Sweden's prohibition of purchase of sex: The law's reasons, impact, and potential

Women's Studies International Forum

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 449-474

  Waltman, Max ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL RIGHTS; CRIME; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; PROSTITUTION; VIOLENCE; WOMENS STATUS;

SWEDEN;

EID: 80051660330     PISSN: 02775395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2011.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. Abelsson Jonna, Hulusjö Anna I sexualitetens gränstrakter: en studie av ungdomar i Göteborg med omnejd som säljer och byter sexuella tjänster [At the borders of sexuality: A study of youth in Gothenburg and surroundings who sell or barter sexual services] 2008, Göteborgs Stad, Social resursförvaltning, Gothenburg.
2. Aboriginal Women's Action Network AWAN address to the People's Tribunal on Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Mohawk Territories Montreal QC: March 18-20. Retrieved from 2011, (last accessed May 27, 2011). http://www.facebook.com/notes/aboriginal-womens-action-network/aboriginal-womens-action-network-address-to-the-peoples-tribunal-on-commercial-s/10150161363946691.
3. Agge Ivar Ett par spörsmål angående målsäganderätt vid konkursförbrytelser. Tidskrift utgiven av Juridiska Föreningen i Finland (JFT) 1937, 18:265-284.
4. American Psychiatric Ass'n Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), revised 2000, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
5. Anmälda sexköp har fördubblats [Reported Sex Purchases Doubled] (2010, July 27). Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå (TT) [Newspaper's Telegram Agency].
6. Anti-Prostitution Laws in for Drastic Revamp (2005, October 1). Times of India. Retrieved from Westlaw (WL-citation: 2005 WLNR 15529165).
7. AT, NT, ML, AK, v. Gavril Dulghieru, & Tamara, Dulghieru [2009]. EWHC 225, 2009 WL 364337 (Queen's Bench Div.) (U.K.) (Westlaw).
8. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography Final Report. 2 Vols 1986, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, available at. http://www.communitydefense.org/lawlibrary/agreport.html.
9. AT v. Dulghieru, [2009]. EWHC 225, 2009 WL 364337 (Queen's Bench Div.) (U.K.) (Westlaw).
10. Bagley Chris, Young Loretta Juvenile Prostitution and Child Sexual Abuse: A Controlled Study. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 1987, 6:5-26.
11. Barry Kathleen Female Sexual Slavery 1979/1981, Avon Books, New York.
12. Bedford V. Canada, 2010 ONSC 4264, [2010] O.J. No. 4057 (Superior Ct.) (Lexis) (Ontario).
13. Bet. (Justitieutskottets betänkande) 1997/98:JuU13 Kvinnofrid [Women's Sactuary (alt. Women's Peace)] [parliamentary proposal/report, Committee on Justice] (Swed.) (passed), available at http://www.communitydefense.org/lawlibrary/agreport.html.
14. Bet. (Justitieutskottets betänkande) 2010/11:JuU22 Skärpt straff för köp av sexuell tjänst [Raised Punishment for Purchase of Sexual Service] [parliamentary proposal/report, Committee on Justice] (Swed.) (May 12, 2011) (passed 282 to 1, 66 absent), available at http://www.communitydefense.org/lawlibrary/agreport.html.
15. Bjønness, Jeanett (2008). Holdninger til prostitution i Danmark [Attitudes toward Prostitution in Denmark]. In Charlotta Holmström & May-Len Skilbrei (Eds.), Prostitution i Norden [Prostitution in the Nordic] (pp. 101-18). Copenhagen: Nordiska Ministerrådet [Nordic Council of Ministers].
16. BrB (Brottsbalken) [Criminal Code] (Swed.) (1962/2005). semi-official translations available at (irregular updates). http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/3288/a/19568.
17. Brents Barbara G., Hausbeck Kathryn Violence and Legalized Brothel Prostitution in Nevada: Examining Safety, Risk, and Prostitution Policy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2005, 20(3):270-295.
18. Brottsoffermyndigheten [Crime Victim's Authority] Utbetalning av brottsskadeersättning till offer för människohandel: Redovisning av ett regeringsuppdrag [Payments of Criminal Damage Reimbursements to Victims of Human Trafficking: Account of a Government Mission] 2010, Auth. Fanny Holm. Umeå: Crime Victim's Authority, available at. http://www.brottsoffermyndigheten.se/default.asp?id=3850.
19. Bruinsma Gerben J.N., Meershoek Guus Organized crime and trafficking in women from Eastern Europe in the Netherlands. Illegal immigration and commercial sex: the new slave trade 1999, 105-118. Frank Cass, London. P. Williams (Ed.).
20. BRÅ (Swedish Nat'l Council for Crime Prevention) Prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål: En första uppföljning av regeringens handlingsplan; Rapport 2010:5 [Prostitution and Human Trafficking for Sexual Purposes: A First Evaluation of the Government's Action Plan; Report 2010:5]. Brottsförebyggande rådet 2010, Authored by, Anna Eklund & Stina Holmberg, Stockholm, Retrieved from. http://www.bra.se/extra/faq/?module_instance=2&action=question_show&id=544&category_id=1.
