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Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 260-286

Mobile home syndrome: Engineered woods and the making of a new domestic ecology in the post-world war ii era

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHITECTURE; ENGINEERING; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; HISTORY; NOTE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 80051542698     PISSN: 0040165X     EISSN: 10973729     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/tech.2011.0077     Document Type: Note
Times cited : (8)

References (205)
  • 6
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    • Note
    • Michelle Murphy's Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers (Durham, N.C., 2006) is the best current work on the connection between buildings and bodies.
  • 7
    • 0029286538 scopus 로고
    • Working Environments: An Ecological Approach to Industrial Health and Safety
    • See also
    • See also Arthur F. McEvoy, "Working Environments: An Ecological Approach to Industrial Health and Safety," Technology and Culture 36 (1995): 145-72.
    • (1995) Technology and Culture , vol.36 , pp. 145-172
    • McEvoy, A.F.1
  • 9
    • 80051485639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • I have borrowed Nash's definition of a modernist outlook that seeks to separate the human body from nature.
  • 12
    • 80051542200 scopus 로고
    • Hays; Thomas Hine, Populuxe (New York, 118, uses the term"technological positivism" and describes how the appearance of popular architecture between 1955 and 1965 reflected this attitude
    • Hays; Thomas Hine, Populuxe (New York, 1987), 118, uses the term"technological positivism" and describes how the appearance of popular architecture between 1955 and 1965 reflected this attitude.
    • (1987)
  • 15
    • 0031869250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working for the Environment: Organized Labor and the Origins of Environmentalism in the United States, 1948-1970
    • On working-class environmental activism, two useful articles are
    • On working-class environmental activism, two useful articles are Scott Dewey, "Working for the Environment: Organized Labor and the Origins of Environmentalism in the United States, 1948-1970," Environmental History 3 (1998): 45-63.
    • (1998) Environmental History , vol.3 , pp. 45-63
    • Dewey, S.1
  • 16
    • 85071574884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenging Power: ToxicWaste Protests and the Politicization of White, Working-Class Women
    • ed. Nancy A. Naples (New York
    • Celene Krauss, "Challenging Power: ToxicWaste Protests and the Politicization of White, Working-Class Women," in Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender, ed. Nancy A. Naples (New York, 1998), 129-50.
    • (1998) Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender , pp. 129-150
    • Krauss, C.1
  • 17
    • 80051502128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • I am also indebted to Greg Summers's current research on the environmental history of the home.
  • 19
    • 0345188162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Transformed: Endocrine Disrupters in the Environment
    • Murphy; Nash; Pursell, ed. Virginia J. Scharff (Lawrence, Kans
    • Murphy; Nash; Pursell; Nancy Langston, "Gender Transformed: Endocrine Disrupters in the Environment," in Seeing Nature Through Gender, ed. Virginia J. Scharff (Lawrence, Kans., 2003), 129-66.
    • (2003) Seeing Nature Through Gender , pp. 129-166
    • Langston, N.1
  • 20
    • 77957764767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working-class environmentalism is still scantily covered though it is addressed by, Chapel Hill, N.C
    • Working-class environmentalism is still scantily covered though it is addressed by Chad Montrie, Making a Living: Work and Environment in the United States (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2008).
    • (2008) Making a Living: Work and Environment In the United States
    • Montrie, C.1
  • 27
    • 80051531253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knight and Wulpi, 263-64, 268-70, 289
    • Knight1    Wulpi2
  • 28
    • 80051542911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cour, 30-31, 34, 36-39, 79.
    • Cour1
  • 30
    • 80051481207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cour, 14, 19, 83.
    • Cour1
  • 31
    • 80051524206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wood and Linn, 79
    • Wood and Linn, 79.
  • 34
    • 80051514272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meyer, 28-29, 32-33, 79-81, 84.
    • Meyer1
  • 36
    • 80051493938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knight and Wulpi (n. 9 above)
    • Knight and Wulpi (n. 9 above), 265-68.
  • 37
    • 80051501103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cour (n. 9 above)
    • Cour (n. 9 above), 84-85.
  • 38
    • 80051509687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 83-84
    • Cour, 83-84.
    • Cour1
  • 41
    • 0024931040 scopus 로고
    • Airborne Toxins and the American House, 1865-1895
    • Gavin Townsend, "Airborne Toxins and the American House, 1865-1895,"Winterthur Portfolio 24 (1989): 29-42.
