Congress, Courts, and Commerce: Upholding the Individual Mandate to Protect the Public's Health

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 394-400

  Hodge, James G ^a   Brown, Erin C Fuse ^a   Orenstein, Daniel G ^a   O'Keefe, Sarah ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; CONFERENCE PAPER; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MANDATORY PROGRAM; PUBLIC HEALTH; UNITED STATES;

COMMERCE; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HUMANS; MANDATORY PROGRAMS; PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT; PUBLIC HEALTH; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80052005741     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00609.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (52)

1. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), Pub. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010).
2. R. Barnett, "A Noxious Commandment, "New York Times, December 13, 2010, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
3. Associated Press, "Florida: Six More States Sue over Health Care Law, "New York Times, January 18, 2011, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
4. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, Oral Argument Calendar, 5/10/11-5/3/11 Session, at 2, available at <> (last visited May 29, 2011); U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, Affordable Care Act Oral Argument, available at <> (last visited May 29, 2011).
5. K. Sack, "Federal Judge Rules That Health Law Violates Constitution, "New York Times, January 31, 2011, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
6. Institute of Medicine, Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations, Report Brief, January 2004, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
7. A. Nagourney and D. M. Herszenhorn, "Republicans Call Health Legislation a Tax Increase, "New York Times, October 2, 2009, at A22.
8. Thomas More Law Ctr. v. Obama, 720 F. Supp. 2d 882 (E.D. Mich. 2010); Liberty Univ., Inc. v. Geithner, - F. Supp. 2d -, 2010 WL 4860299 (W.D. Va. Nov. 30, 2010); Mead v. Holder, - F. Supp. 2d -, 2011 WL 611139 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2011).
9. Thomas More Law Ctr., 720 F. Supp. 2d at 894.
10. Mead, 2011 WL 611139 at *18; Liberty Univ., 2010 WL 4860299 at *15 ("Far from 'inactivity, ' by choosing to forgo insurance, Plaintiffs are making an economic decision to try to pay for health care services later, out of pocket, rather than now, through the purchase of insurance.").
11. Mead, 2011 WL 611139 at *18.
12. Thomas More Law Ctr., 720 F. Supp. 2d at 894 (citing Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 30 (2005); Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111, 127-28 (1942); Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964)); Liberty Univ., 2010 WL 4860299 at *15 (citing Wickard, 317 U.S. at 128)(describing Congress' power to regulate "practices affecting" prices in interstate commerce).
13. Virginia ex rel. Cuccinelli v. Sebelius, 728 F. Supp. 2d 768 (E.D. Va. 2010); Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., - F. Supp.2d. -, 2011 WL 285683 (N.D. Fla. Jan. 31, 2011).
14. Virginia v. Sebelius, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 782.
15. Wickard, 317 U.S. 111 (1942).
16. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005).
17. E.g., Virginia v. Sebelius, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 777.
18. Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., - F. Supp.2d. 2011 WL 285683, *22 (N.D. Fla. Jan. 31, 2011).
19. Florida v. HHS, 2011 WL 285683 at *26.
20. PPACA § 3011.
21. Institute of Medicine, America's Uninsured Crisis: Consequences for Health and Health Care (2009).
22. 155 Cong. Rec. S11990 (daily ed. Nov. 30, 2009) (statement of Sen. Baucus); Abdullah et al., "Analysis of 23 million US hospitalizations: uninsured children have higher all-cause in- hospital mortality, "Journal of Public Health 32, no. 2 (2009): 236-244, at 242.
23. See Institute of Medicine, supra note 39.
24. S. Rep. No. 111-89, at 1 (2009).
25. H.R. Rep. No. 111-443, at 984 (2010).
26. See, e.g., 155 Cong. Rec. S12654 (daily ed. Dec. 8, 2009) (statement of Sen. Udall).
27. Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., - F. Supp.2d. 2011 WL 285683, *39 (N.D. Fla. Jan. 31, 2011).
28. Hodel v. Virginia Surface Min. & Reclamation Ass'n, Inc., 452 U.S. 264, 308 (1981); Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824).
29. Hodel, 452 U.S. at 308; United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100, 114 (1941).
30. Hodel, 452 U.S. at 300.
31. 21 U.S.C. § 301-399; United States v. Walsh, 331 U.S. 432, 434 (1947).
32. United States v. Wiesenfeld Warehouse Co., 376 U.S. 86, 91-92 (1964).
33. 15 U.S.C. § 1331.
34. 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.
35. 29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq.
36. 21 U.S.C. § 801 et seq.
37. 30 U.S.C. § 1202.
38. 18 U.S.C. § 248, United States v. Bird, 401 F.3d 633, 634 (5th Cir. 2005); United States v. Weslin, 156 F.3d 292, 294 (2d Cir. 1998).
39. United States v. Walsh, 331 U.S. 432, 434 (1947).
40. Hodel v. Va. Surface Min. & Reclamation Ass'n, Inc., 452 U.S. 264, 268 (1981).
41. Weslin, 156 F.3d at 294; United States v. Dinwiddie, 76 F.3d 913, 923 (8th Cir. 1996).
42. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995).
43. United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
44. J. M. Balkin and S. Levinson, "Understanding the Constitutional Revolution, "Virginia Law Review 87 (2001): 1045-1109, at 1052-1053; E. Chemerinsky, "The Federalism Revolution, "New Mexico Law Review 31 (2001): 7-30, at 7-8; J. A. Gardner, "The Failed Discourse of State Constitutionalism, "Michigan Law Review 90 (1991): 761, 771-778; E. Weeks Leonard, "Rhetorical Federalism: The Value of State-Based Dissent to Federal Health Reform, "Hofstra Law Review 39 (2010): 111-168, at 131.
45. Gonzalez v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 23-24 (2005).
46. Freier v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 303 F.3d 176, 201-202 (2d Cir. 2002); United States v. Beuckelaere, 91 F.3d 781, 785 (6th Cir. 1996); Dinwiddie, 76 F.3d at 92; Weslin, 156 F.3d at 294; United States v. Leshuk, 65 F.3d 1105, 1112 (4th Cir. 1995).
47. Raich, 545 U.S. at 9.
48. J. Hadley and J. Holahan, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, The Cost of Care for the Uninsured: What Do We Spend, Who Pays, and What Would Full Coverage Add to Medical Spending?, May 10, 2004, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
49. K. Davis, The Commonwealth Fund, "In the Literature: The Costs and Consequences of Being Uninsured, "Medical Care Research and Review 60, no. 2, Supp. (June 2003): 89S-99S, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
50. J. Hadley, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, "Sicker and Poorer - The Consequences of Being Uninsured: A Review of the Research on the Relationship between Health Insurance, Medical Care Use, Health, Work, and Income, "Medical Care Research and Review 60, no. 2, Supp. (June 2003): 3S-75S, at 60S, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).
51. PPACA §§ 2001-2004.
52. M. Buettgens, B. Garrett, and J. Holahan, "Why the Individual Mandate Matters, "Urban Institute Timely Analysis of Immediate Health Policy Issues, December 2010, available at <> (last visited May 24, 2011).