Chapter 1: An overview of the petroleum geology of the Arctic

Geological Society Memoir

Volumn 35, Issue , 2011, Pages 1-15

  Spencer, Anthony M ^a   Embry, Ashton F ^b   Gautier, Donald L ^c   Stoupakova, Antonina V ^d   Sørensen, Kai ^e  

^a STATOIL   (Norway)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^c U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^d MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

^e GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONATE; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR; HYDROCARBON RESOURCE; SANDSTONE; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; SOURCE ROCK;

ALASKA; ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; BARENTS SEA; CANADA; EAST GREENLAND; GREENLAND; KARA SEA; MACKENZIE DELTA; NORTHWEST TERRITORIES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80051942860     PISSN: 04354052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/M35.1     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Alvey, A., Gaina, C., Kuznir, N. J. & Torsvik, T. H. 2008. Integrated crustal thickness mapping and plate reconstruction for the high Arctic. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 274, 310-321.
2. Backman, J., Bogdanov, N. et al. 2002. Paleoceanographic and Tectonic Evolution of the Central Arctic Ocean. An iSAS/IODP Proposal. http://www.eso.ecord.org/expeditions/302.
3. Balkwill, H. R., McMillan, N. J., MacLean, B., Williams, G. L. & Srivastava, S. P. 1990. Geology of the Labrador Shelf, Baffin Bay, and Davis Strait. In: Keen, M. J. & Williams, G. L. (eds) Geology of the Continental Margins of Eastern Canada. Geology of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Alberta, 2, 293-348.
4. Beauchamp, B. & Baud, A. 2002. Growth and demise of Permian biogenic chert along northwest Pangea: evidence for end-Permian collapse of thermohaline circulation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 184, 37-63.
5. Birkelund, T. & Perch-Nielsen, K. 1976. Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic evolution of central East Greenland. In: Escher, A. & Watt, W. S. (eds) Geology of Greenland. Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen, 305-339.
6. Bogdanov, N. A. & Khain, V. E. (eds) 1996. Tectonic Map of the Barents Sea and Northern Part of European Russia. Institute of Lithosphere of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Scale 1:2.5 mio; 2 sheets. Moscow.
7. Bojesen-Koefoed, J. A., Christiansen, F. G., Nytoft, H. P. & Pedersen, A. K. 1999. Oil seepage onshore West Greenland: evidence of multiple source rocks and oil mixing. In: Fleet, A. J. & Boldy, S. A. R. (eds) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 5'th Conference. Geological Society, London, 305-314.
8. Brooks, P. W., Embry, A. F., Goodarzi, F. & Stewart, R. 1992. Organic geochemistry and biological marker geochemistry of Schei Point Group (Triassic) and recovered oils from the Sverdrup Basin (Arctic Islands, Canada). Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 40, 173-187.
9. Buchan, K.&Ernst, R. 2006. Giant dyke swarms and the reconstruction of the Canadian Arctic islands, Greenland, Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. In: Hanski, E., Mertanen, S., Ramo, T. & Vuollo, J. (eds) Dyke Swarms - Time Markers of Crustal Evolution. Taylor & Francis, London, 27-42.
10. Christiansen, F. G. & Pulvertaft, T. C. R. 1994. Petroleum-geological activities in 1993: oil source rocks the dominant theme of the season's field programme. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, 160, 52-56.
11. Christiansen, F. G., Olsen, H., Piasecki, S. & Stemmerik, L. 1990. Organic geochemistry of Late Palaeozoic lacustrine shales in East Greenland. Organic Geochemistry, 16, 287-294.
12. Christiansen, F. G., Piasecki, S., Stemmerik, L. & Telnæs, N. 1993. Depositional environment and organic geochemistry of the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation source rock in East Greenland. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 1519-1537.
13. Christiansen, F. G., Bojesen-Kofoed, J. et al. 1996. The Marraat oil discovery on Nuussuaq, West Greenland: evidence for a latest Cretaceous - earliest Tertiary oil source rock in the Labrador Sea- Melville Bay region. Bulletin Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology, 44, 39-54.
14. Dallmann, W. K. (ed.) 1999. Lithostratigraphic Lexicon of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Tromsø.
15. Dibner, V. D. 1998. Geology of Franz Josef Land. Norsk Polarinstitutt, 146, 190.
16. Dixon, J. 1982. Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous subsurface Stratigraphy of the Mackenzie Delta-Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, N.W.T. Geological Survey of Canada, Alberta, Bulletins, 349.