    • (1989) Winterthur Portfolio , vol.24 , pp. 29-42
    • Townsend, G.1
  • 42
    • 80051478016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • I do not intend to diminish the toxicity of asbestos and lead, which are serious problems in older structures. My point is that these materials were found in nature and did not constitute the structural components of a dwelling.
  • 44
    • 80051514287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "Industrial Polymers";
  • 48
  • 49
  • 51
    • 80051539600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Knight and Wulpi, 263-64; Meyer (n. 13 above), 30.
  • 52
  • 53
    • 80051506306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wood and Linn (n. 10 above)
    • Wood and Linn (n. 10 above), 28.
  • 54
    • 80051521077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid
    • Ibid., 77, 83-91.
    • , vol.77 , pp. 83-91
    • Meyer1
  • 55
    • 80051505953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meyer, 29-31, 41-60.
    • Meyer1
  • 56
    • 80051498048 scopus 로고
    • Wood Handbook:Wood as an EngineeringMaterial
    • Forest Products Laboratory, Agriculture Handbook no. 72, Forest Service, Washington, D.C
    • Forest Products Laboratory, "Wood Handbook:Wood as an EngineeringMaterial,"Agriculture Handbook no. 72, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C., 1974), 9-13.
    • (1974) U.S. Department of Agriculture , pp. 9-13
  • 57
    • 80051485294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Meyer, 31-32;Wood and Linn, 88-90.
  • 58
    • 80051524922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Forest Products Laboratory, 9-3 to 9-6; Meyer, 31.
  • 59
    • 80051534045 scopus 로고
    • Trends in Housing during theWar and Postwar Periods
    • "Trends in Housing during theWar and Postwar Periods," Monthly Labor Review 64 (1947): 14.
    • (1947) Monthly Labor Review , vol.64 , pp. 14
  • 60
    • 80051530575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Rome (n. 6 above), 35.
  • 61
    • 80051537555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guthrie and Armstrong (n. 9 above)
    • Guthrie and Armstrong (n. 9 above), 131, 145.
  • 62
    • 80051513924 scopus 로고
    • The Ve-neer and Plywood Industry: Above-Average Productivity Gains
    • Mary Robinson Farris, "The Ve-neer and Plywood Industry: Above-Average Productivity Gains," Monthly Labor Review 101 (1978): 26.
    • (1978) Monthly Labor Review , vol.101 , pp. 26
    • Farris, M.R.1
  • 63
    • 80051523860 scopus 로고
    • Plywood Industry Aims to Double Its Sales in Next 10 Years
    • Quote in, 19 December
    • Quote in "Plywood Industry Aims to Double Its Sales in Next 10 Years," American Lumberman and Building Products Merchandiser, 19 December 1960, 32.
    • (1960) American Lumberman and Building Products Merchandiser , pp. 32
  • 64
    • 80051523171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In 1954, a peak year, a hundred plants produced over 3.9 billion feet of Douglas fir plywood.
  • 65
    • 80051481226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see Cour (n. 9 above)
    • see Cour (n. 9 above), 140.
  • 66
    • 80051509006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In an average house built in 1950, lumber constituted 8.95 board feet of the finished floor area, while "structural panels" (i.e., softwood plywood) averaged 1.70 board feet. By 1992, as house sizes increased, single-family houses used an average of 8.09 board feet of lumber and 4.61 board feet of softwood plywood.
  • 67
    • 0040847904 scopus 로고
    • Wood Products Used in New Single-Family House Construction: 1950 to 1992
    • See
    • See David B. McKeever and Robert B. Phelps, "Wood Products Used in New Single-Family House Construction: 1950 to 1992," Forest Products Journal 44 (1994): 71-72, 73.
    • (1994) Forest Products Journal , vol.44
    • McKeever, D.B.1    Phelps, R.B.2
  • 68
    • 80051516565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meyer (n. 13 above)
    • Meyer (n. 13 above), 76-80.
  • 69
    • 80051499780 scopus 로고
    • Home Buyers Hear of Plywood Uses
    • 1May
    • Mary Roche," Home Buyers Hear of Plywood Uses," New York Times, 1May 1945.
    • (1945) New York Times
    • Roche, M.1
  • 70
    • 80051540842 scopus 로고
    • Levittown, Pa., Gets New Type Plywood
    • 1 December
    • "Levittown, Pa., Gets New Type Plywood," New York Times, 1 December 1951.
