Erratum to Generalized individual dental age stages for fossil and extant placental mammals (Paläontol Z, 10.1007/s12542-011-0098-9);Generalized individual dental age stages for fossil and extant placental mammals

Palaontologische Zeitschrift

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 321-339

  Anders, Ulrike ^a   von Koenigswald, Wighart ^a   Ruf, Irina ^a   Smith, B Holly ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Age stages; Dental attrition; Dentition; Eutheria; Paleoecology

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052031110     PISSN: 00310220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12542-011-0101-5     Document Type: Erratum

References (150)

1. Adam, K. D. 1994. Anomalien des Zahnwechsels bei Elephas primigenius aus dem Quartär des Oberrheins. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Ser. B. 211: 1-36.
2. Adams, L., and S. G. Watkins. 1967. Annuli in tooth cementum indicate age in California ground squirrels. Journal of Wildlife Management 31(4): 836-839.
3. Allen, J. A. 1913. Ontogenetic and other variations in muskoxen, with a systematic review of the muskox group, recent and extinct. Memoires American Museum Natural History, N. S. 1(4): 103-226.
4. Anemone, R. L., E. S. Watts, and D. R. Swindler. 1991. Dental development of known-age chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes (Primates, Pongidae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86: 229-241.
5. Asher, R. J., and T. Lehmann. 2008. Dental eruption in afrotherian mammals. BMC Biology 6(14): 1-11.
6. Azorit, C., M. Analla, R. Carrasco, J. A. Calvo, and J. Munoz-Cobo. 2002. Teeth eruption pattern in red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in southern Spain. Anales de Biologia 24: 107-114.
7. Baumann, D. F. 1949. Die freilebenden Säugetiere der Schweiz. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.
8. Bergerud, A. T. 1970. Eruption of permanent premolars and molars for Newfoundland caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management 34(4): 962-963.
9. Bernor, L. B., H. Tobien, L. C. Hayek, and H. Mittmann. 1997. Hippotherium primigenium (Equidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Höwenegg. Andrias 10: 1-230.
10. Bivin, W. S., and R. C. McClure. 1976. Deciduous tooth chronology in the mandible of the domestic pig. Journal of Dental Research 55(4): 591-597.
11. Bodkin, J. L., J. A. Ames, R. J. Jameson, A. M. Johnson, and G. M. Matson. 1997. Estimating age of sea otters with cementum layers in the first premolar. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 967-973.
12. Boule, M. 1921. Les hommes fossiles-éléments de palaéontologie humaine. Paris: Masson et Cie.
13. Bowen, W. H., and G. Koch. 1970. Determination of age in monkeys (Macaca irius) on the basis of dental development. Laboratory Animals 4: 113-123.
14. Bromage, T. T., and M. C. Dean. 1985. Re-evaluation of the age at death of immature hominids. Nature 317: 525-527.
15. Bromée-Skuncke, F. 1952. Über Zahnentwicklung beim Rentier, verglichen mit denen einiger anderen Cerviden. Arkiv För Zoologi 1(4): 1-43.
16. Brömel, J., and K. Zettl. 1974. Beitrag zur Altersbestimmung beim Rotfuchs. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 20: 96-104.
17. Brothwell, D. R. 1972. Digging up bones. The excavation, treatment and study of human skeletal remains. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
18. Brown, F. H., J. Harris, R. Leakey, and A. Walker. 1985. Early Homo erectus from West Lake Turkana. Nature 316: 788-792.
19. Cahill, D. R., and S. C. Marks Jr. 1982. Chonology and histology of exfoliation and eruption of mandibular premolars in dogs. Journal of Morphology 171: 213-218.
20. Chaplin, R. E., and R. W. G. White. 1969. The use of tooth eruption and wear, body weight and antler characteristics in the age estimation of male wild and park fallow deer (Dama dama). Journal of Zoology London 157: 125-132.
21. Chase, J. E., and R. W. Cooper. 1969. Saguinus nigricollis-physical growth and dental eruption in a small population of captive-born individuals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30: 111-116.
22. Cifelli, R. L., and C. de Muizon. 1998. Tooth eruption and replacement pattern in early marsupials. Compte Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes 326: 215-220.
