Contours of the black international: From Toussaint to Tupac

From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International since the Age of Revolution

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-44

  West, Michael O ^a   Martin, William G ^a  

^a BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051603017     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (346)

1. Potkay and Burr, Black Atlantic Writers, and Brooks and Saillant, "Face Zion Forward."
2. Harris, African Presence in Asia
3. Hunwick and Powell, African Diaspora in the Mediterranean
4. Catlin-Jairazbhoy and Alpers, Sidis and Scholars
5. Alpers, "Recollecting Africa."
6. American Social History Project, Who Built America?
7. Tilly, Social Movements; Sanderson, Revolutions
8. McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements.
9. Appadurai, "Disjuncture and Difference"
10. Castells, Information Age
11. Hardt and Negri M, Empire.
12. Du Bois, The Negro
13. Padmore, Life and Struggles
14. James, History. Subsequent scholarship in this vein includes Shepperson and Price, Independent African
15. Harris, Global Dimensions
16. Robinson, Black Marxism
17. Walters, Pan Africanism
18. Lemelle and Kelley, Imagining Home
19. Okpewho, Davies, and Mazrui, African Diaspora
20. Zachernuk, Colonial Subjects. Then there is Appiah, In My Father's House, which denies the existence of an African world.
21. Martin, "Introduction: The Rival Africas"
22. Guyer, African Studies, and Zeleza, Manufacturing African Studies.
23. Huggins, Afro-American Studies
24. Hall, In the Vineyard; Rojas, From Black Power to Black Studies
25. Grady-Willis, Challenging US Apartheid, 143-68
26. Joseph, "Black Studies."
27. Bundy, "Continuing a Conversation"
28. Fyfe, "Emergence and Evolution of African Studies"
29. Hodder-Williams, "African Studies"
30. McCracken, "African History in British Universities."
31. Asante, Afrocentric Idea.
32. Howe, Afrocentrism.
33. Lefkowitz and Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, along with Bernal's response in Moore, Black Athena Writes Back.
34. Brock, "African [Diaspora] Studies"
35. Palmer, "Defining and Studying"
36. Patterson and Kelley M, "Unfinished Migrations"
37. Manning, "Africa and the African Diaspora"
38. Harris, "Expanding the Scope"
39. Alpers, "Recollecting Africa"
40. Akyeampong, "Africans in the Diaspora"
41. Zeleza, "Rewriting the African Diaspora."
42. Clair Drake, who in turn partly riffs on Du Bois.
43. Drake, Black Folk Here and There, and Du Bois, Black Folk.
44. Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams
45. Geiss, Pan-African Movement
46. Radical History Review special issue on the First Universal Races Congress of 1911.
47. Scott, "Common Wind"
48. Santiago-Valles, "World-Historical Ties."
49. Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts
50. Craton, Testing the Chains
51. Price, Maroon Societies.
52. Quarles, The Negro
53. Frey, Water from the Rock
54. Rael, Black Identity
55. Egerton, Death or Liberty.
56. Egerton, Death or Liberty.
57. Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom, 57-72.