    • (1951) New York Times
  • 71
    • 80051499063 scopus 로고
    • United States Plywood Corporation, located in Duke University Library, Durham, North Carolina; Guthrie and Armstrong
    • United States Plywood Corporation, "Weldwood Sales Manual" (1952), A2, located in Duke University Library, Durham, North Carolina; Guthrie and Armstrong, 148-49.
    • (1952) Weldwood Sales Manual , pp. 148-149
  • 72
    • 80051502868 scopus 로고
    • U.S. plywood claims particle board output lead
    • 20 May
    • "U.S. Plywood Claims Particle Board Output Lead," New York Times, 20 May 1961.
    • (1961) New York Times
  • 73
    • 80051517543 scopus 로고
    • New Plywood Offered
    • 17 May
    • "New Plywood Offered," New York Times, 17 May 1953.
    • (1953) New York Times
  • 74
    • 80051502484 scopus 로고
    • Wood in a New Form
    • 2 September
    • "Wood in a New Form," New York Times, 2 September 1956.
    • (1956) New York Times
  • 76
    • 80051537227 scopus 로고
    • Build Better for Less
    • March
    • "Build Better for Less," House and Home,March 1962, 181.
    • (1962) House and Home , pp. 181
  • 77
    • 80051484958 scopus 로고
    • 58-'68:Wonders to Come
    • February
    • "'58-'68:Wonders to Come," Harper's Bazaar, February 1958, 166.
    • (1958) Harper's Bazaar , pp. 166
  • 78
    • 80051524934 scopus 로고
    • Industrialization
    • March
    • "Industrialization," House and Home,March 1962, 189.
    • (1962) House and Home , pp. 189
  • 79
    • 80051520052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In 1949 trailers and mobile homes constituted 4.5 percent of all housing starts, while in 1958 this figure jumped to 11.1 percent. In 1969 48 percent of all new houses were mobile homes, making up 94 percent of dwellings under $15,000, 79 percent of those under $20,000, and 67 percent of those under $25,000.
  • 80
    • 80051479768 scopus 로고
    • Americans Taking to Mobile Homes
    • See, 24 July
    • See Alexander R. Hammer, "Americans Taking to Mobile Homes," New York Times, 24 July 1960.
    • (1960) New York Times
    • Hammer, A.R.1
  • 81
    • 80051536530 scopus 로고
    • From 'Tin Can On Wheels' to the 'Mobile Home
    • 9 May
    • Douglas E. Kneeland, "From 'Tin Can On Wheels' to the 'Mobile Home,"' New York Times, 9 May 1971.
    • (1971) New York Times
    • Kneeland, D.E.1
  • 84
    • 80051495007 scopus 로고
    • Fire Perils Seen in Mobile Homes
    • 17 November
    • Frances Cerra, "Fire Perils Seen in Mobile Homes," New York Times, 17 November 1974.
    • (1974) New York Times
    • Cerra, F.1
  • 85
    • 80051542199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wallis
    • Wallis, 6-9.
  • 86
    • 80051525979 scopus 로고
    • Daley, "Profiles in Safety and Health: Work Hazards of Mobile Homes
    • Hammer
    • Martin E. Personick and Judy R. Daley, "Profiles in Safety and Health: Work Hazards of Mobile Homes," Monthly Labor Review 112 (1989), 16. Hammer.
    • (1989) Monthly Labor Review , vol.112 , pp. 16
    • Personick, M.E.1    Judy, R.2
  • 87
    • 80051490509 scopus 로고
    • Trailers Become More Elaborate
    • 2 February
    • "Trailers Become More Elaborate," New York Times, 2 February 1964.
    • (1964) New York Times
  • 88
    • 80051502548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wallis
    • Wallis, 114-16, 164.
  • 89
    • 80051541184 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Use of Wood Products in Mobile Home Manufacture
    • Clyde A. Fasick, H. Edward Dickerhoff, and J. Dewel Lawrence, "Evaluation of the Use of Wood Products in Mobile Home Manufacture," Forest Products Journal 26 (1973): 6.
    • (1973) Forest Products Journal , vol.26 , pp. 6
    • Fasick, C.A.1    Edward, D.H.2    Dewel, L.J.3
  • 90
    • 80051522510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kneeland
    • Kneeland.
  • 91
    • 80051523510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The median price for a new single-family residence jumped from $18,900 in 1964 to over $21,000 in 1966, with few houses priced less than $12,500.
  • 92
    • 80051485988 scopus 로고
    • The Low-Cost Housing Market
    • See
    • See Dorothy K. Newman, "The Low-Cost Housing Market," Monthly Labor Review 89 (1966): 1363.