23. Conroy, G. C., and M. W. Vannier. 1987. Dental development of the Taung skull from computerized tomography. Nature 329: 625-627.
24. Costello, C. M., K. H. Inman, D. E. Jones, R. M. Inman, B. C. Thompson, and H. B. Quigley. 2004. Reliability of the cementum annuli technique for estimating age of black bears in New Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 169-176.
25. Crowe, D. M. 1972. The presence of annuli in bobcat tooth cementum layers. Journal of Wildlife Management 36(4): 1330-1332.
26. Dart, R. 1925. Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa. Nature 115: 195-199.
27. Dean, M. C., and B. A. Wood. 1981. Developing pongid dentition and its use for ageing individual crania in comperative cross-sectional growth studies. Folia Primatologica 36: 111-127.
28. Donachie, M. A., and A. W. G. Walls. 1995. Assessment of tooth wear in an ageing population. Journal of Dentistry 23(3): 157-164.
29. Donachie, M. A., and A. W. G. Walls. 1996. The tooth wear index: a flawed epidemiological tool in an ageing population group. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 24: 152-158.
30. Driesch, A. V. D. 1976. Das Vermessen von Tierknochen aus vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungen. München: Inst. f. Paläoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin d. Univ. München.
31. Finch, C. 1990. Longevity, senescence, and the genome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Franzen, J. L. 2006. Die Urpferde der Morgenröte. Ursprung und Evolution der Pferde. Heidelberg: Elsevier (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag).
33. Franzen, J. L. 2007. Eozäne Equoidea (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) aus der Grube Messel bei Darmstadt (Deutschland). Schweizer Paläontologische Abhandlungen 127: 1-243.
34. Franzen, J. L., P. D. Gingerich, J. Habersetzer, J. H. Hurum, W. V. Koenigswald, and H. B. Smith. 2009. Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany. Morphology and paleobiology. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5723.
35. Frison, G. C., M. Wilson, and D. J. Wilson. 1976. Fossil bison and artifacts from an early altithermal period arroyo trap in Wyoming. American Antiquity 41(1): 28-57.
36. Fuller, W. A. 1959. The horns and teeth as indicators of age in bison. Journal of Wildlife Management 23(3): 343-344.
37. Gasaway, W. C., D. B. Harkness, and R. A. Rausch. 1978. Accuracy of moose age determinations from incisor cementum layers. Journal of Wildlife Management 42(3): 558-563.
38. Gee, K. L., J. H. Holman, M. K. Causey, A. N. Rossi, and J. B. Armstrong. 2002. Aging white-tailed deer by tooth replacement and wear: a critical evaluation of time-honored technique. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(2): 387-393.
39. Geiger, G., J. Brömel, and K. H. Habermehl. 1977. Konkordanz verschiedener Methoden der Altersbestimmung beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes L., 1758). Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 23: 57-64.
40. Giannini, N. P., J. R. Wible, and N. B. Simmons. 2006. On the cranial osteology of Chiroptera. I. Pteropus (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 295: 1-134.
41. Gingerich, P. D., M. ul-Haq, W. V. Koenigswald, W. J. Sanders, B. H. Smith, and I. S. Zalmout. 2009. New protocetid whale from the middle eocene of Pakistan: Birth on land, precocial development, and sexual dimorphism. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4366.
42. Goddard, J. 1970. Age criteria and vital statistics of a black rhinoceros population. East African Wildlife Journal 8: 105-121.
43. Grandal-D'Anglade, A., and J. R. Vidal Romaní. 1997. A population study on the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus Ros.-Hein.) from Cova Eirós (Triacastela, Galicia, Spain). Geobios 30(5): 723-731.
44. Grau, G. A., G. C. Sanderson, and J. P. Rogers. 1970. Age determination of raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Management 34(2): 364-372.
45. Greenfield, H. J., and E. R. Arnold. 2008. Absolute age and tooth eruption and wear sequences in sheep and goat: Determining age-at-death in zooarchaeology using a modern control sample. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 836-849.