21. BRÅ (Swedish Nat'l Council for Crime Prevention) The Organisation of Human Trafficking: A Study of Criminal Involvement in Sexual Exploitation in Sweden, Finland, and Estonia 2008, Brottsförebyggande rådet, Stockholm, Retrieved from. http://www.bra.se/extra/faq/?module_instance=2&action=question_show&id=480&category_id=9.
22. CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) (1981). Dec. 18, 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 13 (entry into force Sept. 3, 1981).
23. CEDAW Comm.(Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) 49th sess. Follow-Up Procedure: Iceland; Responses to the Concluding Observations, U.N. Doc. CEDAW/C/ICE/CO/6/Add.1 2011, (May, 27).
24. Choi Hyunjung, Klein Carolin, Shin Min-Sup, Lee Hoon-Jin Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) symptoms following prostitution and childhood abuse. Violence against Women 2009, 15(8):933-951.
25. Committee on Sexual Offences against Children and Youths (Canada) Sexual Offences Against Children: Report of the Committee on Sexual Offences Against Children and Youths 1984, 2 Vols.. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ont.
26. Daley, Suzanne (2001, August 12). New Rights for Dutch Prostitutes, But No Gain. The New York Times, sec. 1, p. 1.
27. Diesen Christian Målsägande?. Festskrift till Lars Heuman 2008, 119-145. Jure Förlag AB, Stockholm. J. Kleineman, P. Westberg, S. Carlsson (Eds.).
28. Di Nicola Andrea, Ruspini Paolo Learning from clients. Prostitution and human trafficking: Focus on clients 2009, 227-235. Springer, New York. A. Di Nicola (Ed.).
29. Dines Gail, Jensen Robert, Russo Ann Pornography: The production and consumption of inequality 1998, Routledge, New York.
30. Dodillet Susanne Är sex arbete? Svensk och tysk prostitutionspolitik sedan 1970-talet 2009, Vertigo förlag, Stockholm.
31. Durchslag Rachel, Goswami Samir Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights From Interviews With Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex 2008, Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation., Chicago, Retrieved from. http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/17-deconstructing-the-demand-for-prostitution.pdf.
32. Dworkin Andrea Pornography: Men Possessing Women 1981/1984, Women's Press, London.
33. Dworkin Andrea Prostitution and male supremacy. Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 1993, 1:1-12.
34. Fakta: Expert vill se hårdare straff [Facts: Expert Wish for Tougher Penalties] Expressen [The Express Post] 2010, May 23, p. 9.
35. Farley Melissa 'Bad for the body, bad for the heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even if Legalized or Decriminalized. Violence Against Women 2004, 10(10):1087-1125.
36. Farley Melissa Prostitution harms women even if indoors: Reply to Weitzer. Violence Against Women 2005, 11(7):950-964.
37. Farley Melissa Prostitution, trafficking, and cultural amnesia: What we must not know in order to keep the business of sexual exploitation running smoothly. Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 2006, 18:109-144.
38. Farley Melissa Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: Making the connections 2007, Prostitution Research and Education, San Francisco.
39. Farley Melissa Renting an Organ for ten Minutes: What Tricks Tell Us about Prostitution, Pornography, and Trafficking. Pornography: Driving the Demand in International Sex Trafficking 2007, 144-152. Captive Daughters Media / DePaul Univ. International Human Rights Law Institute, Los Angeles. D.E. Guinn, J. DiCaro (Eds.).
40. Farley Melissa, Bindel Julie, Golding Jacqueline M. Men Who Buy Sex: Who They Buy and What They Know 2009, Eaves, London, Retrieved from. http://www.eaves4women.co.uk/Documents/Recent_Reports/MenWhoBuySex.pdf.
41. Farley Melissa, Cotton Ann, Lynne Jacqueline, Zumbeck Sybille, Spiwak Frida, Reyes Maria E., Alvarez Dinorah, Sezgin Ufuk Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress 2003, 33-74. Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press, Binghamton, NY, available at. http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdf/Prostitutionin9Countries.pdf, M. Farley (Ed.).
42. Farley Melissa, Lynne Jacqueline, Cotton Ann J. Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the colonization of first nations women. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005, 42:242-271.
43. Farley Melissa, Stewart Mary, Smith Kyle Attitudes toward Prostitution and Sexually Coercive Behaviors of Young Men at the University of Nevada at Reno. Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada: Making the Connections 2007, 173-180. Prostitution Research and Education, San Francisco. M. Farley (Ed.).
44. Farley Melissa, Macleod Jan, Anderson Lynn, Golding Jacqueline M. Attitudes and social characteristics of men who buy sex in Scotland. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2011, March 28, Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0022645.
45. Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth Report by the German Federal Government on the Impact of the Act Regulating the Legal Situation of Prostitutes 2007, Publikationsversand der Bundesregierung, Rostock, Retrieved from. http://www.bmfsfj.de/BMFSFJ/Service/Publikationen/publikationsliste,did=100352.html.
46. Giobbe Evelina Confronting the liberal lies about prostitution. Living with contradictions 1994, 120-126. Westview Press, Boulder Colorado. A.M. Jaggar (Ed.).
