The lower esophageal sphincter

Neurogastroenterology and Motility

Volumn 23, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 819-830

  Hershcovici, T ^a   Mashimo, H ^b   Fass, Ronnie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Gamma aminobutyric acid B (GABA B) receptor agonists; Gastroesophageal reflux disorder; Lower esophageal sphincter; TLESR reducers; Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

Indexed keywords

1 ACETOXYMETHYL 3 [7 [[1 (N,N DIMETHYLCARBAMOYL) 6 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 3 INDOLYL]CARBONYL] 1H,3H PYRROLO[1,2 C]THIAZOL 3 YL]PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE; 11 HYDROXYDRONABINOL; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; ADX 10059; ARBACLOFEN; ARBACLOFEN PLACARBIL; BACLOFEN; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CISAPRIDE; DOMPERIDONE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DRONABINOL; ERYTHROMYCIN; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ITOPRIDE; LESOGABERAN; LOXIGLUMIDE; LY 274301; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MOSAPRIDE CITRATE; MUSCARINIC M2 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M3 RECEPTOR; PUMOSETRAG; RIMONABANT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ABDOMINAL PRESSURE; ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE; ANTIREFLUX OPERATION; ASTHMA; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; DIAPHRAGM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FLUOROSCOPY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROSCOPY; HEARTBURN; HIATUS HERNIA; HUMAN; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PERISTALSIS; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION; STOMACH CONTENT; STOMACH MUSCLE; STOMACH PARESIS;

ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DEGLUTITION; ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER, LOWER; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; MUSCLE RELAXATION; MUSCLE TONUS; PHENOTYPE;