    • (1966) Monthly Labor Review , vol.89 , pp. 1363
    • Newman, D.K.1
  • 93
    • 85044814009 scopus 로고
    • Mobile Homes: Instant Suburbia or Transportable Slums?
    • Robert Mills French and Jeffrey K. Hadden, "Mobile Homes: Instant Suburbia or Transportable Slums?" Social Problems 16 (1968): 220.
    • (1968) Social Problems , vol.16 , pp. 220
    • French, R.M.1    Hadden, J.K.2
  • 94
    • 85007232802 scopus 로고
    • An Analysis of the Distribution and Characteristics of Mobile Homes in America
    • Robert Mills French and Jeffrey K. Hadden, "An Analysis of the Distribution and Characteristics of Mobile Homes in America," Land Economics 41 (1965): 136.
    • (1965) Land Economics , vol.41 , pp. 136
    • French, R.M.1    Hadden, J.K.2
  • 95
    • 84972730317 scopus 로고
    • Working-Class Home Ownership in the AmericanMetropolis
    • Richard Harris, "Working-Class Home Ownership in the AmericanMetropolis," Journal of Urban History 17 (1990): 46-96.
    • (1990) Journal of Urban History , vol.17 , pp. 46-96
    • Harris, R.1
  • 97
    • 84948524000 scopus 로고
    • The Behavior and Values of Skilled Workers
    • ed. Arthur B. Shostak and William Gomberg (Englewood Cliffs, N.J
    • Richard F. Hamilton, "The Behavior and Values of Skilled Workers," in Blue-CollarWorld: Studies of the AmericanWorker, ed. Arthur B. Shostak and William Gomberg (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964).
    • (1964) Blue-CollarWorld: Studies of the AmericanWorker
    • Hamilton, R.F.1
  • 98
    • 80051534047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kneeland (n. 35 above)
    • Kneeland (n. 35 above).
  • 99
    • 80051504505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • French and Hadden
    • French and Hadden, "Mobile Homes," 222-23.
    • Mobile Homes , pp. 222-223
  • 100
    • 80051540680 scopus 로고
    • Sharp Gains Made by 'Mobile' Homes
    • 11 October
    • Alexander R. Hammer, "Sharp Gains Made by 'Mobile' Homes," New York Times, 11 October 1964.
    • (1964) New York Times
    • Hammer, A.R.1
  • 101
    • 80051488135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alley Case (n. 1 above)
    • Alley Case (n. 1 above), vol. 16, 655-69.
    • , vol.16 , pp. 655-669
  • 102
    • 80051535105 scopus 로고
    • Mobile-Home Regulation Backed
    • 7 October
    • "Mobile-Home Regulation Backed," New York Times, 7 October 1979.
    • (1979) New York Times
  • 103
    • 80051512075 scopus 로고
    • Mobile Homes Growing Up
    • 22 May
    • Stan Luxenberg, "Mobile Homes Growing Up," New York Times, 22 May 1977.
    • (1977) New York Times
    • Luxenberg, S.1
  • 104
    • 80051489472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wallis (n. 35 above)
    • Wallis (n. 35 above), 14-16.
  • 106
    • 80051510074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In the 1960s 60 percent of mobile home residents worked in blue-collar jobs, while only 13 percent held white-collar employment. The rest were retired or unemployed. Predominantly childless-being either young married couples or retirees-mobile home residents lived in suburban trailer parks mostly in the West and Sunbelt region.
  • 109
    • 80051491226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alley Case
    • Alley Case, vol. 16, 680.
    • , vol.16 , pp. 680
  • 110
    • 80051512762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alley Case
    • Alley Case, vol. 14, 208, 223.
    • , vol.14
  • 111
    • 80051482266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alley Case
    • Alley Case, vol. 15, 438-45, 469.
    • , vol.15
  • 112
    • 80051492540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rome (n. 6 above)
    • Rome (n. 6 above).
  • 113
    • 80051480824 scopus 로고
    • Chipboard-Formaldehyde
    • Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Washington
    • Peter A. Breysse, "Chipboard-Formaldehyde," Occupational Health Newsletter, Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Washington, 10 (1961): 1-4.
    • (1961) Occupational Health Newsletter , vol.10 , pp. 1-4
    • Breysse, P.A.1
  • 114
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    • Indoor Air Pollution Due to Chipboard Used as a Construction Material
    • Andersen, G. R. Lundqvist, and L. Molhave, "Indoor Air Pollution Due to Chipboard Used as a Construction Material," Atmospheric Environment 9 (1975): 1121-27.