46. Gustafson, G. 1950. Age determination on teeth. The Journal of the American Dental Association 41: 45-54.
47. Habermehl, D. K.-H. 1975. Die Altersbestimmung bei Haus- und Labortieren. Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey.
48. Habermehl, D. K.-H. 1985. Altersbestimmung bei Wild- und Pelztieren. Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey.
49. Habermehl, D. K.-H., and D. Röttcher. 1967. Die Möglichkeit der Altersbestimmung beim Marder und Iltis. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaften 13: 89-102.
50. Hamlin, K. L., D. F. Pac, C. A. Sime, R. M. DeSimone, and G. L. Dusek. 2000. Evaluating the accuracy of ages obtained by two methods for Montana ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(2): 441-449.
51. Harman, M. T., and A. Smith. 1936. Some observations of the development of the teeth in Cavia cobaya. Anatomical Record 66: 97-111.
52. Harvey, P. H., and T. H. Clutton-Brock. 1985. Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39: 559-581.
53. Heizmann, E., and V. Fahlbusch. 1983. Die mittelmiozäne Wirbeltierfauna vom Steinberg (Nördlinger Ries). Eine Übersicht. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologieund historische Geologie 23: 83-93.
54. Hitchins, P. M. 1978. Age determination of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis Linn.) in Zululand. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 8: 71-80.
55. Hünermann, K. A. 1989. Die Nashornskelette (Aceratherium incisivum Kaup 1832) aus dem Jungtertiär vom Höwenegg im Hegau (Südwestdeutschland). Andrias 6: 5-116.
56. Johanson, D., and B. Edgar. 2000. Lucy und ihre Kinder. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
57. Kelley, J., and G. T. Schwartz. 2010. Dental development and life history in living African and Asian apes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107(3): 1035-1040.
58. Kelley, J., and T. M. Smith. 2003. Age at first molar emergence in early Miocene Afropithecus turkanensis and life history evolution in the Hominoidea. Journal of Human Evolution 44: 307-329.
59. Kilgore, L. 1989. Dental pathologies in ten free-ranging chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80: 219-227.
60. Klein, R., and K. Cruz-Uribe. 1983. The computation of ungulate age (mortality) profiles from dental crown heights. Paleobiology 9(1): 70-78.
61. Knußman, R. R., and R. Martin. 1988. Anthropologie: Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen, Bd. I/1. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
62. Koenigswald, W. V. 1982. Zum Verständnis der Morphologie der Wühlmausmolaren (Arvicolidae, Rodentia, Mammalia). Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, Berlin 10: 951-962.
63. Koenigswald, W. V. 1989. Das Mammut von Polch bei Mayen (Eifel). Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 39: 87-97.
64. Koenigswald, W. V., H. Smith, and T. Keller. 2006. Supernumerary teeth in a subadult rhino mandible (Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis) from the middle Pleistocene of Mosbach in Wiesbaden (Germany). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 81(4): 416-428.
65. Krebs, B. 1991. Das Skelett von Henkelotherium guimarotae gen. et sp. nov. (Eupantotheria, Mammalia) aus dem Oberen Jura von Portugal. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A 133: 1-121.
66. Kubota, K., H. Komuro, F. Nagasaki, M. Tsuboi, and K. Matsumoto. 1961. The calcification of teeth of the fur seals. Okajimas, Folia Anatomica Japonica 37: 389-419.
67. Kurtén, B. 1953. On the variation and population dynamics of fossil and recent mammal populations. Acta Zoologica Fennica 76: 1-122.
68. Kurtén, B. 1954. Population dynamics-a new method in paleontology. Journal of Paleontology 28(3): 286-292.
69. Langer, P. 2008. The phases of maternal investment in eutherian mammals. Zoology 111: 148-162.
70. Layne, J. N. 1968. Ontogeny. In J. A. King, editor. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia), special publication no. 2, 148-253. USA: The American Society of Mammalogists.
71. Linhart, S. B., and F. F. Knowlton. 1967. Determining age of coyotes by tooth cementum layers. Journal of Wildlife Management 31(2): 362-365.
72. Loison, A., L. C. Cuyler, J. D. C. Linnell, and A. Landa. 2001. Sex, age, condition, and tooth wear of harvested caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus in West Greenland, 1995-1998. Wildlife Biology 7(4): 263-273.