EID: 80051702043     PISSN: 13501925     EISSN: 13652982     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01738.x     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Kim CD, Goyal RK, Mashimo H. Neuronal NOS provides nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mouse lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G280-284.
2. Kahrilas PJ, Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE. Esophageal motility disorders in terms of pressure topography: the Chicago Classification. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 627-35.
3. Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1547-52.
4. Martin CJ, Patrikios J, Dent J. Abolition of gas reflux and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation by vagal blockade in the dog. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 890-6.
5. Patrikios J, Martin CJ, Dent J. Relationship of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation to postprandial gastroesophageal reflux and belching in dogs. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 545-51.
6. Holloway RH, Penagini R, Ireland AC. Criteria for objective definition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: G128-133.
7. Pandolfino JE, Ghosh SK, Zhang Q, Han A, Kahrilas PJ. Upper sphincter function during transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (tLOSR); it is mainly about microburps. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19: 203-10.
8. Kwiatek MA, Post J, Pandolfino JE, Kahrilas PJ. Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation in achalasia: everything but LOS relaxation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 1294-e1123.
9. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest 1980; 65: 256-67.
10. Pandolfino JE, Zhang QG, Ghosh SK, Han A, Boniquit C, Kahrilas PJ. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux: mechanistic analysis using concurrent fluoroscopy and high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1725-33.
11. Babaei A, Bhargava V, Korsapati H, Zheng WH, Mittal RK. A unique longitudinal muscle contraction pattern associated with transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1322-31.
12. Strombeck DR, Griffin DW, Harrold D. Eructation of gas through the gastroesophageal sphincter before and after limiting distension of the gastric cardia or infusion of a beta-adrenergic amine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50: 751-3.
13. Sakurai J, Obata K, Ozaki N et al. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in sensory neurons after noxious gastric distention and its involvement in acute visceral pain in rats. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1094-103.
14. Sugiura T, Dang K, Lamb K, Bielefeldt K, Gebhart GF. Acid-sensing properties in rat gastric sensory neurons from normal and ulcerated stomach. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 2617-27.
15. Miwa H, Kondo T, Oshima T, Fukui H, Tomita T, Watari J. Esophageal sensation and esophageal hypersensitivity - overview from bench to bedside. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 16: 353-62.
16. Mittal RK, McCallum RW. Characteristics and frequency of transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 593-9.
17. Mittal RK, Holloway RH, Penagini R, Blackshaw LA, Dent J. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 601-10.
18. Sifrim D, Holloway R, Silny J, Tack J, Lerut A, Janssens J. Composition of the postprandial refluxate in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 647-55.
19. Pandolfino JE, Shi G, Trueworthy B, Kahrilas PJ. Esophagogastric junction opening during relaxation distinguishes nonhernia reflux patients, hernia patients, and normal subjects. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1018-24.
20. Scheffer RC, Gooszen HG, Hebbard GS, Samsom M. The role of transsphincteric pressure and proximal gastric volume in acid reflux before and after fundoplication. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1900-09.
21. Fletcher J, Wirz A, Young J, Vallance R, McColl KE. Unbuffered highly acidic gastric juice exists at the gastroesophageal junction after a meal. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 775-83.
22. Kwiatek MA, Pandolfino JE, Hirano I, Kahrilas PJ. Esophagogastric junction distensibility assessed with an endoscopic functional luminal imaging probe (EndoFLIP). Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 272-8.
23. Kuribayashi S, Massey BT, Hafeezullah M et al. Terminating motor events for TLESR are influenced by the presence and distribution of refluxate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297: G71-75.
24. Dent J, Holloway RH, Toouli J, Dodds WJ. Mechanisms of lower oesophageal sphincter incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastrooesophageal reflux. Gut 1988; 29: 1020-8.
25. Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Kern M, Arndorfer RC, Reece A. Esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in peptic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 897-904.
26. Hill LD, Kozarek RA, Kraemer SJ et al. The gastroesophageal flap valve: in vitro and in vivo observations. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 541-7.
27. Contractor QQ, Akhtar SS, Contractor TQ. Endoscopic esophagitis and gastroesophageal flap valve. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 28: 233-7.
28. van Herwaarden MA, Samsom M, Smout AJ. Excess gastroesophageal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia is caused by mechanisms other than transient LES relaxations. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1439-46.
29. Kahrilas PJ, Shi G, Manka M, Joehl RJ. Increased frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation induced by gastric distention in reflux patients with hiatal hernia. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 688-95.
30. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Timmer R, Smout AJ. Intermittent spatial separation of diaphragm and lower esophageal sphincter favors acidic and weakly acidic reflux. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 334-40.
31. Beaumont H, Bennink RJ, de Jong J, Boeckxstaens GE. The position of the acid pocket as a major risk factor for acidic reflux in healthy subjects and patients with GORD. Gut 2010; 59: 441-51.
32. Zhang Q, Lehmann A, Ridga R, Dent J, Holloway RH. Control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2002; 50: 19-24.