47. Goldsmith Barbara Women on the edge. New Yorker 1993, April 26, 64-81.
48. Gould Chandré Selling Sex in Cape Town: Sex Work and Human Trafficking in a South African City. In collaboration with Nicole Fick from Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) 2008, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, Retrieved from. http://www.iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=3797.
49. Pornography: Driving the Demand in International Sex Trafficking 2007, Captive Daughters Media/ / DePaul Univ. International Human Rights Law Institute, Los Angeles. D.E. Guinn, J. DiCaro (Eds.).
50. Halley Janet, Kotiswaran Prabha, Shamir Hila, Thomas Chantal From the international to the local in feminist legal responses to rape, prostitution/sex work, and sex trafficking: Four studies in contemporary governance feminism. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 2006, 29:335-424.
51. Hedin Ulla-Carin, Månsson Sven-Axel Vägen ut! Om kvinnors uppbrott ur prostitutionen 1998, Carlsson Bokförlag, Stockholm.
52. Hellberg Anders Sexköpsdömd HD-domare tillbaka på jobbet. Dagens Nyheter [Daily News] 2007, May 18, Retrieved from http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/sexkopsdomd-hd-domare-tillbaka-pa-jobbet (online edition).
53. Helmerson, Anna, & TT (2010, July 27). Anmälda sexköp har fördubblats. Dagens Nyheter [Daily News], Retrieved from (online edition). http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/anmalda-sexkop-har-fordubblats.
54. Helsingborgs tingsrätt [Helsingborg Dist. Ct.], 2005-09-25, B 1230-05 (Swed.).
55. Herman Judith Lewis Introduction: Hidden in Plain Sight; Clinical Observations on Prostitution. Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress 2003, 1-14. Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press, Binghamton, NY. M. Farley (Ed.).
56. Hickey Eric W. Serial Murderers and their Victims 2002, Wadsworth Pub., Belmont, CA. 3rd ed.
57. Hobson Barbara M. Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition 1987, Basic Books, Inc., New York.
58. Holligan Anna Amsterdam's Prostitutes Targeted by Dutch Tax Officials 2011, March 21, BBC News, Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12705531 (last accessed June 1, 2011).
59. Holmström Charlotta Prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål i Sverige: Omfattning, förekomst och kunskapsproduktion [Prostitution and Trafficking for Sexual Purposes in Sweden: Extent, Occurrence, and Knowledge Production]. Prostitution i Norden [Prostitution in the Nordic] 2008, 303-325. Nordiska ministerrådet [Nordic Council of Ministers], Copenhagen. C. Holmström, M.-L. Skilbrei (Eds.).
60. Holmström Charlotta, Skilbrei May-Len Nordiska prostitutionsmarknader i förändring: En inledning [Nordic Markets for Prostitution in Change: An Introduction]. Prostitution i Norden [Prostitution in the Nordic] 2008, 9-38. Nordiska Ministerrådet [Nordic Council of Ministers], Copenhagen. C. Holmström, M.-L. Skilbrei (Eds.).
61. Hovrätten över Skåne och Blekinge [Scania & Blekinge Ct. App.], 2006-01-11, B 2429-05 (Swed.).
62. Hovrätten för Västra Sverige [Court of Appeals for Western Sweden], 2007-12-18 B 3065-07 (Swed.); also reported in Rättsfall från hovrätterna [RH] [Ct. of App. Law Reports] 2008:59 (Swed.).
63. Huizinga David, Elliot Delbert S. Reassessing the Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Delinquency Measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1986, 2(4):293-327.
64. Hunter Susan Kay Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 1993, 1:91-104.
65. Hägg Carina, Larsson Ewa, Kram Ebon, Persson Olga, Ramos-Ruggiero Luis, Svensson Eva-Britt, Waltman Max, Wilkens Ann Stärk prostituerade personers möjlighet att kräva skadestånd 2011, May 10, Retrieved from, (online edition). http://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/1.622968, op-ed.
66. James Jennifer Entrance into juvenile prostitution: Final report 1980, National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, DC.
67. James Jennifer, Meyerding Jane Early sexual experience as a Factor in Prostitution. Archives of Sexual Behavior 1977, 7(1):31-42.
68. Jansson Sanna Få sexköpare åker fast i regionen. Göteborgs Fria tidning 2010, January 21, Retrieved from. http://www.goteborgsfria.nu/artikel/82208.
69. Jeal N., Salisbury C. Health needs and service use of parlour-based prostitutes compared with street-based prostitutes: A cross-sectional survey. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2007, 114(7):875-881.
70. Johansson Ann, Nygren Per Polisen tar tuffare tag mot sexköparna runt Rosenlund. Göteborgs-Posten 2010, April 11, sec. "Söndagsreportage," p. 9.
71. Julander Oscar Schyman: Torskarna ska stå för skadestånd 2008, November 3, Expressen, Retrieved from, (online edition). http://www.expressen.se/1.1356458.
72. Junger-Tas Josine, Marshall Ineke Hean The self-report methodology in crime research. Crime & Justice 1999, 25:291-367.
73. Kammarrätten i Stockholm [Admin. Ct. App.], 2007-03-19, Mål 2231-06 (Swed.).
74. Kendall Christopher N. Gay male pornography: An issue of sex discrimination 2004, Univ. of BC Press, Vancouver, Canada.