73. Louguet, S. 2006. Determining the age of death of proboscids and rhinocerotids from dental attrition. In D. Ruscillo, editor. Recent advances in aging and sexing animal bones, 179-188. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
74. Lovejoy, C. O. 1985. Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 47-56.
75. Lowe, V. P. W. 1967. Teeth as indicators of age with special reference to red deer (Cervus elaphus) of known age from Rhum. Journal of Zoology (London) 152: 137-153.
76. Magnell, O., and R. Carter. 2007. The chronology of tooth development in wild boar-a guide to age determination of linear enamel hypoplasia in prehistoric and medieval pigs. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika 40(62): 43-48.
77. Marks, S. M., and A. W. Erickson. 1966. Age determination in the black bear. Journal of Wildlife Management 30(2): 389-410.
78. Marks Jr., S. C., and H. E. Schroeder. 1996. Tooth eruption: Theory and facts. The Anatomical Record 245: 374-393.
79. Matschke, G. H. 1967. Aging European wild hogs by dentition. Journal of Wildlife Management 31(1): 109-113.
80. Miles, A. E. W. 1963. Dentition in the estimation of age. Journal of Dental Research 42: 255-263.
81. Miles, A. E. W. 2001. The Miles Method of assessing age from tooth wear revisited. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 973-982.
82. Miller, F. L. 1972. Eruption and attrition of mandibular teeth in Barren-Ground caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management 36(2): 606-982.
83. Miura, S. 1985. Horn and cementum annulation as age criteria in Japanese serow. Journal of Wildlife Management 49(1): 152-156.
84. Molnar, S. 1971. Human tooth wear, tooth function, and cultural variability. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34: 175-190.
85. Moorrees, C. F. A., E. A. Fanning, and E. E. Hunt. 1963. Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. Journal of Dental Research 4: 267-285.
86. Moran, N. C., and T. P. O'Connor. 1994. Age attribution in domestic sheep by skeletal and dental maturation: A pilot study of available sources. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 4: 267-285.
87. Morris, P. 1972. A review of mammalian age determination methods. Mammal Review 2(3): 69-104.
88. Munro, N. D., G. Bar-Oz, and A. J. Stutz. 2009. Aging mountain gazelle (Gazella gazelle): refining methods of tooth eruption and wear and bone fusion. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 752-763.
89. Nagao, M. 1992. The effects of aging on mastication. Nutrition Reviews 50(12): 434-437.
90. Nishijima, K., S. Kuwahara, T. Ohno, O. Miyaishi, Y. Ito, Y. Sumi, and S. Tanaka. 2007. Occlusal tooth wear in female F344/N rats with aging. Archives of Oral Biology 52: 844-849.
91. Nissen, H. W., and A. H. Riesen. 1964. The eruption of the permanent dentition of chimpanzee. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 22: 285-294.
92. Nostrand, F. C. V., and A. B. Stephenson. 1964. Age determination for beavers by tooth development. Journal of Wildlife Management 28(3): 430-434.
93. Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. Washington DC: John Hopkins University Press.
94. Owen, R. 1959. On the Megatherium (Megatherium Americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach). Part IV Bones of the anterior extremeties. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London 149: 809-829.
95. Penzhorn, B. L. 1982. Age determination in Cape Mountain zebras Equus zebra zebra in the Mountain Zebra National Park. Koedoe 25: 89-102.
96. Popowics, T. E. 1998. Ontogeny of postcanine tooth form in ferret, Mustela putorius (Carnivora: Mammalia), and the evolution of dental diversity within the Mustelidae. Journal of Morphology 237: 69-90.
97. Popowics, T. E., and M. Fortelius. 1997. On the cutting edge: tooth blade sharpness in herbivorous and faunivorous mammals. Annales Zoologici Fennici 34: 73-88.
98. Possmann Dias, D. 2005. Die Altersschätzung des Pferdes auf Grund morphologischer Veränderungen an den Zähnen-eine Literaturstudie mit einem Lernprogramm zur Zahnerhaltung. München: Tierärztliche Fakultät Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität.