    • (1975) Atmospheric Environment , vol.9 , pp. 1121-1127
    • Andersen, G.R.L.1    Molhave, L.2
  • 115
    • 80051535106 scopus 로고
    • Health Agency in Study
    • 10 August
    • Isadore Barmash," Health Agency in Study," New York Times, 10 August 1966.
    • (1966) New York Times
    • Barmash, I.1
  • 116
    • 80051520033 scopus 로고
    • Christmas Trees Vex the Allergic
    • 25 December
    • Jane E. Brody, "Christmas Trees Vex the Allergic," New York Times, 25 December 1971.
    • (1971) New York Times
    • Brody, J.E.1
  • 117
    • 80051479415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Brody's was one of the earliest articles to describe the condition of being "allergic to modern living."
  • 118
    • 84944661906 scopus 로고
    • Toxicology of Urea Formaldehyde and Polyurethane Foam Insulation
    • 16 January
    • John C. Harris, Barry H. Rumack, and Franklin D. Aldrich, "Toxicology of Urea Formaldehyde and Polyurethane Foam Insulation," JAMA 245 (16 January 1981): 243-46.
    • (1981) JAMA , vol.245 , pp. 243-246
    • Harris, J.C.1    Rumack, B.H.2    Aldrich, F.D.3
  • 119
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    • Formaldehyde: A Workhorse Chemical Faces Bans
    • 4 October
    • Philip Shenon, "Formaldehyde: A Workhorse Chemical Faces Bans," New York Times, 4 October 1981.
    • (1981) New York Times
    • Shenon, P.1
  • 120
    • 80051523158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris, Rumack, and Aldrich
    • Harris, Rumack, and Aldrich, 244.
  • 121
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    • A Review of the Health Effects of Energy Conserving Materials
    • Lester Levin and P. Walton Purdom, "A Review of the Health Effects of Energy Conserving Materials," American Journal of Public Health 73 (1983): 683-90.
    • (1983) American Journal of Public Health , vol.73 , pp. 683-690
    • Levin, L.1    Walton, P.P.2
  • 122
    • 80051521423 scopus 로고
    • Hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 20 May, (Washington, D.C., 1983), 88 (hereafter Hearing on Formaldehyde)
    • "Formaldehyde: Review of Scientific Basis of EPA's Carcinogenic Risk Assessment," Hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 20 May 1982 (Washington, D.C., 1983), 88 (hereafter Hearing on Formaldehyde).
    • (1982) Formaldehyde: Review of Scientific Basis of EPA's Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
  • 123
    • 80051537543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In 1982 the Consumer Product Safety Commission voted to ban UFFI. however, in the following year an appellate court overturned the ban, and the Reagan Justice Department prevented the commission from challenging the court's decision. Although the foam remained legal its notoriety killed the UFFI business.
  • 124
    • 80051480129 scopus 로고
    • Product Safety Agency Bans Use of Formaldehyde Foam Insulation
    • See, 23 February
    • See Michael de-Courcy Hinds, "Product Safety Agency Bans Use of Formaldehyde Foam Insulation," New York Times, 23 February 1982.
    • (1982) New York Times
    • Hinds, M.D.1
  • 125
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    • Foam Insulation Is Cleared of Ban
    • 26 August
    • David Shribman, "Foam Insulation Is Cleared of Ban," New York Times, 26 August 1983.
    • (1983) New York Times
    • Shribman, D.1
  • 128
    • 80051535432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • For instance, a National Cancer Institute study recently determined that workers in plants that manufactured formaldehyde and formaldehyde resins had a higher risk of developing blood and lymphatic cancers. The Formaldehyde Council, a trade group, denied that this proved that formaldehyde caused cancer and called for a "full scientific review of the health effects of formaldehyde".
  • 129
    • 80051484957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer Research Finds Risk in High Levels of Exposure to Formaldehyde
    • see, 13 May
    • see Roni Caryn Rabin, "Cancer Research Finds Risk in High Levels of Exposure to Formaldehyde," New York Times, 13 May 2009.
    • (2009) New York Times
    • Rabin, R.C.1
  • 131
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    • Formaldehyde in Conventional and Mobile Homes
    • Peter A. Breysse, "Formaldehyde in Conventional and Mobile Homes," Environmental Health and Safety 26 (1977): 1-17.