17. Dixon, J. (ed.) 1996. Geological Atlas of the Beaufort-MacKenzie Area. Geological Survey of Canada, Alberta, Miscellaneous Reports, 59.
18. Eardley, A. J. 1961. History of geologic thought on the origin of the Arctic basin. In: Raasch, G. O. (ed.) Geology of the Arctic. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1, 607-621.
19. Embry, A. F. & Balkwill, H. R. 1982. Arctic geology and geophysics. In: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Arctic Geology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Alberta, Memoirs, 8.
20. Embry, A. F.&Dixon, J. 1994. The age of the Amerasia Basin. In: Thurston, D. K. & Fujita, K. (eds) 1992 Proceedings, International Conference on Arctic Margins. United States Mineral Management Service Report no. 94-0040, 289-295.
21. Escher, A. & Watt, W. S. (eds) 1976. Geology of Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Copenhagen.
22. Fjellanger, E.,Kontorovich, A. E.,Barboza, S. A., Burshtein, L. M., Hardy, M. J. & Livshits, V. R. 2010. Charging the giant gas fields of the NW Siberia basin. In: Vining, B. A. & Pickering, S. C. (eds) Petroleum Geology: from Mature Basins to New Frontiers - Proceedings of the 7th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 659-668.
23. Fowler, M., Stasiuk, L.&Avery, M. 2005. Potential petroleum systems in the Labrador Sea and Baffin shelf areas, offshore northeastern Canada. (abs.) In: Organic Geochemistry: Challenges for the 21st Century. Seville, Spain, 22nd International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, European Association of Organic Geochemists, 463-464.
24. Gautier, D., Bird, K. J. et al. 2009. Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic. Science, 324, 1175-1179.
25. Gramberg, I. S. (ed.) 1988. Barents Shelf Plate. VNIIOkeangeologiya. Leningrad, Nedra.
26. Gramberg, I. S. & Pogrebitsky, Yu. E. 1993. Geodynamic system, deep structure and evolution of the Arctic Ocean. In: Gramberg, I. S. (ed.) Evolution of the Geological Process in the Earth. Nauka, Moscow. 146-157 (in Russian).
27. Gramberg, I. S.& Suprunenko, O. I. 2000. Arctic shelf - the future of the oil and gas industry of Russia. In: Arctic is on the Threshold of the Third Millennium. Potential Resources and Ecological Challenges. Nauka, Saint Petersburg, 133-144 (in Russian).
28. Gramberg, I. S., Karasik, A. M., Krasilshchikov, A. A., Pogrebitsky, Yu. E., Sorokov, D. S.&Yashin, D. S. (eds) 1984. Arctic Geology. 27th International Geological Congress, Colloquim 04, Reports, 4. Nauka, Moscow.
29. Gramberg, I. S., Sorokov, D. S.&Suprunenko, O. I. 1993. Oil and gas resources of the Russian shelf. Exploration and Protection of the Depth, 10. 8 (in Russian).
30. Gramberg, I. S., Ivanov, V. L. & Pogrebitskiy, Ju. E. (eds) 2004. Geology and Mineral Deposits of Russia. Book 5. Arctic Seas. VSEGEI, St Petersburg (in Russian).
31. Grantz, A., Johnson, L. & Sweeney, J. F. (eds) 1990. The Arctic Ocean Region. The Geology of North America, L. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
32. Grantz, A., Scott, R. A., Drachev, S. S. & Moore, T. E. 2009. Maps Showing the Sedimentary Successions of the Arctic Region (588-648 to 90°N) that may be Prospective for Hydrocarbons. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, GIS-UDRIL Open-File Spatial Library. World Wide Web Address: http://gisudril.aapg.org/gisdemo/.
33. Gregersen, U. & Bidstrup, T. 2008. Structures and hydrocarbon prospectivity in the northern Davis Strait area, offshore West Greenland. Petroleum Geoscience, 14, 151-166.
34. Gregersen, U., Bidstrup, T., Bojesen-Koefoed, J. A., Christiansen, F. G., Dalhoff, F. & Sønderholm, M. 2007. Petroleum systems and structures offshore central West Greenland: implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 13, 25-28.
35. Grigorenko, Yu. N. & Prishepa, O. M. (eds) 2009. Hydrocarbon Potential of the North-Western and Eastern regions of Russia. Nedra, Saint Petersburg, 271 (in Russian).