75. Keren-Paz Tsachi Poetic Justice: Why Sex-Slaves Should Be Allowed to Sue Ignorant Clients in Conversion. Law and Philosophy 2010, 29:307-336.
76. Kommittédirektiv [dir.] 2008:44 Utvärdering av förbudet mot köp av sexuell tjänst [Gov't Committee Directives: Evaluation on the Prohibition Against Purchase of Sexual Service] (Swed.).
77. Kramer Lisa A. Emotional experiences of performing prostitution. Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress 2003, 187-197. Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press, Binghamton, NY. M. Farley (Ed.).
78. Kuo Lenore Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice Through a Gendered Perspective 2005, NY Univ. Press, New York.
79. Kuosmanen Jari Tio år med lagen: Om förhållningssätt till och erfarenheter av prostitution i Sverige. Prostitution i Norden [Prostitution in the Nordic] 2008, 357-381. Nordiska Ministerrådet [Nordic Council of Ministers], Copenhagen. C. Holmström, M.-L. Skilbrei (Eds.).
80. Kuosmanen Jari Attitudes and Perceptions about Legislation Prohibiting the Purchase of Sexual Services in Sweden. European Journal of Social Work 2011, 14(2):247-263. 10.1080/13691451003744341.
81. Lag om målsägandebiträde [Act on Victim's Legal Counsel] (Svensk författningssamling [SFS] 1988:609) (Swed.).
82. Lederer Laura Then and Now: An Interview with a Former Pornography Model. Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography 1980, 57-70. Morrow, New York. 1st ed. L. Lederer (Ed.).
83. Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography 1980, Morrow, New York. 1st ed. L. Lederer (Ed.).
84. Lernestedt Claes, Hamdorf Kai Sexköpskriminaliseringen: till skydd av vad?; del I. Juridisk tidskrift vid Stockholms universitet (JT) 1999/00, (4):846-858.
85. Lernestedt Claes, Hamdorf Kai Sexköpskriminaliseringen: till skydd av vad?; del II. Juridisk tidskrift vid Stockholms universitet (JT) 2000/01, (1):111-131.
86. Lundgren Eva, Heimer Gun, Westerstrand Jenny, Kalliokoski Anne-Marie Captured Queen: Men's Violence against Women in 'Equal' Sweden; A Prevalence Study. Trans. Julia Mikaelsson and Geoffrey French. Umeå: Brottsoffermyndigheten 2001, Brottsoffermyndigheten, Umeå, Retrieved from. http://www.brottsoffermyndigheten.se/Sidor/EPT/Bestallningar/PDF/Captured%20Queen%20.pdf.
87. MacKinnon Catharine A. Pornography, civil rights, and speech. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 1985, 20:1-70.
88. MacKinnon Catharine A. Pornografi och jämställdhet [Pornography and Gender Equality] (Translated by Amanda Golert & Pia Laskar). Pornografi: Verklighet eller Fantasi? 1991, 58-74. ROKS, Stockholm. ROKS [Swedish Organization for Women's and Girls' Shelters] (Ed.).
89. MacKinnon Catharine A. The roar on the other side of silence. In Harm's Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings 1997, 3-24. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. C.A. MacKinnon, A. Dworkin (Eds.).
90. MacKinnon Catharine A. Pornography as trafficking. Michigan Journal of International Law 2005, 26:993-1012.
91. MacKinnon Catharine A. On Sex and Violence: Introducing the Antipornography Civil Rights Law in Sweden. Are Women Human? And Other International Dialogues 2006, 91-104. Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
92. MacKinnon Catharine A. Sex Equality 2007, Foundation Press, New York. 2nd ed.
93. McManus Michael J. Introduction. Final report of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography 1986, ix-l. Rutledge Hill Press, Nashville, TN. M.J. McManus (Ed.).
94. Monto Martin A. Female Prostitution, Customers, and Violence. Violence Against Women 2004, 10(2):160-188.
95. Mot. (Motion till riksdagen) 2009/10:Ju393 Skärpt sexköpslag [Strenghened Sex Purchase Law] [parliamentary motion, Committee on Justice] (Swed.) (Annika Qarlsson; Center Party) (Sept. 30, 2009).
96. Mot. (Motion till riksdagen) 2010/11:Ju293 Trygghet mot brott [Protection against Crime] [parliamentary motion, Committee on Justice] (Swed.) (Morgan Johansson et al.; Social Democrats) (Oct. 25, 2010).
97. Mot. (Motion till riksdagen) 2010/11:Ju323 Lagarna om köp av sexuell tjänst och människohandel [Laws on Purchase of Sexual Service and human trafficking] [parliamentary motion, Committee on Justice] (Swed.) (Carina Hägg et al.; Social Democrats) (Oct. 26, 2010).
98. Mot. (Motion till riksdagen) 2010/11:Ju10 med anledning av prop. 2010/11:77 Skärpt straff för köp av sexuell tjänst [Regarding Prop. 2010/11:77 (gov't bill) Raised Punishment for Purchase of Sexual Service] [parliamentary motion, Committee on Justice] (Social Democrats' committee-motion) (March 22, 2011).