    • (1977) Environmental Health and Safety , vol.26 , pp. 1-17
    • Breysse, P.A.1
  • 132
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    • Formaldehyde in the Home: Some Environmental Disease Perspectives
    • Vincent Garry, Laura Oatman, Richard Pleus, and David Gray, "Formaldehyde in the Home: Some Environmental Disease Perspectives," Minnesota Medicine 63 (1980): 107-11.
    • (1980) Minnesota Medicine , vol.63 , pp. 107-111
    • Garry, V.1    Oatman, L.2    Pleus, R.3    Gray, D.4
  • 134
    • 0021860789 scopus 로고
    • Formaldehyde Complaint Investigations in Mobile Homes by the Texas Department of Health
    • S.W. Norsted, C. A. Kozinetz, and J. F. Annegers, "Formaldehyde Complaint Investigations in Mobile Homes by the Texas Department of Health," Environmental Research 37 (1985): 93-100.
    • (1985) Environmental Research , vol.37 , pp. 93-100
    • Norsted, S.W.1    Kozinetz, C.A.2    Annegers, J.F.3
  • 135
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    • Formaldehyde-Related Health Complaints of Residents Living in Mobile and Conventional Homes
    • Ingrid Ritchie and Robert Lehnen, "Formaldehyde-Related Health Complaints of Residents Living in Mobile and Conventional Homes," American Journal of Public Health 77 (1987): 323-28.
    • (1987) American Journal of Public Health , vol.77 , pp. 323-328
    • Ritchie, I.1    Lehnen, R.2
  • 136
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    • Emission Rates of Formaldehyde from Materials and Consumer Products Found in California Homes
    • Thomas Kelly, Deborah Smith, and Jan Satola, "Emission Rates of Formaldehyde from Materials and Consumer Products Found in California Homes," Environmental Science and Technology 33 (1999): 81-88.
    • (1999) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.33 , pp. 81-88
    • Kelly, T.1    Smith, D.2    Satola, J.3
  • 137
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    • Is Particle Board in the Home Detrimental to Health?
    • Peder Daugbjerg, "Is Particle Board in the Home Detrimental to Health?" Environmental Research 48 (1989): 161-62.
    • (1989) Environmental Research , vol.48 , pp. 161-162
    • Daugbjerg, P.1
  • 144
    • 80051504171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levin and Purdom (n. 49 above)
    • Levin and Purdom (n. 49 above), 687.
  • 145
    • 80051520032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ritchie and Lehnen (n. 51 above)
    • Ritchie and Lehnen (n. 51 above), 324-27.
  • 146
    • 0033788157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indoor Air Effects after Building Renovation and in Manufactured Homes
    • Kaye H. Kilburn, "Indoor Air Effects after Building Renovation and in Manufactured Homes," American Journal of the Medical Sciences 320 (2000): 253.
    • (2000) American Journal of the Medical Sciences , vol.320 , pp. 253
    • Kilburn, K.H.1
  • 147
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    • Built-in Fumes Plague Homes
    • 7 May
    • Ann Crittenden, "Built-in Fumes Plague Homes," New York Times, 7 May 1978.
    • (1978) New York Times
    • Crittenden, A.1
  • 148
    • 80051542192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris, Rumack, and Aldrich (n. 48 above)
    • Harris, Rumack, and Aldrich (n. 48 above), 244.
  • 149
    • 80051540679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daugbjerg (n. 52 above)
    • Daugbjerg (n. 52 above), 161.
  • 150
    • 80051506290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garry, Oatman, Pleus, and Gray (n. 51 above)
    • Garry, Oatman, Pleus, and Gray (n. 51 above), 108-10.
  • 151
    • 80051503528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ritchie and Lehnen
    • Ritchie and Lehnen, 324-27
  • 153
    • 80051494659 scopus 로고
    • Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc, Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Washington, D.C
    • Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc., "An Evaluation of Formaldehyde Problems in Residential Mobile Homes," Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Washington, D.C., 1980), 45.
    • (1980) An Evaluation of Formaldehyde Problems In Residential Mobile Homes , pp. 45
  • 154
    • 80051513228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The symptoms experienced were that infants vomited and experienced diarrhea, and old people and babies developed rashes more than middle-aged occupants. Asthmatics reacted to formaldehyde at lower levels.
  • 157
    • 80051522159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • For the report on infant deaths see Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc., 49.