58. Sanneh, Abolitionists Abroad
59. Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom
60. Rael, Black Identity
61. Byrd, Captives and Voyagers.
62. Callahan, Talking Book
63. Wimbush, African Americans and the Bible
64. Kidd, Forging of Races, 247-70.
65. Bebbington, Evangelicalism
66. Ditchfield, Evangelical Revival
67. Hempton, Methodism
68. Kidd, Great Awakening.
69. Raboteau, Slave Religion
70. Frey and Wood, Come Shouting to Zion.
71. Sensbach, Rebecca's Revival.
72. Palmer, Slaves of the White God
73. Thornton, Africa and Africans
74. Sweet, Recreating Africa.
75. Acts 17:26.
76. Cugoano, "Thoughts and Sentiments," 140
77. Equiano, "Interesting Narrative," 178.
78. Frey, Water from the Rock.
79. James, Black Jacobins
80. Fick, Making of Haiti
81. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies
82. Dubois, Avengers.
83. Gilroy, Black Atlantic.
84. Edwards, Practice of Diaspora, which artfully bridges the Anglophone/Francophone divide.
85. Trouillot, Silencing the Past, 70-101.
86. Scott, "Common Wind."
87. Fyfe, History of Sierra Leone
88. Shick, Behold the Promised Land
89. Zachernuk, Colonial Subjects.
90. Farwell, Great War
91. Strachan, First World War
92. Journal of African History, special issue
93. Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts
94. Page, Chiwaya War.
95. Howe, Race, War, and Nationalism
96. Sweeney, History of the American Negro
97. Barbeau and Henri, Unknown Soldiers.
98. Trotter, Great Migration
99. Harrison, Black Exodus.
100. Watkins-Owens, Blood Relations
101. James, Holding aloft the Banner.
102. Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson.
103. Kornweibel, "Seeing Red"
104. Schneider, We Return Fighting.
105. May and Cohen, "Interaction"
106. Jenkinson, "Glasgow Race"
107. Stovall, "Colour Blind France?"
108. Wilson, "Britain's Red Summer."
109. Putnam, Company They Kept.
110. Vincent, Black Power
111. Martin, Race First
112. Hill, Marcus Garvey
113. Stein, World
114. Lewis and Bryan, Garvey.
115. Grant, Negro with a Hat.
116. Hill and Pirio, "'Africa for the Africans'"
117. Rolinson, Grassroots Garveyism
118. Okonkwo, "Garvey Movement"
119. Williams, "Garveyism"
120. West, "Seeds Are Sown"
121. Robaina, "Marcus Garvey in Cuba"
122. Baba Kake, "L'influence"
123. Garcia Dominguez, "Garvey and Cuba."
124. Linebaugh and Rediker, ManyHeaded Hydra.
125. Willan, Sol Platjee, and Zachernuk, Colonial Subjects.
126. Crummell, Future of Africa
127. Moses, Alexander Crummell
128. Blyden, Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race
129. Lynch, Edward Wilmot Blyden.
130. Taylor, Veiled Garvey; Martin, Amy Ashwood Garvey
131. Bair, "'Ethiopia Shall Stretch Forth'"
132. Satter, "Marcus Garvey"; Martin, "Women in the Garvey Movement"
133. FordSmith, "Women and the Garvey Movement in Jamaica"
134. McDuffie, "Black Women"
135. Martin, Poetical Works.
136. Quoted in Harold, Rise and Fall, 45.
137. Grant, Negro with a Hat, 235-36.
138. Burkett, Garveyism as a Religious Movement
139. Terry-Thompson, History
140. Newman, "Origins."
141. Natsoulas, "Patriarch McGuire"
142. Johnson, Archbishop Daniel William Alexander
143. Wentink, "Orthodox Church"
144. West, "Ethiopianism and Colonialism."
145. Bair, "'Ethiopia Shall Stretch Forth.'"
146. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism
147. Lincoln, Black Muslims
148. Clegg, Original Man
149. Turner, Islam in the African American Experience
150. Gomez, Black Crescent
151. Curtis, Black Muslim Religion.
152. Gomez, Black Crescent, 128-275.
153. Turner, Islam in the African American Experience, 47-67, 109-46.
154. On the ABB, see Makalani, "For the Liberation."
155. Valentine, "Two Religions." "C. Valentine" was a pseudonym for the ABB leader and Crusader editor Cyril Briggs.
156. Perry, Hubert Harrison Reader, 310-19.
157. Jeffrey Perry's biography, Hubert Harrison.
158. Post, "Bible as Ideology"
159. Hill, "Dread History"
160. Barrett, Rastafariansr
161. Campbell, Rasta and Resistance
162. Murrell, Spencer, and McFarlane, Chanting Down Babylon
163. Zips, Rastafari.
164. Asante, Pan-African Protest
165. Scott, Sons of Sheba's Race
166. Harris, African-American Reactions.
167. Plummer, Rising Wind
168. Von Eschen, Race against Empire
169. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans.
170. Ali, Holy Koran.
171. Geiss, Pan-African Movement, 229-62
172. Langley, Pan-Africanism and Nationalism, 58-88
173. Esedebe, Pan-Africanism, 80-94
174. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 37-84.