99. Mot. (Motion till riksdagen) 2010/11:Ju11 med anledning av prop. 2010/11:77 Skärpt straff för köp av sexuell tjänst [Regarding Prop. 2010/11:77 (gov't bill) Raised Punishment for Purchase of Sexual Service] [parliamentary motion, Committee on Justice] (Left Party's committee-motion) (March 22, 2011).
100. Månsson Sven-Axel Commercial Sexuality. Sex in Sweden: On the Swedish sexual life 1996 2000, 235-263. National Institute of Public Health, Swed, Stockholm. B. Lewin (Ed.).
101. Nat'l Criminal Investigation Dept. Sweden (2003). Trafficking in Women: Situation Report no. 5, Elaborated by Kajsa Wahlberg & Camilla Örndahl. Stockholm: Rikspolisstyrelsen.
102. Nat'l Criminal Statistics Database, Sweden, available at Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention statistics, http://www.bra.se.
103. Nelson Vednita Prostitution: Where Racism and Sexism Intersect. Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 1993, 1:81-89.
104. Nemoto Tooru, Operario Don, Takenaka Mie, Iwamoto Mariko, Le Mai Nhung HIV Risk among Asian women working at massage parlors in San Francisco. AIDS Education and Prevention 2003, 15(3):245-256.
105. NJA (Nytt Juridiskt Arkiv) 2001-07-09 (no. 72): pp. 527-33 [Nat'l Weekly Law Reports] (including the district-, appeals-, & Supreme Court opinion) (Swed.).
106. Opitz, Caspar (2001, June 29). Gatans sexhandel minskar [The Street's Sex Trade Decreases]. Dagens Nyheter [Daily News] p. A7.
107. Perkins Roberta, Lovejoy Frances Call girls: Private sex workers in Australia 2007, June 29, Univ. W. Aust. Press, Crawley, WA.
108. Petitioners et al. (2010). Suggestions to the Government's Review of the Sex Purchase Act (Sweden) (officially received by government commissioner March 17), available at http://www.statsvet.su.se/homepages/max_waltman.htm.
109. Petitioners et al. (2011). A Response to Prohibition Against Purchase of Sexual Service: An Evaluation 1999-2008 (SOU 2010:49) (officially received by the government on Feb. 2), available at http://www.statsvet.su.se/homepages/max_waltman.htm.
110. Pogosyan Karina Sex Trafficking to Sweden: Documenting the Changes 1999-2010 2011, (Unpublished master's thesis). Glendon School of Public and International Affairs, York University, Canada.
111. Policing and Crime Act Ch. 26 (U.K.) Retrieved from. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/26.
112. Potterat John J., Woodhouse Donald E., Muth John B., Muth Stephen Q. Estimating the Prevalence and Career Longevity of Prostitute Women. Journal of Sex Research 1990, 27(2):233-243.
113. Potterat John J., Brewer Devon D., Muth Stephen Q., Rothenberg Richard B., Woodhouse Donald E., Muth John B., Stites Heather K., Brody Stuart Mortality in a Long-term Open Cohort of Prostitute Women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004, 159(8):778-785.
114. Prop. (Proposition) 1981/82:187 om vissa åtgärder mot prostitutionen [Bill on Certain Measures Against the Prostitution] [government bill] (Swed.).
115. Prop. (Proposition) 1997/98:55 Kvinnofrid [Women's Sanctuary (alt. Women's Peace)] [government bill] (Swed.).
116. Prop. (Proposition) 2004/05:45 En ny sexualbrottslagstiftning [A New Sexual Offenses Legislation] [government bill] (Swed.).
117. Prop. (Proposition) 2010/11:77 Skärpt straff för köp av sexuell tjänst [Raised Punishment for Purchase of Sexual Service] [government bill] (Swed.).
118. Prostitution Law Review Committee Report on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 2008, Ministry of Justice, Wellington, NZ.
119. Ramos-Ruggiero Luis, Hännestrand Brita Utlåtande: Angående unga kvinnors psykiska tillstånd och reaktioner orsakad av prostitution och trafficking 2010, October 12, Kris- och Traumacentrum Sverige AB [Traumacenter Sweden], Stockholm.
120. Raphael Jody, Shapiro Deborah L. Sisters Speak Out: The Lives and Needs of Prostituted Women in Chicago; A Research Study 2002, Center for Impact Research, Chicago, Retrieved from. http://www.impactresearch.org/documents/sistersspeakout.pdf.
121. Raphael Jody, Shapiro Deborah L. Violence in indoor and outdoor prostitution venues. Violence Against Women 2004, 10(2):126-139.
122. Raphael Jody, Shapiro Deborah L. Reply to Weitzer. Violence Against Women 2005, 11(7):965-970.
123. Raymond Janice G. Prostitution on demand: Legalizing the buyers as Sexual Consumers. Violence Against Women 2004, 10(10):1156-1186.
124. RB (Rättegångsbalken) [Code of Judicial Procedure] (Swed.), (1942) (continuous amendments) semi-official translations available at (irregular updates). http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/3288/a/19568.
125. RF (Regeringsformen) [Constitution: Instrument of Government] (Swed.), (2011) translation available at http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_Page____6307.aspx.
