid 11147110)
94. Radius RL, &, Anderson DR, (1979): The course of axons through the retina and the optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol 97: 1154-1158. (Pubitemid 9187852)
95. Radius RL, Maumenee AE, &, Green WR, (1978): Pit-like changes of the optic nerve head in open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 62: 389-393. (Pubitemid 8357367)
96. Ren R, Wang N, Li B, Li L, Gao F, Xu X, &, Jonas JB, (2009a): Lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera histomorphometry in normal and advanced glaucomatous Chinese eyes with normal and elongated axial length. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 2175-2184.
97. Ren R, Jonas JB, Tian G, et al., (2010): Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma. A prospective study. Ophthalmology 117: 259-266.
98. Rensch F, &, Jonas JB, (2008): Microperimetric changes after intravitreal bevacizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 86: 696-697.
99. Roberts MD, Liang Y, Sigal IA, Grimm J, Reynaud J, Bellezza A, Burgoyne CF, &, Downs JC, (2010): Correlation between local stress and strain and lamina cribrosa connective tissue volume fraction in normal monkey eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51: 295-307.
100. Sajjadi SA, Harirchian MH, Sheikhbahaei N, Mohebbi MR, Malekmadani MH, &, Saberi H, (2006): The relation between intracranial and intraocular pressures: study of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 59: 867-870. (Pubitemid 43673166)
101. Sander EA, Downs JC, Hart RT, Burgoyne CF, &, Nauman EA, (2006): A cellular solid model of the lamina cribrosa: mechanical dependence on morphology. J Biomech Eng 128: 879-889. (Pubitemid 46144920)
102. Siegner SW, &, Netland PA, (1996): Optic disc hemorrhages and progression of glaucoma. Ophthalmology 103: 1014-1024. (Pubitemid 26249550)
103. Sigal IA, (2009): Interactions between geometry and mechanical properties on the optic nerve head. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 2785-2795.
104. Sigal IA, &, Ethier CR, (2009): Biomechanics of the optic nerve head. Exp Eye Res 88: 799-807.
105. Sigal IA, Flanagan JG, Tertinegg I, &, Ethier CR, (2004): Finite element modeling of optic nerve head biomechanics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45: 4378-4387. (Pubitemid 39564663)
106. Sigal IA, Flanagan JG, &, Ethier CR, (2005): Factors influencing optic nerve head biomechanics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46: 4189-4199. (Pubitemid 44264622)
107. Sigal IA, Flanagan JG, Tertinegg I, &, Ethier CR, (2007): Predicted extension, compression and shearing of optic nerve head tissues. Exp Eye Res 85: 312-322. (Pubitemid 47259048)
108. Sigal IA, Flanagan JG, Tertinegg I, &, Ethier CR, (2010): 3D morphometry of the human optic nerve head. Exp Eye Res 90: 70-80.
109. Sommer A, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Gottsch JD, Javitt J, &, Singh K, (1991): Relationship between intraocular pressure and primary open angle glaucoma among white and black Americans. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Arch Ophthalmol 109: 1090-1095.
110. Spaeth GL, Hitchings RA, &, Silavingam E, (1976): The optic disc in glaucoma: pathogenetic correlation of five patterns of cupping in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 81: Op-217-223.
111. Strouthidis NG, Yang H, Downs JC, &, Burgoyne CF, (2009): Comparison of clinical and three-dimensional histomorphometric optic disc margin anatomy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 2165-2174.
112. Szymansky J, &, Wladyczko S, (1925): Jaskra prosta doswiadczalna. Klin Oczna 3: 145-150.
113. Tezel G, Siegmund KD, Trinkaus K, Wax MB, Kass MA, &, Kolker AE, (2001): Clinical factors associated with progression of glaucomatous optic disc damage in treated patients. Arch Ophthalmol 119: 813-818. (Pubitemid 32530309)
114. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) (2002): 12. Baseline risk factors for sustained loss of visual field and visual acuity in patients with advanced glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 134: 499-512.
115. The AGIS Investigators (2000): The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7 The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Am J Ophthalmol 130: 429-440.
116. Tsukahara S, Hasaka O, Hoshi H, Kawashima C, Whittle IR, &, Phillips CI, (1996): Pathological cupping in normal pressure glaucoma is probably not due to low CSF pressure. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 74: 646. (Pubitemid 27042699)
117. Tuulonen A, Airaksinen PJ, Schwartz B, Alanko HI, &, Juvala PA, (1992): Neuroretinal rim area measurement by configuration and by pallor in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Ophthalmology 99: 1111-1116.
118. Volkov VV, (1976): [Essential element of the glaucomatous process neglected in clinical practice]. Oftalmol Zh 31: 500-504.
119. Wang Y, Xu L, Hu L, Wang Y, Yang H, &, Jonas JB, (2006): Frequency of optic disc hemorrhages in adult Chinese in rural and urban China. The Beijing Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 142: 241-246.
120. Wolff E, &, Penmann GG, (1951): The position occupied by the peripheral retinal fibers in the nerve fiber layer and the nerve head. Concilium Ophthalmologicum, 16th, Britannia: 625-635.
121. Xu L, Li Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, &, Jonas JB, (2007a): Characteristics of highly myopic eyes. The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 114: 121-126. (Pubitemid 46014285)
122. Xu L, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Y, &, Jonas JB, (2007b): High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility. The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 114: 216-220. (Pubitemid 46161786)
123. Xu L, Wang Y, Yang H, &, Jonas JB, (2007c): Differences in parapapillary atrophy between glaucomatous and normal eyes: the Beijing Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 144: 541-546. (Pubitemid 47429606)
124. Xu L, Wang H, Wang Y, &, Jonas JB, (2007d): Intraocular pressure correlated with arterial blood pressure: The Beijing Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 144: 461-462. (Pubitemid 47331394)
125. Xu L, Wang YX, Wang S, &, Jonas JB, (2009a): Definition of high myopia by parapapillary atrophy. The Beijing Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol. [Epub ahead of print]
126. Xu L, Wang YX, &, Jonas JB, (2009b): Follow-up of glaucomatous eyes with optic disc hemorrhages. The Beijing Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol 87: 235.
127. Yablonskiy M, Ritch R, &, Pokorny KS, (1979): Effect of decreased intracranial pressure on optic disc. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18 (Suppl.): 165.
128. Yang H, Downs JC, Sigal IA, Roberts MD, Thompson H, &, Burgoyne CF, (2009): Deformation of the normal monkey optic nerve head connective tissue after acute IOP elevation within 3-D histomorphometric reconstructions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 5785-5799.