175. Hill, "Introduction."
176. Garvey, "Exposé of the Caste System," and Du Bois, "Back to Africa."
177. Daily Worker, August 30, 1927.
178. The term, apparently an old one, appears in Haywood, Black Bolshevik.
179. Degras, Communist International.
180. Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia
181. Klehr, Haynes, and Anderson, Soviet World of American Communism.
182. Padmore, Life and Struggles, 125-26 (emphasis in original).
183. Gallicchio, African American Encounter.
184. Hooker, Black Revolutionary.
185. Edwards, Practice of Diaspora, 241-305.
186. Naison, Communists in Harlem
187. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe
188. Solomon, Cry Was Unity
189. Maxwell, New Negro, Old Left
190. Mullen and Smethurst, Left of the Color Line
191. Ellis and Sechaba, Comrades against Apartheid
192. Drew, South Africa's Radical Tradition
193. Davidson, Filatova, Gorodnov, and Johns, South Africa and the Communist International.
194. James, Holding aloft the Banner, 155-84
195. Solomon, Cry Was Unity, 3-21.
196. McDuffie, "Long Journeys" and "Black Women Radicals"
197. Turner, Caribbean Crusaders and the Harlem Renaissance
198. Sherwood, Claudia Jones
199. Davies, Left of Karl Marx.
200. Sutherland and Meyer, Guns and Gandhi in Africa
201. Sutherland, "Bill Sutherland"
202. Gaines, American Africans in Ghana.
203. Brown and Prozesky, Gandhi and South Africa, and Swan, Gandhi.
204. Geiss, Pan-African Movement, 385-408
205. Padmore, Pan-Africanism or Communism?, 152-70
206. Adi and Sherwood, 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress.
207. variously, Padmore, Pan-Africanism or Communism?
208. Morgenthau, Political Parties
209. Anderson, Eyes off the Prize
210. Horne, Black and Red and Red Seas
211. Duberman, Paul Robeson
212. Smith, Becoming Something
213. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guiana.
214. But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness
215. Ghana. The standard scholarly treatment is Austin, Politics in Ghana.
216. Lumumba, "Independence Day Speech."
217. De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba.
218. Horne, Savage War of Peace
219. Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership
220. Amrane and Djamila, Femmes en combat.
221. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged
222. Elkins, Imperial Reckoning
223. Presley, Kikuyu Women.
224. Birmingham and Ranger, "Settlers and Liberators in the South"
225. Davidson, People's Cause.
226. Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa, 231-60.
227. Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 148-205.
228. Cabral, Revolution in Guinea and Return to the Source.
229. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon.
230. Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks.
231. Malcolm X et al., "Program of the Organization of Afro-American Unity," 2.
232. Carson, In Struggle; Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom
233. Edmondson, "Internationalization of Black Power"
234. Singh, "Black Panthers"
235. Kelley, "Stormy Weather"
236. Wilkins, "Making of Black Internationalists" and "'In the Belly'"
237. Johnson, Revolutionaries, 131-72.
238. Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth.
239. Panther Party chair Elaine Brown, Taste of Power
240. Cleaver M, "Women, Power, and Revolution"
241. Brown, Fighting for US.
242. Newton, "Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements."
243. Collier-Thomas and Franklin, Sisters in the Struggle
244. Matthews, "'No One Ever Asks'"
245. Ward, "Third World Women's Alliance"
246. Springer, Living for the Revolution
247. Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism.
248. Grady-Willis, Challenging US Apartheid.
249. Newton, "Message to the Vietnamese," 595.
250. Clemons and Jones, "Global Solidarity,"
251. Cleaver, "Back to Africa."
252. Carmichael with Thelwell, Ready for the Revolution
253. Marquese, Redemption Song
254. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie
255. Woodard, Nation within a Nation.
256. Hiro, Black British, 44
257. James and Harris, Inside Babylon.
258. Obi Egbuna's biography, Destroy This Temple.
259. Shukra, Changing Pattern of Black Politics, 24-25.
260. Hiro, Black British, 64.
261. Sivanandan, Communities of Resistance, 66 (emphasis in original).
262. Sykes, "Opening Statement," 11-12.
263. Hanchard, Orpheus and Power
264. Leal, "Fárígá/Ifaradá"
265. Mitchell, "Blacks and the Abertura Democrática"
266. Fontaine, "Transnational Relations and Racial Mobilization."
267. Gonzalez, "Unified Black Movement."
268. Butler, Freedoms Given.
269. Nascimento, Pan-Africanism and South America, 1.
270. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa, 273.