126. Rikspolisstyrelsen [Nat'l Crim. Invest. Dept., Sweden] (2009). Lägesrapport 10: Människohandel för sexuella och andra ändamål 2007-2008 [Situation Report no. 10: Trafficking for Sexual and other Purposes 2007-2008]. Elaborated by Kajsa Wahlberg, Lotta Jagefjord, & Matilda Hult. Stockholm: Rikspolisstyrelsen. Retrieved from http://www.polisen.se/sv/Aktuellt/Rapporter-och-publikationer/Rapporter/Publicerat---Nationellt/Organiserad-brottslighet/Manniskohandel-lagesrapport-10/.
127. Riley Brendan Prostitution Tax Dies. Casper Star-Tribune (Wyoming) 2009, April 9, Retrieved from. http://trib.com/news/breaking/article_d502ce4e-ccdd-5c9e-8c8d-f5a7f518645c.html.
128. Ryan Jayme Legalized prostitution: For whose benefit?. Sojourner: The Women's Forum 1989, July, 22-23.
129. Schultz Mårten Kränkning: Studier i skadeståndsrättslig argumentation 2008, Jure Förlag AB, Stockholm.
130. Schyman, Gudrun, & Waltman, Max (2006, July 25). Ge skadestånd till prostitutionens offer [Give Damages to the Victims of Prostitution]. Dagens Nyheter [Daily News], op-ed (DN-debatt; paper & online editions), available at http://www.dn.se/debatt/ge-skadestand-till-prostitutionens-offer.
131. Schyman, Gudrun et al. (2008, November 3). Torskarna ska betala skadestånd till de prostituerade [Tricks Shall Pay Damages to Prostituted Persons]. Newsmill. Retrieved from http://www.newsmill.se/artikel/2008/11/03/torskarna-ska-betala-skadestand-till-de-prostituerade.
132. Schyman, Gudrun, Ebon Kram, Ewa Larsson, Luis Ramos-Ruggiero, Olga Persson, Eva-Britt Svensson (v), Max Waltman, & Ann Wilkens (2011a, April 9). Prostituerade är brottsoffer [Prostituted Persons are Crime Victims]. SvD Opinion-Brännpunkt [Swedish Daily Post], op-ed (online edition). Retrieved from http://www.svd.se/opinion/brannpunkt/prostituerade-ar-brottsoffer_6077511.svd.
133. Schyman, Gudrun, Ebon Kram, Ewa Larsson, Luis Ramos-Ruggiero, Olga Persson, Eva-Britt Svensson (v), Max Waltman, & Ann Wilkens (2011b, April 12). Våra kritiker struntar i de prostituerade personerna [Our Critics Ignore the Prostituted Persons]. Newsmill. Retrieved from http://www.newsmill.se/artikel/2011/04/12/v-ra-kritiker-struntar-i-de-prostituerade-personerna.
134. Schyman, Gudrun, Ebon Kram, Ewa Larsson, Luis Ramos-Ruggiero, Olga Persson, Eva-Britt Svensson (v), Max Waltman, & Ann Wilkens (2011c, April 14). Vårt förslag handlar inte om tvång [Our Proposal is Not about Coercion]. SvD Opinion-Brännpunkt [Swedish Daily Post], op-ed final reply (online edition). Retrieved from http://www.svd.se/opinion/brannpunkt/forslaget-handlar-om-ett-frivilligt-skadestand_6087459.svd.
135. Scoular Jane Criminalizing 'punters': Evaluating the Swedish Position on Prostitution. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 2004, 26(2):195-210.
136. Scoular Jane What's Law Got To Do With it? How and Why Law Matters in the regulation of sex work. Journal of Law and Society 2010, 37(1):12-39.
137. Sexarbejdernes Interesse Organisation (SIO) (2010, July 4). Pressemeddelelse [Press Release]: Svensk rapport bygger på forkerte tal for Danmark; Nu må Reden sige sandheden. Retrieved from (accessed June 1, 2011). http://s-i-o.dk/wordpress/?p=58.
138. Silbert Mimi H., Pines Ayala M. Sexual Child Abuse as an Antecedent to Prostitution. Child Abuse & Neglect 1981, 5:407-411.
139. Silbert Mimi H., Pines Ayala M. Occupation Hazards of Street Prostitutes. Criminal Justice and Behavior 1981, 8(4):395-399.
140. Silbert Mimi H., Pines Ayala M. Entrance into prostitution. Youth & Society 1982, 13(4):471-500.
141. Silbert Mimi H., Pines Ayala M. Early sexual exploitation as an influence in prostitution. Social Work 1983, 28:285-289. July-August.
142. Silbert Mimi H., Pines Ayala M. Pornography and Sexual Abuse of Women. Sex Roles 1984, 10(11/12):857-868.
143. Silbert Mimi H., Pines Ayala M., Lynch Teri Sexual assault of prostitutes: Phase one; final report 1980, National Institute of Mental Health/ National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape / Delancey Street Foundation, Washington DC.
144. Simons, Marlise (2008, February 24). Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District Crime. New York Times, p. A10.
145. Simons Ronald L., Whitbeck Les B. Sexual abuse as precursor to prostitution and victimization among adolescent and adult homeless women. Journal of Family Issues 1991, 12(3):361-379.