36. Gurari, F. G., Devyatov, V. P. & Demin, V. I. (eds) 2005. Geological Structure and Oil and Gas Potential of the Lower-Middle Jurassic in the West Siberia. Novosibirsk, Nauka (in Russian).
37. Haimila, N. E., Kirschner, C. E., Nassichuk, W. W., Ulmishek, G. & Procter, R. M. 1990. Sedimentary basins and their petroleum resource potential of the Arctic Ocean region. In: Grantz, A., Johnson, L. & Sweeney, J. F. (eds) 1990. The Arctic Ocean Region. The Geology of North America, L. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 503-538.
38. Håkansson, E., Heinberg, C. & Stemmerik, L. 1991. Mesozoic and Cenozoic history of the Wandel Sea Basin area, North Greenland. In: Peel, J. S. & Sønderholm, M. (eds) Sedimentary Basins of North Greenland. Grønlands geologiske Undersøgelse, Bulletins, 160, 153-164.
39. Harland, W. B. 1997. The Geology of Svalbard. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 17.
40. Harrison, J. C., St-Onge, M. R. et al. 2008. Geological Map of the Arctic. 1:5 million. Geological Survey of Canada, Alberta, Open File 5816.
41. Henriksen, N. 2008. Geological history of Greenland. Four Billion Years of Earth Evolution. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen.
42. Henriksen, N., Higgins, A. K., Kalsbeek, F. & Pulvertaft, T. C. R. 2009. Greenland from Archaen to Quaternary. Descriptive Text to the Geological Map of Greenland. 1:2.5 million, 2nd edn. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Bulletins, 18.
43. Jakobsson, M., Macnab, R. et al. 2008. An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L07602. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033520.
44. Kontorovich, A. E., Moskvin, V. I. et al. 1997. Main oil source formations of the West Siberian basin. Petroleum Geoscience, 3, 343-358.
45. Kontorovich, A. E., Peters, K. E. et al. 1991. Hydrocarbon biomarkers in oils of the Middle Ob region. Geologiya i Geofizika, 32, 3-34.
46. Kos'ko, M. K., Cecile, M. P., Harrison, J. C., Ganelin, V. G., Khandoshko, N. V. & Lopatin, B. G. 1993. Geology of Wrangel Island, between Chukchi and East Siberian Seas, Northeastern Russia. Geological Survey of Canada, Alberta, Bulletins, 461.
47. Leith, T. L., Weiss, H. M. et al. 1993. Mesozoic hydrocarbon source-rocks of the Arctic region. In: Vorren, T. O., Bergsager, E. et al. (eds) Arctic Geology and Petroleum Potential. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Norwegian Petroleum Society, Special Publications, 2, 1-25.
48. Magoon, L. B.&Dow, W. G. 1994. The petroleum system. In: Magoon, L. B. & Dow, W. G. (eds) The Petroleum System - from Source to Trap. Memoirs of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 60, 3-24.
49. Magoon, L. B., Lillis, P. G., Bird, K. J., Lampe, C. & Peters, K. E. 2003. Alaskan North Slope Petroleum Systems. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, Open-File Report 03-324.
50. Metcalfe, I. & Isozaki, Y. 2009. Current perspectives on the Permian-Triassic boundary and end-Permian. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36, 407-412.
51. Meyerhoff, A. A. 1982. Hydrocarbon resources in Arctic and Subarctic regions. In: Embry, A. F. & Balkwill, H. R. (eds) Arctic Geology and Geophysics. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Alberta, Memoirs, 8, 451-552.
52. Meyerhoff, A.A. & Meyer, R. F. 1987. Geology of heavy crude oil and natural bitumen in the USSR, Mongolia and China. In: Meyer, R. F. (ed.) Exploration for Heavy Crude Oil and Natural Bitumen. AAPG Studies in Geology. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, 25, 31-101.
53. Meyerhoff, H. A. & Meyerhoff, A. A. 1973. Arctic geopolitics. In: Pitcher, M. G. (ed.) Arctic geology. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 19, 646-670.
54. Mickey, M. B., Byrnes, A. P. & Haga, H. 2002. Biostratigraphic evidence for the pre-rift position of the North Slope, Alaska, and Arctic Islands, Canada and Sinemurian incipient rifting of the Canada Basin. In: Miller, E. L., Grantz, A. & Klemperer, S. L. (eds) Tectonic Evolution of the Bering-Chukchi-Arctic Margin and Adjacent Landmasses. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, Special Papers, 360, 67-76.