271. Biko, I Write What I Like, especially the chapter "White Racism and Black Consciousness," 61-72.
272. South African Students' Organization, "South African Students' Organization Amended Constitution," C210.
273. Hartmann, Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete.
274. Georgakas Mand Surkin, Detroit, I Do Mind Dying.
275. Geschwender, "Marxist-Leninist Organization."
276. Hanna and Hanna, "Cynical Nationalists," 54-55.
277. Hanna, "Student Protest in Independent Africa," 180
278. Legum, "Year of the Students."
279. Legum, "Year of the Students," A9.
280. Hanna, Hanna, and Sauer, "Active Minority," esp. 71-78
281. Dirlik, "Third World in 1968."
282. Hanna and Hanna, "Cynical Nationalists," 53
283. Legum, "Year of the Students," A12, A14, A26.
284. Meeks, Radical Caribbean; Oxaal, Black Intellectuals
285. Nettleford, Identity, Race, and Protest
286. Thomas, Modern Blackness.
287. Alpers and Fontaine, Walter Rodney
288. Bogues, Black Heretics, 125-150
289. Lewis, Walter Rodney's Intellectual and Political Thought
290. Rohlehr, Transgression, 338-373.
291. Austin, "All Roads Led to Montreal."
292. Forsythe, Let the Niggers Burn!
293. Meeks, "1970 Revolution."
294. Millette, "Guerrilla War in Trinidad."
295. Abraham, "Exceptional Victories"
296. Lewis, Walter Rodney's Intellectual and Political Thought, 202-253
297. Westmaas, "Resisting Orthodoxy."
298. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa, 257-316.
299. Meeks, Caribbean Revolutions and Revolutionary Theory, 129-186.
300. Nascimento, Pan-Africanism and South America, 137.
301. Rodney, "Towards the Sixth Pan-African Congress,"
302. Fuller, "Notes."
303. Pan-Africanism from Within.
304. Meeks discusses such views in "1970 Revolution."
305. James, "Walter Rodney"
306. Bogues, Black Heretics, 143-146.
307. Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth
308. Brown, Taste of Power
309. Africa, Campbell, Reclaiming Zimbabwe.
310. Cruse, Crisis of the Negro Intellectual; see also Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon, 292-308
311. Bush, We Are Not What We Seem, 194-213.
312. Marx, Lessons of Struggle, 91-105
313. Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa, 321-362.
314. Grady-Willis, "Black Panther Party"
315. Churchill, "'To Disrupt, Discredit, and Destroy'"
316. Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers.
317. West, "Walter Rodney and Black Power."
318. Harvey, Brief History of Neoliberalism.
319. Balibar, "Is There a 'Neo-Racism'?"
320. Garland, Culture of Control
321. Sudbury, Global Lockdown
322. Wacquant, Deadly Symbiosis.
323. Dyson, Holler If You Hear Me; Keeling, "'Homegrown Revolutionary'?"
324. Cobb, To the Break of Dawn
325. Bastfield, Back in the Day.
326. Allen, "Making the Strong Survive"
327. Rose, Black Noise, 99-125
328. Kelley, "Kickin' Reality"
329. Chang, Can't Stop, Won't Stop
330. Neal, What The Music Said, 134-135
331. Basu and Lemelle, Vinyl Ain't Final.
332. Cheney, Brothers Gonna Work It Out.
333. Madhubuti and Karenga, Million Man March/Day of Absence
334. West, "Like a River."
335. Cha-Jua, "Black Radical Congress"
336. Zerai and Campbell, "Black Radical Congress."
337. Woodard, "Amiri Baraka."
338. Abdul-Raheem, Pan-Africanism
339. Bankie, Globalising Africans.
340. Basu and Lemelle, Vinyl Ain't Final
341. Durand, Black, Blanc, Beur (France)
342. West-Durán, "Rap's Diasporic Dialogues" (Cuba)
343. Condry, Hip-Hop Japan.
344. Lipsitz, Dangerous Crossroads.
345. Black Eyed Peas, "Going Gone."