  • 158
    • 0023030582 scopus 로고
    • Formaldehyde and cancers of the pharynx, sinus and nasal cavity: I. occupational exposures
    • Thomas L. Vaughan, Clifton Strader, Scott Davis, and Janet R. Daling, "Formaldehyde and Cancers of the Pharynx, Sinus and Nasal Cavity: I. Occupational Exposures," International Journal of Cancer 38 (1986): 681-83
    • (1986) International Journal of Cancer , vol.38 , pp. 681-683
    • Vaughan, T.L.1    Strader, C.2    Davis, S.3    Daling, J.R.4
  • 159
    • 84901959133 scopus 로고
    • The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Formaldehyde
    • Peter A. Breysse, "The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Formaldehyde," Comments on Toxicology 3 (1988): 151.
    • (1988) Comments On Toxicology , vol.3 , pp. 151
    • Breysse, P.A.1
  • 160
    • 80051504822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 18May 1982, in Hearing on Formaldehyde (n. 49 above)
    • I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 18May 1982, in Hearing on Formaldehyde (n. 49 above), 283-84.
  • 162
    • 0023001845 scopus 로고
    • Formaldehyde and cancers of the pharynx, sinus and nasal cavity: II. residential exposures
    • Thomas L. Vaughan, Clifton Strader, Scott Davis, and Janet R. Daling, "Formaldehyde and Cancers of the Pharynx, Sinus and Nasal Cavity: II. Residential Exposures," International Journal of Cancer 38 (1986): 687-88.
    • (1986) International Journal of Cancer , vol.38 , pp. 687-688
    • Vaughan, T.L.1    Strader, C.2    Davis, S.3    Janet, R.D.4
  • 163
    • 80051534731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc., 45.
  • 164
    • 80051507927 scopus 로고
    • Formaldehyde Found a Cancer Hazard
    • 17 April
    • Philip Shabecoff, "Formaldehyde Found a Cancer Hazard," New York Times, 17 April 1987.
    • (1987) New York Times
    • Shabecoff, P.1
  • 165
    • 25844483804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meeting Report: Summary of IARCMonographs on Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-Butoxy-2-Propanol
    • Vincent James Cogliano et al., "Meeting Report: Summary of IARCMonographs on Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-Butoxy-2-Propanol," Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2005): 3.
    • (2005) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.113 , pp. 3
    • Cogliano, V.J.1
  • 166
    • 80051495677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • For the best review of the research on formaldehyde's potential carcinogenicity as of 1982, see the entire testimony given at the Hearing on Formaldehyde. The hearing occurred in 1982 after the Reagan administration's EPA refused to consider the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde, which the Toxic Substances Act required it to do.
  • 167
    • 80051483260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In 1974 a single-wide mobile home contained a 918-square-foot surface measure of particleboard and 1,997-square-foot surface measure of hardwood plywood.
  • 168
    • 0022013507 scopus 로고
    • Factors that Influence Formaldehyde Air Levels in Mobile Homes
    • see
    • see William J. Groah, Gary D. Gramp, Scott B. Garrison, and Richard J. Walcott, "Factors that Influence Formaldehyde Air Levels in Mobile Homes," Forest Products Journal 35 (1985): 11.
    • (1985) Forest Products Journal , vol.35 , pp. 11
    • Groah, W.J.1    Gramp, G.D.2    Garrison, S.B.3    Walcott, R.J.4
  • 169
    • 80051509346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasick, Dickerhoff, and Lawrence (n. 38 above)
    • Fasick, Dickerhoff, and Lawrence (n. 38 above), 11.
  • 170
    • 80051489148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norsted, Kozinetz, and Annegers (n. 51 above)
    • Norsted, Kozinetz, and Annegers (n. 51 above), 99.
  • 171
    • 80051488119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Studies showed that people could perceive formaldehyde in amounts as low as 0.05-0.1 ppm; at 20 ppm, humans reached their maximum tolerance to the gas. In 1980 OSHA set a standard of 3 ppm for workplaces, but the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended a limit of 0.1 ppm. Thus an internal environment of 8 ppm was potentially very harmful.
  • 172
    • 80051506289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Garry, Oatman, Pleus, and Gray (n. 51 above)
    • See Garry, Oatman, Pleus, and Gray (n. 51 above), 108.
  • 173
    • 0020644836 scopus 로고
    • Indoor Air Pollution: A Public Health Perspective
    • 1 July
    • John D. Spengler and Ken Sexton, "Indoor Air Pollution: A Public Health Perspective," Science 221 (1 July 1983): 13.