55. Milanovsky, E. E. (ed.) 2007. Tectonic Map, Russia and Surrounding Territories and Seas. 1:4 million. Cartographia, Moscow (in Russian).
56. Miller, E. L., Grantz, A. & Klemperer, S. L. (eds) 2002. Tectonic Evolution of the Bering Shelf-Chukchi Sea-Arctic Margin and Adjacent Land Masses. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, Special Papers, 360.
57. Moore, T. E.,Wallace, W. K., Bird, K. J., Karl, S. M., Mull, C. G.& Dillon, J. T. 1994. Geology of Northern Alaska. In: Plafker, G. & Berg, H. C. (eds) The Geology of Alaska. Geology of North America, G-1. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 49-140. Moran, K., Blackman, J. et al. 2006. The Cenozoic paleo environment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature, 441, 624-628.
58. Moran, K., Blackman,J. et al. 2006. The Cenozoic paleo environment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature, 441, 624-628.
59. Nairn, A. E. M., Churkin, M., Jr. & Stehli, F. G. (eds) 1981. The Arctic Ocean. The Ocean Basins and Margins 5. Plenum Press, New York.
60. Nikishin, A. M., Ziegler, P. A., Abbott, D., Brunet, M.-F. & Cloetingh, S. 2002. Permo-Triassic intraplate magmatism and rifting in Eurasia: Implications for mantle plumes and mantle dynamics. Tectonophysics, 351, 3-39.
61. Nikonov, N. I., Bogatzki, V. I. et al. 2000. The Timan-Pechora Sedimentary Basin. Atlas of Geological (Lithofacies, Structural and Palaeogeographical) Maps. Timan-Pechora Scientific Research Centre, Ukhta (in Russian).
62. Nokleberg, W. J., Parfenov, L. M. et al. 2001. Phanerozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Circum-North Pacific. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, Professional Papers, 1626.
63. Norris, D.K. & Hughes, O. L. 1997. Mineral and Hydrocarbon Potential. In: Norris, D. K. (ed.) Geology and Mineral and Hydrocarbon Potential of Northern Yukon Territory and Northwestern District of Mackenzie. Geological Survey of Canada, Alberta, Bulletins, 422, 369-396.
64. Nøttvedt, A., Livbjerg, F., Midbøe, P. S. & Rasmussen, E. 1993. Hydrocarbon potential of the Central Spitsbergen Basin. In: Vorren, T. O., Bergsager, E. et al. (eds) Arctic Geology and Petroleum Potential. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publications, 2, 333-361.
65. Ohm, S. E., Karlsen, D. E. & Austin, T. J. F. 2008. Geochemically driven exploration models in uplifted areas: examples from the Norwegian Barents Sea. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 92, 1191-1223.
66. Okulitch, A. V., Lopatin, B. G. & Jackson, H. R. 1989. Circumpolar Geological Map of the Arctic. 1:6 million. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Map 1765A.
67. Peters, K. E., Kontorovich, A. E. et al. 1993. Geochemistry of selected oils and rocks from the central portion of the West Siberian basin, Russia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 863-887.
68. Peters, K. E., Kontorovich, A. E., Huiozinga, B. J., Moldowan, J. M. & Lee, C. Y. 1994. Multiple oil families in the West Siberian basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 78, 893-909.
69. Peters, K. E., Magoon, L. B., Bird, K. J., Valin, Z. C.&Keller, M. A. 2006. North Slope, Alaska: source rock distribution, richness, thermal maturity, and petroleum charge. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 90, 261-292.
70. Peters, K. E., Ramos, L. S., Zumberge, J. E., Scotese, C.R. & Gautier, D. L. 2007. Circum-Arctic Petroleum Systems identified using decision-tree chemometrics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 91, 877-913.
71. Petrov, AI. A. 1994. Biomarkers and geochemical conditions of oil generation in Russia. Geologiya Nefti I Gaza, 6, 13-18.
72. Petrov, O. V., Morozov, A. F., Strelnikov, S. I., Ivanov, V. L., Kaminsky, V. D. & Pogrebitsky, Yu. E. (eds) 2008. Geological Map of Russia and Adjoining Water Covered Areas. 1:2.5 million. All-Russia Geological Research Insitute, St Petersburg.
73. Piasecki, S., Christiansen, F. G. & Stemmerik, L. 1990. Depositional history and organic geochemistry of Carboniferous lacustrine deposits in East Greenland. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 38, 273-287.