99. Promislow, D. E. L., and P. H. Harvey. 1990. Living fast and dying young: A comparative analyses of life-history variation among mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 220: 417-437.
100. Puech, P. F. 1981. Tooth wear in La Ferrassie Man. Current Anthropology 22(4): 424-430.
101. Quimby, D. C., and J. E. Gaab. 1957. Mandibular dentition as an age indicator in Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 21(4): 435-451.
102. Ratti, P., and K.-H. Habermehl. 1977. Untersuchungen zur Altersschätzung und Altersbestimmung beim Alpensteinbock (Capra ibex ibex) im Kanton Graubünden. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaften 23(4): 188-213.
103. Rausch, R. L. 1961. Notes on the black bear, Ursus americanus Pallas, in Alaska, with particular reference to dentition and growth. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 26: 77-107.
104. Reeder, W. G. 1953. The deciduous dentition of the fish-eating bat, Pizonyx vivesi. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 545: 1-3.
105. Rees, J. W., R. A. Kainer, and R. W. Davis. 1966. Chronology of mineralization and eruption of mandibular teeth in mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 30(3): 629-631.
106. Reimers, E., and O. Nordby. 1968. Relationship between age and tooth cementum layers in Norwegian reindeer. Journal of Wildlife Management 32(4): 957-961.
107. Rhomberg, R. 1932. Zahngestalt und Zahnentwicklung, untersucht am Gebisse des Hausschweines (Sus scrofa L.). Anatomy and Embryology 99(1-2): 148-202.
108. Robinette, W. L., D. A. Jones, G. Rogers, and J. S. Gashwiler. 1957. Notes on tooth development and wear for Rocky Mountain mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 21(2): 134-153.
109. Roksandic, M., D. Vlak, M. A. Schillaci, and D. Voicu. 2009. Technical note: Applicabillity of tooth cementum annulation to an archaeological population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140(3): 583-588.
110. Ryel, L. A., L. D. Fay, and R. C. van Etten. 1961. Validity of age determination in Michigan deer. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 46: 289-316.
111. Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. 2010. Suture closure as a paradigm to study late growth in recent and fossil mammals: A case study with giant deer and dwarf deer skulls. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(6): 1895-1898.
112. Schour, I., and M. Massler. 1941. The development of the human dentition. Journal of the American Dental Association 28: 1153-1160.
113. Schultz, A. H. 1935. Eruption and decay of the permanent teeth in primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 14(4): 489-581.
114. Schultz, A. H. 1960. Age changes in primates and their modification in man. In J. M. Tanner, editor. Human growth, 1-20. Oxford: Pergamon.
115. Schwalbe, G. 1914. Über einen bei Ehringsdorf in der Nähe von Weimar gefundenen Unterkiefer des Homo primigenius. Anatomischer Anzeiger 47: 337-345.
116. Scott, E. C. 1979. Dental wear scoring technique. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51: 213-218.
117. Severinghaus, C. W. 1949. Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 13(2): 195-216.
118. Shigehara, N. 1980. Epiphyseal union, tooth eruption, and sexual maturation in the common tree shrew, with references to its systematic problem. Primates 21(1): 1-19.
119. Sikes, S. K. 1966. The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age. Journal of Zoology (London) 150: 279-295.
120. Sikes, S. K. 1968. The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age. Journal of Zoology (London) 154: 235-248.
121. Slaughter, B. H., R. H. Pine, and N. E. Pine. 1974. Eruption of cheek teeth in Insectivora and Carnivora. Journal of Mammalogy 55(1): 115-125.
122. Smith, B. H. 1984. Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63: 39-56.
123. Smith, B. H. 1991. Age of weaning approximates emergence of the first permanent molar in non-human primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology [suppl.] 12: 163-164.