146. Siring Annelie Sexhandel, sexköpslagstiftning och myndighetsförståelse: Ett svenskt exempel. Prostitution i Norden 2008, 327-356. Nordiska ministerrådet [Nordic Council of Ministers], Copenhagen. C. Holmström, M.-L. Skilbrei (Eds.).
147. SkL (Skadeståndslag) [Tort Liability Act] (Swed.) (2001).
148. Slavery Convention League of Nation Treaty Series 1926, 60:253-270. Signed at Geneva, Sept. 25.
149. SoL (Socialtjänstlagen) [Social Welfare Service Act] (Swed.) (2007).
150. Socialstyrelsen [Nat'l Board of Health & Welfare] (n.d.) Inaktuellt: Kännedom om prostitution 1998-1999 [Out of Date: Prostitution in Sweden 1998-1999] Retrieved from official homepage (last accessed July 8, 2011). http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer2000/2000-3-5.
151. Socialstyrelsen [Nat'l Board of Health & Welfare] (2004). Prostitution in Sweden 2003. Authored by Eva Ambesjö, Annika Eriksson, & Merike Lidholm. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. Retrieved from http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/10488/2004-131-28_200413128.pdf.
152. Socialstyrelsen [Nat'l Board of Health & Welfare] Interventioner mot prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål: En systematisk kartläggning med kompletterande intervjuer av svenska insatser 2008, Socialstyrelsen, Stockholm, Retrieved from. http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/8647/2008-112-4_20081124.pdf.
153. Socialstyrelsen [Nat'l Board of Health & Welfare] (2008b). Prostitution in Sweden 2007. Authored by Annika Eriksson & Anna Gavanas. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. Retrieved from http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/8806/2008-126-65_200812665.pdf.
154. Socialstyrelsen [Nat'l Board of Health & Welfare] Socialstyrelsens yttrande över betänkandet Förbud mot köp av sexuell tjänst - en utvärdering 1999-2008 (SOU 2010:49) 2010, Socialstyrelsen, Stockholm, Retrieved from. http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/18170/2010-11-11.pdf.
155. SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar) 1995:15 Könshandeln: Betänkande av 1993 års Prostitutionsutredning [The Sex Trade: Final Report of the 1993 Prostitution Inquiry] [government report series] (Swed.).
156. SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar) 2004:71 Sexuell exploatering av barn i Sverige, del.1 [Sexual Exploitation of Children in Sweden, part 1] [government report series] (Swed.), available at http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/189/a/26385.
157. SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar) 2010:49 Förbud mot köp av sexuell tjänst, En utvärdering 1999-2008 [Prohibition Against Purchase of Sexual Service, An Evaluation 1999-2008] [government report series] (Swed.), available at http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/14/91/42/ed1c91ad.pdf.
158. Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution in Canada Pornography and Prostitution in Canada: Report of the Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution in Canada. Vols. 1 & 2 1985, Supply & Services, Ottawa, Canada.
159. Statistics Denmark (2011). Quarterly Population (ultimo). Retrieved from (accessed Feb. 23). http://www.dst.dk/HomeUK/Statistics/Key_indicators/Population/pop.aspx.
160. Statistics Norway (2011). Focus on Population. Retrieved from (accessed Feb. 23). http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/befolkning_en/.
161. Statistics Sweden (SCB) (2011). Population Statistics. Retrieved from (accessed Feb. 23). http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx.
162. Statutes of South Korea. Act No. 7196. Act on the Punishment of Procuring Prostitution and Associated Acts (March 22, 2004).
163. Statutes of South Korea. Act No. 7212. Act on the Prevention of Prostitution and Protection of Victims Thereof (March 22, 2004).
164. Stockholms tingsrätt [Stockholm Dist. Ct.], 2003-03-21, B 4205-02 (Swed.) ("Ludvig Case").
165. Straffeloven. Almindelig borgerlig Straffelov (Straffeloven) [Criminal Code] (Norway) (2009). Retrieved from http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/ldles?doc=/all/nl-19020522-010.html.
166. Sullivan Mary What Happens When Prostitution Becomes Work? An Update on Legalisation of Prostitution in Australia 2005, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW), N. Amherst, MA, Retrieved from. http://action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/Sullivan_proof_01.pdf.
167. Sullivan Mary Making Sex Work: A Failed Experiment with Legalized Prostitution 2007, Spinifex Press, N. Melbourne, Vic. Australia.
168. Svanström Yvonne Criminalising the John: A Swedish Gender Model?. The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce 2004, 225-243. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. J. Outshoorn (Ed.).
169. Svea hovrätt [Svea Ct. App.], 2003-06-23, B 2831-03 (Swed.).
170. Svedin Carl-Göran, Priebe Gisela Unga, sex och internet. Se mig: Unga om sex och internet 2009, 32-147. Ungdomsstyrelsen, Stockholm, Retrieved from http://www2.ungdomsstyrelsen.se/butiksadmin/showDoc/ff80808123b7bc870123b7eb92f10004/SemigUngaomsexochinternet.pdf. Ungdomsstyrelsen (Ed.).