74. Pitcher, M. G. (ed.) 1973. Arctic geology. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Arctic Geology. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 19.
75. Plafker, G.&Berg, H. C. (eds) 1994. The Geology of Alaska. Geology of North America, G. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
76. Pogrebitskiy, Yu. E. 1971. Paleotectonic Analysis of the Taimir Fold Belt. Nedra, Leningrad (in Russian).
77. Raasch, G. O. (ed.) 1961. Geology of the Arctic. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
78. Ramberg, I. B., Bryhni, I., Nøttvedt, A. & Rangnes, K. (eds) 2008. The Making of a Land. Geology of Norway. Norsk Geologisk Forening, Trondheim.
79. Rovnin, L. I. 2004. Prospective areas of search for the large and unique oil and gas fields offshore Western Arctic. In: Priority Areas in the Search for Large and Unique oil and Gas Fields. Geoinformmark, Moscow, 25-36 (in Russian).
80. Salmanov, F. K., Gramberg, I. S. & Kleshev, K. A. 1993. Hydrocarbon potential of the Arctic Basins - future of the world energy. Mineral resource of Russia. Economy and Management, 6, 10 (in Russian).
81. Senin, B. V., Shipilov, E. V. & Junov, A. J. 1989. Tectonics of the Arctic Zone Passing from Continent to Ocean. Murmansk Publishing House, Murmansk (in Russian).
82. Sherwood, K. W., Johnson, P. P. et al. 2002. Structure and stratigraphy of the Hanna Trough, U.S. Chukchi Shelf, Alaska. In: Miller, E. L., Grantz, A. & Klemperer, S. L. (eds) Tectonic Evolution of the Bering Shelf-Chukchi Sea-Arctic Margin and Adjacent Land Masses. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, Special Papers, 360, 39-66.
83. Sigmundsson, F., Sionarson, L. A., Sigmundsson, O.& Ingoisson, O.. (eds) 2008. The dynamic geology of Iceland. Jökull. The Icelandic Journal of Earth Sciences. 58, 421.
84. Skorobogatov, V. A., Stroganov, L. V. & Kopeev, V. D. 2003. Geological Structure and Gas-oil Potential of the Yamal. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian).
85. Smelror, M., Petrov, O. V., Larssen, G. B. & Werner, S. (eds) 2009. Atlas. Geological History of the Barents Sea. Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim.
86. Spencer, A. M., Holter, E. et al. (eds) 1984. Petroleum Geology of the North European Margin. Graham & Trotman, London.
87. Stemmerik, L. 2000. Late Palaeozoic evolution of the North Atlantic margin of Pangea. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 161, 95-126.
88. Stemmerik, L. & Håkansson, E. 1991. Carboniferous and Permian history of the Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland. In: Peel, J. S. & Sønderholm, M. (eds) Sedimentary Basins of North Greenland. Grønlands geologiske Undersøgelse, Bulletins, Københaun, 160, 141-151.
89. Surlyk, F., Hurst, J. M. et al. 1986. The Permian of the western margin of the Greenland Sea - a future exploration target. In: Halbouty, M. T. (ed.) Future Petroleum Provinces of the World. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 40, 629-659.
90. Timonin, N. N. 1998. Pechora Plate: History of Geological Development in Phanerozoic. RAS Urals Branch, Yekaterinburg (in Russian).
91. Trettin, H. P. (ed.) 1991. Geology of the Innuitian Orogen and arctic platform of Canada and Greenland. Geology of Canada, 3 (also Geological Society of America: The Geology of North America, E). Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
92. Ulmishek, G. 1982. Petroleum geology and resource assessment of the Timan-Pechora Basin, U.S.S.R., and the adjacent Barents-northern Kara shelf. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, ANL/ EES-TM-199.
93. Ulmishek, G. F. 2001. Petroleum geology and resources of the Baykit High Province, East Siberia, Russia. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2201-F, 18.
94. Ulmishek, G. F. & Klemme, H. D. 1990. Depositional Controls, Distribution, and Effectiveness of World's Petroleum Source Rocks. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, Bulletins, 1931.
95. Verba, M. L. 2008. Comparative Geodynamics of Eurasian Basin. Nauka, St Petersburg (in Russian).
96. Vorren, T. O., Bergsager, E. et al. (eds) 1993. Arctic Geology and Petroleum Potential. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publications, 2.