Psychiatric Considerations in Children and Adolescents with HIV/AIDS

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 989-1002

  Benton, Tami D ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Human immunodeficiency virus; Psychiatric disorders

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CITALOPRAM; CLONAZEPAM; DELAVIRDINE; EFAVIRENZ; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS FUSION INHIBITOR; INDINAVIR; LOPINAVIR; LORAZEPAM; MIRTAZAPINE; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PAROXETINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; RISPERIDONE; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DELIRIUM; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG USE; HIV ASSOCIATED DEMENTIA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INSOMNIA; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL DISEASE; PAIN; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 80051678009     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: 15578240     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.06.013     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. UNAIDS. 2004 report of the global AIDS epidemic. Available at: Accessed December 12, 2009. http://www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/GAR2004_html/GAR2004_00_en.htm.
2. Center for Disease Control HIV prevalence estimates-United States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008, 57(39):1073-1076.
3. Hall H.I., Ruiguang S., Rhodes P., et al. Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA 2008, 300:520-529.
4. US Department of Health and Human Services. HIV/AIDS surveillance report 2003. 2003;15:1-40.
5. Donenberg G., Pao M. Youths and HIV/AIDS: psychiatry's role in the changing epidemic. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44(8):728-747.
6. Branson B.M., Handsfield H.H., Lampe M.A., et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing in adults, adolescents and pregnant women in health care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006, 55:1-17.
7. Fauci A. HIV disease: AIDS and related disorders. Harrison's principles of internal medicine 2001, 1852-1913. McGraw-Hill, New York. 15th edition. E. Braunwald (Ed.).
8. Centers for Disease Control Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR 1995, 43(RR-12):1-10.
9. Kline M.W. Pediatric HIV infection. Baylor international pediatric AIDS initiative Available at:, Accessed December 12, 2009. http://bayloraids.org/resources/pedaids/manifestations.html.
10. Belman A. HIV-1 associated CNS disease in infants and children. Research publications: association for research in nervous and mental disease, vol. 72 1994, 289-310. Raven Press, New York. R. Price, S. Perry (Eds.).
11. Tardieu M., Chenadec J.L., Persoz A. The French pediatric HIV infection study and the SEROCO group. HIV-1 related encephalopathy in infants compared with children and adults. Neurology 2000, 54:1089-1095.
12. Brouwers P., DeCarli C., Tudor-Williams G., et al. Interrelations among patterns of change in neurocognitive, CT brain imaging and CD4 measures associated with anti-retroviral therapy in children with symptomatic HIV infection. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994, 4:223-231.
13. Brouwers P., Civitello L., DeCarli C., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid viral load is related to cortical atrophy and not to intracerebral calcifications in children with symptomatic HIV disease. J Neurovirol 2000, 6:390-397.
14. Pastalides A.D., Wood L.V., Atac G.K., et al. Cerebrovascular disease in HIV-infected pediatric patients: neuroimaging findings. AJR AM J Roentgenol 2002, 179:999-1003.
15. Civitello L. Neurologic aspects of HIV infection in infants and children: therapeutic approaches and outcome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2003, 3:120-128.
16. Frank E.G., Foley G.M., Kuchuk A. Cognitive functioning in school-age children with HIV. Percept Mot Skills 2007, 85:267-272.
17. Thompson P.M., Dutton R.A., Hayashi K.M., et al. Thinning of the cerebral cortex visualized in HIV/AIDS reflects CD4 + T lymphocyte decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102(43):15647-15652.
18. Scharko A.M., Baker E., Kothari P., et al. Case study: delirium in an adolescent girl with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45:104-108.
19. Wolters P.L., Brouwers P. Neurobehavioral function and assessment of children and adolescents with HIV-1 infection. Textbook of pediatric care 2005, 510-529. Cambridge University Press, Cambrige (UK). S.L. Zeichner, J.S. Read (Eds.).
20. Watkins J.M., Cool V.A., Usner J.A., et al. Attention in HIV infected children: results from the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000, 6:443-454.
21. Brown L.K., Danokovsy M.B., Lourie J.K. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders and the risk of HIV. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997, 36:1609-1617.
22. Tubman J.G., Gil A.G., Wagner E.F., et al. Patterns of sexual risk behaviors and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of young adults. J Behav Med 2003, 26:473-500.
23. Gaughan D.M., Hughes M.D., Oleske, et al. Psychiatric hospitalizations among children and youths with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 2004, 113:e544-e551.
24. Scharko A.M. DSM psychiatric disorders in the context of pediatric HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 2006, 18(5):441-445.
25. Pao M., Lyon M. Psychiatric diagnosis in adolescents seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000, 154:240-244.