124. Smith, B. H. 1992. Life history and evolution of human maturation. Evolutionary Anthopology 1(4): 134-142.
125. Smith, B. H. 1993. The physiological age of KNM-WT 15000. In R. Leakey, and A. Walker, editors. The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton, p. 195-220. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
126. Smith, B. H. 2000. 'Schultz's rule' and the evolution of tooth emergence and replacement patterns in primates and ungulates. In M. F. Teaford, M. M. Smith, and M. W. J. Ferguson, editors. Development, function and evolution of teeth, p. 212-227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
127. Smith, B. H., T. L. Crummett, and K. I. Brandt. 1994. Ages of eruption of primate teeth: a compendium for aging individuals and comparing life histories. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37: 177-231.
128. Smith, T. M., D. J. Reid, M. C. Dean, A. J. Olejniczak, and L. B. Martin. 2007. Molar development in common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Human Evolution 52: 201-216.
129. Spinage, C. A. 1972. Age estimation of zebra. East African Wildlife Journal 10: 273-277.
130. Spinage, C. A. 1973. A review of the age determination of mammals by means of teeth, with especial reference to Africa. East African Wildlife Journal 11: 165-187.
131. Stander, P. E. 1997. Field age determination of leopards by tooth wear. African Journal of Ecology 35: 156-161.
132. Stavrianos, C., D. Mastagas, I. Stavrianou, and O. Karaiskou. 2008. Dental age estimation of adults: A review of methods and principals. Research Journal of Medical Science 2(5): 258-268.
133. Stiner, M. C. 1998. Mortality analysis of Pleistocene bears and its palaeoanthropological relevance. Journal of Human Evolution 34: 303-326.
134. Stubbe, M. 1965. Zur Biologie der Raubtiere eines abgeschlossenen Waldgebietes. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 11: 73-102.
135. Thomas, D. C., and P. J. Bandy. 1975. Accuracy of dental-wear age estimates of black-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 39(4): 674-678.
136. Tobien, H. 1959. Hipparion-Funde aus dem Jungtertiär des Höwenegg (Hegau). Aus der Heimat 67: 121-132.
137. Tobien, H. 1986. Die jungtertiäre Fossilgrabungstätte Höwenegg im Hegau (Südwestdeutschland). Ein Statusbericht. Carolinea 44: 9-34.
138. van Aarde, R. J. 1985. Age determination of cape porcupines, Hystrix africaeaustralis. South African Journal of Zoology 20: 232-236.
139. van Horn, R. C., T. L. McElhinny, and K. E. Holekamp. 2003. Age estimation and dispersal in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Morphology 84(3): 1019-1030.
140. van Nievelt, A. F. H., and K. K. Smith. 2005. To replace or not to replace: the significance of reduced functional tooth replacement in marsupial and placental mammals. Paleobiology 31(2): 324-346.
141. Vlček, E. 1993. Fossile Menschenreste von Weimar-Ehringsdorf. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag.
142. Walker, P. L., G. Dean, and P. Shapiro. 1991. Estimating age from tooth wear in archaeological populations. In M. Kelley, and C. S. Larson, editors. Advances in dental anthropology, p., 169-178. New York: Wiley-Liss.
143. Weaver, M. E., E. B. Jump, and C. F. McKean. 1966. The eruption pattern of deciduous teeth in miniature swine. Anatomical Record 154: 81-86.
144. Weaver, M. E., E. B. Jump, and C. F. McKean. 1969. The eruption pattern of permanent teeth in miniature swine. Archives of Oral Biology 14: 323-331.
145. Weigl, R. 2005. Longevity of mammals in captivity, from the living collections of the world. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
146. Welsch, U. 1967. Tooth wear in living pongids. Journal of Dental Research 46: 989-992.
147. Wilson, D., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Washington DC: Smithsonian Books.
148. Wittmann, S. 2004. Zur Altersbeurteilung beim Wildschwein (Sus scrofa, Linné, 1758) mit Hilfe von Merkmalen an den Zähnen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Canini. Gießen: Experimentelle Zahnheilkunde und Oralbiologie Justus-Liebig-Universität.
149. Wolfe, M. L. 1969. Age determination in moose from cemental layers of molar teeth. Journal of Wildlife Management 33(2): 428-431.
150. Yu, H.-T., and Y.-S. Lin. 1999. Age, reproduction, and demography of the spiny rat (Muridae: Niviventer coxingi) in subtropical Taiwan. Zoological Studies 38(2): 153-163.