171. SWEAT (Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce) (2009). Submission to the South African Law Reform Commission: Discussion Paper 1, Project 107 Sexual Offences Adult Prostitution. Authored by Eric Harper, Dianne Massawe & Vivienne Mentor-Lalu, Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT).
172. Thornberry Terence P., Krohn Marvin D. The Self-Report Method for Measuring Delinquency and Crime. Criminal Justice 2000 2000, Vol. 4:33-83. Nat'l Inst. of Justice, Washington, DC. D. Duffee (Ed.).
173. Träskman Per Ole Går det att tygla lustan? Om straffbar pornografi, pedofili och prostitution. Tidskrift utgiven av Juridiska Föreningen i Finland (JFT) 1998, 134(3-4):352-373.
174. Träskman Per Ole 'Den som betalar för sex är en brottsling': Om den svenska kriminaliseringen av sexköp som ett medel för att motverka prostitutionen. [Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab] 2005, 73-92.
175. Tveit Marianne, Skilbrei May-Len Kunnskap om prostitusjon og menneskehandel i Norge. Prostitution i Norden 2008, 213-234. Nordiska ministerrådet [Nordic Council of Ministers], Copenhagen. C. Holmström, M.-L. Skilbrei (Eds.).
176. U.N. General Assembly (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, G.A. Res. 40/34, U.N. Doc. A/RES/40/34 (Nov. 29).
177. U.N. General Assembly (2000). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the U.N. Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime, Nov. 2, G.A. Res. 25, 55th Sess., Annex II, at 53-62, U.N. Doc. A/55/383 (the "Palermo Protocol").
178. U.N.Econ.& Soc.Council, Comm'n on Hum.Rts Integration of the Human Rights of Women and a Gender Perspective: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 2006, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2006/62 (Feb. 20) (submitted by Sigma Huda).
179. U.N.Human Rights Council Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences: Addendum; Mission to Sweden, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/4/34/Add.3 (Feb. 6) (submitted by Yakin Ertürk). 2007.
180. Ungdomsstyrelsen [Nat'l Board for Youth Affairs] Erfarenheter av sexuell exponering och sex mot ersättning. Se mig: Unga om sex och internet 2009, 148-181. Ungdomsstyrelsen, Stockholm, Retrieved from. http://www2.ungdomsstyrelsen.se/butiksadmin/showDoc/ff80808123b7bc870123b7eb92f10004/SemigUngaomsexochinternet.pdf, Ungdomsstyrelsen (Ed.).
181. Vanwesenbeck Ines Prostitutes' Well-Being and Risk 1994, VU Uitgeverij, Amsterdam, Neth.
182. Volkonsky Anastasia Legalizing the 'Profession' Would Sanction the Abuse. Insight on the News 1995, February 27, Retrieved from. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n9_v11/ai_16709484/?tag=content;col1.
183. Wierup, Lasse (2005a, May 26). Sexköpande domare får jobba kvar i HD [Sex Purchasing Justice May Continue to Work in the Supreme Court]. Dagens Nyheter [The Daily News], p. A8 (printed edition).
184. Wierup Lasse HD-ordförande skämtar om domarens sexköp 2005, May 26, Dagens nyheter [The Daily News], (online edition). Retrieved from http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/hd-ordforande-skamtar-om-domarens-sexkop.
185. Weitzer Ronald Flawed theory and method in studies of prostitution. Violence Against Women 2005, 11(7):934-949.
186. Weitzer Ronald Rehashing tired claims about prostitution: A response to Farley and Raphael and Shapiro. Violence Against Women 2005, 11(7):971-977.
187. Weitzer Ronald Prostitution as a Form of Work. Sociology Compass 2007, 1(1):143-155.
188. Weitzer Ronald Prostitution: facts and fictions. Contexts 2007, 6(4):28-33.
189. Weitzer Ronald Sociology of sex work. Annual Review of Sociology 2009, 35:213-234.
190. Weitzer Ronald Legalizing prostitution: Morality politics in Western Australia. British Journal of Criminology 2009, May 26, 49(1):88-105.
191. Not for sale: Feminists Resisting Prostitution and Pornography 2004, Spinifex Press, Melbourne. R.S. Whisnant, C. Stark (Eds.).
192. Williams Jody Barriers to Services for Women Escaping Nevada Prostitution and Trafficking. In Melissa Farley (2007a), Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada: Making the Connections 2007, 159-172. Prostitution Research and Education, San Francisco.
193. Östergren, Petra (n.d.). Sexworkers Critique of Swedish Prostitution Policy. Retrieved from (accessed April 11, 2010). http://www.petraostergren.com/pages.aspx?r_id=40716.
194. Östergren, Petra (2003). Synden Ideologiserad: Modern svensk prostitutionspolicy som identitets- och trygghetsskapare [The Sin Ideologized: Modern Swedish Prostitution Policy as an Identity- and Safety Constructor] (Unpublished magisteruppsats (graduate thesis)). Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University (spring semester), Stockholm. Retrieved from (accessed Apr. 5, 2011). http://www.petraostergren.com/upl/files/8914.pdf.
195. Östergren Petra Porr, horor och feminister [Porn, Whores, and Feminists] 2006, Pocketförlaget, Stockholm.