Global patterns of fragmentation and connectivity of mammalian carnivore habitat

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 366, Issue 1578, 2011, Pages 2642-2651

  Crooks, Kevin R ^a   Burdett, Christopher L ^a   Theobald, David M ^a   Rondinini, Carlo ^b   Boitani, Luigi ^b  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Connectivity; Conservation; Habitat fragmentation; Habitat models; Mammalian carnivore

Indexed keywords

BODY MASS; CARNIVORE; CONNECTIVITY; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; ENDANGERED SPECIES; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; EXTINCTION RISK; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT QUALITY; MAMMAL; PRIORITIZATION; PROTECTED AREA; RANGE SIZE; SPECIES CONSERVATION; TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; TREND ANALYSIS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; CARNIVORA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METHODOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION MIGRATION;

ANIMAL MIGRATION; ANIMALS; CARNIVORA; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; MAPS AS TOPIC; PHYLOGENY;

CARNIVORA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 80051618753     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0120     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Schipper, J. et al. 2008 The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 322, 225-230. (doi:10.1126/science.1165115)
2. Wilcove, D. S., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A. and Losos, E. 1998 Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. Bioscience 48, 607-615. (doi:10. 2307/1313420)
3. IUCN. 2004 IUCN Red List of threatened species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
4. Taylor, P. D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K. and Merriam, G. 1993 Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 68, 571-573. (doi:10.2307/3544927)
5. Beier, P. and Noss, R. F. 1998 Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conserv. Biol. 12, 1241-1252. (doi:10. 1046/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x)
6. Bennett, A. F. 1999 Linkages in the landscape: the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
7. Crooks, K. R. and Sanjayan, M. 2006 Connectivity conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8. Hilty, J. A., Lidicker, W. Z. and Merenlender, A. M. 2006 Corridor ecology: the science and practice of linking landscapes for biodiversity conservation. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
9. Heller, N. E. and Zavalenta, E. S. 2009 Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: a review of 22 years of recommendations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 14-32. (doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.006)
10. Noss, R. F., Quigley, H. B., Hornocker, M. G., Merrill, T. and Paquet, P.C. 1996 Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conserv. Biol. 10, 949-963. (doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040949.x)
11. Woodroffe, R. and Ginsberg, J. R. 1998 Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280, 2126-2128. (doi:10.1126/science.280.5372.2126)
12. Crooks, K. R. 2002 Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv. Biol. 16, 488-502. (doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00386.x)
13. Cardillo, M., Purvis, A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J. L., Bielby, J. & Mace, G. M. 2004 Human population density and extinction risk in the world's carnivores. PLoS Biol. 2, 909-914. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020197)
14. Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Sechrest, W., Orme, C.D.L. and Purvis, A. 2005 Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species. Science 309, 1239-1241. (doi:10.1126/ science.1116030)
15. Terborgh, J. et al. 2001 Ecological meltdown in predatorfree forest fragments. Science 294, 1923-1926. (doi:10. 1126/science.1064397)
16. Johnson, C.N., Isaac, J.L. and Fisher, D.O. 2007 Rarity of a top predator triggers continent-wide collapse of mammal prey: dingoes and marsupials in Australia. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 341-346. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3711)
17. Letnic, M., Kock, F., Gordon, C., Crowther, M.S. and Dickman, C. R. 2009 Keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3249-3256. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0574)
18. Terborgh, J. and Estes, J. A. 2010 Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature.Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
19. Rondinini, C. et al. 2011 Global habitat suitability models of terrestrial mammals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2633-2641. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0113)