33. Koek GH, Sifrim D, Lerut T, Janssens J, Tack J. Effect of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with symptoms and duodeno-gastro-oesophageal reflux refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Gut 2003; 52: 1397-402.
34. Vela MF, Tutuian R, Katz PO, Castell DO. Baclofen decreases acid and non-acid post-prandial gastro-oesophageal reflux measured by combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 243-51.
35. Gerson LB, Huff FJ, Hila A et al. Arbaclofen placarbil decreases postprandial reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1266-75.
36. Boeckxstaens GE, Beaumont H, Mertens V et al. Effects of lesogaberan on reflux and lower esophageal sphincter function in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 409-17.
37. Boeckxstaens GE, Beaumont H, Hatlebakk JG, Silberg DG, Adler J, Denison H. Efficacy and tolerability of the novel reflux inhibitor, AZD3355, as add-on treatment in GERD patients with symptoms despite proton pump inhibitor therapy. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: A436-A436.
38. Frisby CL, Mattsson JP, Jensen JM, Lehmann A, Dent J, Blackshaw LA. Inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and gastroesophageal reflux by metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 995-1004.
39. Keywood C, Wakefield M, Tack J. A proof-of-concept study evaluating the effect of ADX10059, a metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 negative allosteric modulator, on acid exposure and symptoms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2009; 58: 1192-99.
40. Partosoedarso ER, Abrahams TP, Scullion RT, Moerschbaecher JM, Hornby PJ. Cannabinoid1 receptor in the dorsal vagal complex modulates lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation in ferrets. J Physiol 2003; 550: 149-58.
41. Beaumont H, Jensen J, Carlsson A, Ruth M, Lehmann A, Boeckxstaens G. Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the triggering of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in dogs and humans. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156: 153-62.
42. Scarpellini E, Blondeau K, Boecxstaens V et al. Effect of rimonabant on oesophageal motor function in man. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 730-7.
43. Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF et al. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1383-91.
44. Masci E, Testoni PA, Passaretti S, Guslandi M, Tittobello A. Comparison of ranitidine, domperidone maleate and ranitidine+domperidone maleate in the short-term treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1985; 11: 687-92.
45. Kim YS, Kim TH, Choi CS et al. Effect of itopride, a new prokinetic, in patients with mild GERD: a pilot study. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 4210-4.
46. Scarpellini E, Vos R, Blondeau K et al. The effects of itopride on oesophageal motility and lower oesophageal sphincter function in man. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 99-105.
47. Ruth M, Hamelin B, Rohss K, Lundell L. The effect of mosapride, a novel prokinetic, on acid reflux variables in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12: 35-40.
48. Cho YK, Choi MG, Han HW et al. The effect of mosapride on esophageal motility and bolus transit in asymptomatic volunteers. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 286-92.
49. del Genio G, Tolone S, del Genio F et al. Total fundoplication controls acid and nonacid reflux: evaluation by pre- and postoperative 24-h pH-multichannel intraluminal impedance. Surg Endosc 2008; 22: 2518-23.
50. Kahrilas PJ. Surgical therapy for reflux disease. JAMA 2001; 285: 2376-8.
51. Pandolfino JE, Curry J, Shi G, Joehl RJ, Brasseur JG, Kahrilas PJ. Restoration of normal distensive characteristics of the esophagogastric junction after fundoplication. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 43-8.
52. Bredenoord AJ, Draaisma WA, Weusten BL, Gooszen HG, Smout AJ. Mechanisms of acid, weakly acidic and gas reflux after anti-reflux surgery. Gut 2008; 57: 161-6.
53. Scheffer RC, Tatum RP, Shi G, Akkermans LM, Joehl RJ, Kahrilas PJ. Reduced tLESR elicitation in response to gastric distension in fundoplication patients. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G815-820.
54. Allocca M, Penagini R. Effect of phasic contractions and tone of the proximal stomach on triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 49: 710-4.
55. Jiang Y, Sandler B, Bhargava V, Mittal RK. Antireflux action of nissen fundoplication and stretch-sensitive mechanism of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 442-9.
56. Cadiere GB, Buset M, Muls V et al. Antireflux transoral incisionless fundoplication using EsophyX: 12-month results of a prospective multicenter study. World J Surg 2008; 32: 1676-88.
57. Kim MS, Holloway RH, Dent J, Utley DS. Radiofrequency energy delivery to the gastric cardia inhibits triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and gastroesophageal reflux in dogs. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 17-22.
58. Arts J, Sifrim D, Rutgeerts P, Lerut A, Janssens J, Tack J. Influence of radiofrequency energy delivery at the gastroesophageal junction (the Stretta procedure) on symptoms, acid exposure, and esophageal sensitivity to acid perfusion in gastroesophagal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 2170-7.
59. Zou D, Chen WH, Iwakiri K, Rigda R, Tippett M, Holloway RH. Inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations by electrical acupoint stimulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289: G197-201.
60. Wang C, Zhou DF, Shuai XW, Liu JX, Xie PY. Effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture at PC6 on frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in cats. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4873-80.
61. Boulant J, Fioramonti J, Dapoigny M, Bommelaer G, Bueno L. Cholecystokinin and nitric oxide in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation to gastric distention in dogs. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1059-66.
62. Zerbib F, Bruley Des Varannes S, Scarpignato C et al. Endogenous cholecystokinin in postprandial lower esophageal sphincter function and fundic tone in humans. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: G1266-73.
63. Choung RS, Ferguson DD, Murray JA et al. A novel partial 5HT3 agonist DDP733 after a standard refluxogenic meal reduces reflux events: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacodynamic study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 404-11.