26. Mellins C.A., Brackis-Cott E., Cheng-Shiun L., et al. Rates and types of psychiatric disorders in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected youth and seroconverters. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009, 50(9):1131-1138.
27. Mellins C.A., O'Driscoll P., Magder L.S., et al. High rates of behavioral problems in perinatally infected HIV infected children are not linked to HIV disease. Pediatrics 2003, 111:384-393.
28. Misdrahi D., Vila G., Funk-Brentano I., et al. DSM-IV mental disorders and neurological complications in children and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (HIV-1). Eur Psychiatry 2004, 19:182-184.
29. Lewinsohn P.M., Hops H., Roberts R.E., et al. Adolescent psychopathology. I: prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSMIIIR disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychol 1993, 102:133-144.
30. Wood S.M., Shah S.S., Steenhoff, et al. The Impact of AIDS diagnosis on long term neurocognitive and psychiatric outcomes of surviving adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV. AIDS 2009, 23:1859-1865.
31. Brown L.K., Lourie K.J., Pao M. Children and adolescents living with HIV and AIDS: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000, 41(1):81-96.
32. Evans D.L., Charney D., Lewis L., et al. Mood disorders in the medically ill: scientific review and recommendations. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 58:175-189.
33. Thompson A., Silverman B., Dzeng L., et al. Psychotropic medications and HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42(1):1305-1310.
34. Emslie G.J., Rush J., Weinberg W.A., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54(11):1031-1310.
35. Geller B., Resising D., Leonard H., et al. Critical review of tricyclic antidepressant use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38(5):513-516.
36. Rosenstein D.R., Pao M., Cai J. Psychopharmacologic management in oncology. Bethesda handbook of clinical oncology 2005, 521-528. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2nd edition. J. Abraham, C.J. Allegra, J. Gulley (Eds.).
37. Geller B., Zimmerman B., Williams M., et al. Phenomenology of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder: examples of elated mood, grandiose behaviors, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and hypersexuality. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2002, 12(1):3-9.
38. Joshi G., Wilens T. Comorbidity in pediatric bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009, 18(2):291-319.
39. Kowatch R.A., DelBello M.P. Pediatric bipolar disorder: emerging diagnostic and treatment approaches. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2006, 15:73-108.
40. Mellins C.A., Brackis-Cott E., Dolezal C., et al. Psychiatric disorders in youth with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006, 25:432-437.
41. Havens J.F., Mellins C.A. Psychiatric Aspects of HIV/AIDS in childhood and adolescence. Child and adolescent psychiatry 2002, 1101-1113. Blackwell, Oxford (UK). 5th edition. M. Rutter, E. Taylor (Eds.).
42. Stuber M., Shemesh E. Post-traumatic stress and responses in children with life-threatening illnesses. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003, 12(2):195-209.
43. Jerilynn Radcliffe, Fleisher C.L., Hawkins L.A., et al. Posttraumatic stress and trauma history in adolescents and young adults with HIV. J Adolesc Health 2006, 38(2):110-111.
44. Treatment of children and adolescents. Effective treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 2000, 330-332. Guilford Press, New York, 388, xii. J.A. Cohen, L. Berliner, J.S. March (Eds.).
45. Pao M., Weiner L. Childhood and adolescence. Textbook of AIDS psychiatry 2009, 307-336. Oxford publishing Inc, New York. M. Cohen, J. Gorman (Eds.).
46. Turkel S.B., Tavaré J.A. Delirium in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003, 15:431-435.
47. McArthur J. HIV dementia: an evolving disease. J Neuroimmunol 2004, 157:3-10.
48. Feingold A.R., Rutstein R.M., Meislich D., et al. Protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected children. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000, 14:589-593.
49. Murphy D.A., Belzer M., Durako S.J., et al. Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence among adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005, 159:764-770.
50. Williams P.L. Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral medication s in children and adolescents with HIV infection. Pediatrics 2006, 118(6):1745-1757.
51. American Academy of Pediatrics Disclosure of illness status to children and adolescents with HIV infection. Pediatrics 1999, 103:164-166.
52. Mellins C.A., Brackis-Cott E., Dolezal C. Patterns of status disclosure to perinatally HIV infected children and subsequent mental health outcomes. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002, 7:101-114.
53. Lester P., Chesney M., Cooke M., et al. When the time comes to talk about HIV: factors associated with diagnostic disclosure and emotional distress in HIV-infected children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002, 31:309-317.
54. Wiener L., Havens J., Ng W. Psychosocial problems in pediatric HIV infection. Medical management of AIDS in children 2003, 119-128. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. W.T. Shearer (Ed.).
55. Brown L.K., Lourie K.J. Motivational interviewing and the prevention of HIV among adolescents. Adolescents, alcohol and substance abuse: reaching teens through brief interventions 2001, 244-274. Guilford, New York. P.M. Monti, S.M. Colby, T.A. O'Leary (Eds.).