20. United States Geological Survey. 2006 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission version 2.0 (3 arc second). See http://www.landcover.org/data/srtm (accessed 26February 2010).
21. IONIA. 2009 Globcover Land Cover. See http://ionia1. esrin.esa.int (accessed 28 February 2010).
22. Di Gregorio, A. and Jansen, L. J. M. 2000 Land Cover Classification System: classification concepts and user manual. See http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X0596E/ X0596e00.htm (accessed 28 February 2010).
23. National Imagery and Mapping Agency. 1997 World Miscellaneous Water Lines (VMAP0). See https:// www.1.columbia.edu/sec/acis/eds/dgate/studies/C1301/ data/World_MiscWaterLines_LINES.zip (accessed 26 February 2010).
24. IUCN & UNEP. 2009 The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC.
25. GRASS Development Team. 2010 Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 6.4.0. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. See http:// grass.osgeo.org (accessed 15 October 2010).
26. Ripple, W. J., Bradshaw, G. A. & Spies, T. A. 1991 Measuring forest landscape patterns in the Cascade Range of Oregon, USA. Biol. Conserv. 57, 73-88. (doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90108-L)
27. Saura, S. & Pascual-Hortal, L. 2007 A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study. Landscape Urban Plann. 83, 91-103. (doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007. 03.005)
28. McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., Neel, M. C. & Ene, E. 2002 FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps. Amherst, MA, USA: University of Massachusetts. See http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/ fragstats/fragstats.html.
29. Leitão, A. B., Miller, J., Ahern, J. & McGarigal, K. 2006 Measuring landscapes: a planners handbook. Washington, DC: Island Press.
30. Gustafson, E. J. 1998 Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: what is the state of the art? Ecosystems 1, 143-156. (doi:10.1007/s100219900011)
31. Gustafson, E. J., Knutson, M. G., Niemi, G. J. & Friberg, M. 2002 Evaluation of spatial models to predict vulnerability of forest birds to brood parasitism by cowbirds. Ecol. Appl. 12, 412-426. (doi:10.1890/1051- 0761(2002)012[0412:EOSMTP]2.0.CO;2)
32. Gustafson, E. J. & Loehle, C. 2006 Effects of parcelization and land divestiture on forest sustainability in simulated forest landscapes. Forest Ecol. Manage. 236, 305-314. (doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.015)
33. Neel, M. C., McGarigal, K. & Cushman, S. A. 2004 Behavior of class-level landscape metrics across gradients of class aggregation and area. Landscape Ecol. 19, 435-455. (doi:10.1023/B:LAND.0000030521.19856.cb)
34. Fagan, W. F. & Calabrese, J. M. 2006 Quantifying connectivity: balancing metric performance with data requirements. In Connectivity conservation (eds K. R. Crooks & M. Sanjayan), pp. 297-317. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35. Girvetz, E. H., Jaeger, J. A. G. & Thorne, J. H. 2007 Comment on 'Roadless space use of the Conterminous United States'. Science 318, 1240. (doi:10.1126/science. 1145349)
36. Girvetz, E. H., Thorne, J. H., Berry, A. M. & Jaeger, J. A. G. 2008 Integration of landscape fragmentation analysis into regional planning: a statewide multi-scale case study from California, USA. Landscape Urban Plann. 86, 205-218. (doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008. 02.007)
37. Urban, D. L. & Keitt, T. H. 2001 Landscape connectedness: a graph theoretic perspective. Ecology 82, 1205-1218. (doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1205: LCAGTP]2.0.CO;2)
38. Theobald, D. M. 2006 Exploring the functional connectivity of landscapes using landscape networks. In Connectivity conservation (eds K. R. Crooks & M. Sanjayan), pp. 416-443. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
39. Saura, S., Estreguil, C., Mouton, C. & Rodriguez-Freire, M. 2011 Network analysis to assess landscape connectivity trends: application to European forests (1990-2000). Ecol. Indicators 11, 407-416. (doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010. 06.011)
40. IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. 2010 Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 8.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010. See http:// intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGui delines.pdf://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/ RedListGuidelines.pdf.
41. Pagel, M. 1999 Inferring the historical pattern of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877-884. (doi:10.1038/44766)
42. Freckleton, R. P. & Jetz, W. 2009 Space versus phylogeny: disentangling phylogenetic and spatial signals in comparative data. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 21-30. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2008.0905)
43. Grafen, A. 1989 The phylogenetic regression. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 326, 119-157. (doi:10.1098/ rstb.1989.0106)
44. Paradis, E. 2006 Analysis of phylogenetics and evolution with R. New York, USA: Springer.
45. Paradis, E. & Claude, J. 2002 Analysis of comparative data using generalized estimating equations. J. Theor. Biol. 218, 175-185. (doi:10.1006/jtbi.2002.3066)
46. Felsenstein, J. 1985 Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1-15. (doi:10.1086/284325)
47. Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. et al. 2007 The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446, 507-512. (doi:10. 1038/nature05634)
48. Harmon, L. J., Weir, J. T., Brock, C. D., Glor, R. E. & Challenger, W. 2008 GEIGER: investigating evolutionary radiations. Bioinformatics 24, 129-131. (doi:10. 1093/bioinformatics/btm538)
49. Jones, K. E. et al. 2009 PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology 90, 2648. (doi:10.1890/08-1494.1)
50. Nowak, R. M. 2005 Walker's carnivores of the world. Baltimore, MD, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
51. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. 2005 Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd edn. Baltimore, MD, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
52. IUCN. 2001 IUCN Red List categories and criteria, Version 3.1. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
53. Gotelli, N. J. 2001 Research frontiers in null model analysis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 10, 337-343. (doi:10. 1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00249.x)
54. Colwell, R. K., Rahbek, C. & Gotelli, N. J. 2004 The mid-domain effect and species richness patterns: what have we learned so far? Am. Nat. 163, E1-E23 (doi:10.1086/382056)
55. Rahbek, C., Gotelli, N. J., Colwell, R. K., Entsminger, G. L., Rangel, T. F. L. V. B. & Graves, G. R. 2007 Predicting continental-scale patterns of bird species richness with spatially explicit models. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 165-174. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3700)
56. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J. L., Cowlishaw, G. & Mace, G. M. 2000 Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 1947-1952. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1234)
57. Cardillo, M., Mace, G. M., Gittleman, J. L., Jones, K. E., Bielby, J. & Purvis, A. 2008 The predictability of extinction: biological and external correlates of decline in mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 1441-1448. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2008.0179)
58. Fritz, S. A., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. & Purvis, A. 2009 Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics. Ecol. Lett. 12, 538-549. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009. 01307.x)
59. Gaston, K. J. & Fuller, R. A. 2009 The sizes of species' geographic ranges. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 1-9. (doi:10.1111/ j.1365-2664.2008.01596.x)
60. Brown, J. H. 1984 On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Am. Nat. 124, 255- 279. (doi:10.1086/284267)
61. Rodrigues, A. S. L. et al. 2004 Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428, 640-643. (doi:10.1038/nature02422)
62. Laurance, W. F., Cochrane, M. A., Bergen, S., Fearnside, P. M., Delamonica, P., Barber, C., D'Angelo, S. & Fernandes, T. 2001 The future of the Brazilian Amazon. Science 291, 438-439. (doi:10.1126/science.291.5503. 438)
63. Soares-Filho, B. S. et al. 2006 Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin. Nature 440, 520-523. (doi:10.1038/ nature04389)
64. Visconti, P. et al. 2011 Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2693-2702. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0105)
65. Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Soberon, J., Salazar, I. & Fay, J. P. 2005 Global mammal conservation: what must we manage? Science 309, 603-607. (doi:10.1126/ science.1114015)
66. Rondinini, C., Wilson, K. A., Boitani, L., Grantham, H. & Possingham, H. P. 2006 Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning. Ecol. Lett. 9, 1136-1145. (doi:10.1111/j.1461- 0248.2006.00970.x)
67. Smith, R. J., Verissimo, D., Leader-Williams, N., Cowling, R. M. & Knight, A. T. 2009 Let the locals lead. Nature 462, 280-281. (doi:10.1038/462280a)
68. Orme, C. D. L. et al. 2005 Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat. Nature 436, 1016-1019. (doi:10.1038/nature03850)
69. Ceballos, G. & Erlich, P. R. 2006 Global mammal distribution, biodiversity hotspots, and conservation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 19 374-19 379. (doi:10. 1073/pnas.0609334103)
70. Rondinini, C. et al. 2011 Reconciling global mammal prioritization schemes into a strategy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2722-2728. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0112)