    • (1983) Science , vol.221 , pp. 13
    • Spengler, J.D.1    Sexton, K.2
  • 174
    • 80051536149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levin and Purdom (n. 49 above)
    • Levin and Purdom (n. 49 above), 324.
  • 175
    • 80051485293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc. (n. 59 above)
    • Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc. (n. 59 above), viii.
  • 176
    • 80051481209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garry, Oatman, Pleus, and Gray
    • Garry, Oatman, Pleus, and Gray, 107.
  • 177
    • 80051481910 scopus 로고
    • Formaldehyde Suits Erupt
    • 10 May
    • David Ranii, "Formaldehyde Suits Erupt," National Law Journal 4 (10 May 1982): 31.
    • (1982) National Law Journal , vol.4 , pp. 31
    • Ranii, D.1
  • 178
    • 80051505164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Geomet Inc. and Technology and Economics Inc., 49.
  • 179
    • 80051498725 scopus 로고
    • Built-In Fumes Plague Homes
    • 7 May
    • Ann Crittenden, "Built-In Fumes Plague Homes," New York Times, 7 May 1978.
    • (1978) New York Times
    • Crittenden, A.1
  • 180
    • 80051530566 scopus 로고
    • Insulation Lawsuits Abound
    • 25 May
    • Tamar Lewin, "Insulation Lawsuits Abound," New York Times, 25 May 1982.
    • (1982) New York Times
    • Lewin, T.1
  • 181
    • 80051517873 scopus 로고
    • Pressed-Wood Products: New Target for Safety Commission
    • 23 January
    • Michael deCourcy Hinds, "Pressed-Wood Products: New Target for Safety Commission," New York Times, 23 January 1983.
    • (1983) New York Times
    • Hinds, M.C.1
  • 182
    • 80051543656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fagin, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity (n. 50 above)
    • Fagin, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity (n. 50 above), 151-55, 159.
  • 183
    • 80051502478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Fagin, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity note that the courts shut down a New York class-action suit that included 70,000 people (89).
  • 184
    • 80051524921 scopus 로고
    • Formaldehyde Damages Won
    • See also, 1 September
    • See also Norsted, Kozinetz, and Howard Pankratz, "Formaldehyde Damages Won," Denver Post, 1 September 1982.
    • (1982) Denver Post
    • Norsted, K.1    Pankratz, H.2
  • 185
    • 80051496007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Nervous defendants began to settle with plaintiffs out of court, giving up about $1 million in awards, but confidentiality agreements and few jury trials ensured that individuals fought the same battle with formaldehyde purveyors over and over again.
  • 186
    • 80051490875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • I gleaned the Alleys' story from scattered testimony from the couple, their daughters, and friends.
  • 187
    • 80051543655 scopus 로고
    • Denver Couple Gets $560,000 in Formaldehyde Fumes Case
    • see testimony throughout Alley Case (n. 1 above), 3 September
    • see testimony throughout Alley Case (n. 1 above). "Denver Couple Gets $560,000 in Formaldehyde Fumes Case," New York Times, 3 September 1982.
    • (1982) New York Times
  • 188
    • 80051503854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pankratz
    • Pankratz.
  • 189
    • 80051528694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alley Case
    • Alley Case, vol. 14, 214.
    • , vol.14 , pp. 214
  • 191
    • 80051539589 scopus 로고
    • Alley v. Gubser Development Co.," 785 Federal Reporter, 2d series, 849-57 (United States Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit, 3 March
    • "Alley v. Gubser Development Co.," 785 Federal Reporter, 2d series, 849-57 (United States Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit, 3 March 1986).
    • (1986)
  • 192
    • 80051540312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, and Center for Public Integrity for more information about the politics of formaldehyde warnings on plywood and particleboard
    • See Fagin, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity for more information about the politics of formaldehyde warnings on plywood and particleboard.
    • Fagin, L.1
  • 193
    • 80051489147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alley Case
    • Alley Case, vol. 16, 765, 793.
    • , vol.16
  • 195
    • 80051482264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fagin, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity
    • Fagin, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity, 163.
  • 197
    • 80051502535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spengler and Sexton (n. 66 above)
    • Spengler and Sexton (n. 66 above), 13.
  • 198
    • 0023327658 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Ventilation and Loading Rates in Large Chamber Testing of Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Panels
    • William F. Lehmann, "Effect of Ventilation and Loading Rates in Large Chamber Testing of Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Panels," Forest Products Journal 37 (1987): 31.
    • (1987) Forest Products Journal , vol.37 , pp. 31
    • Lehmann, W.F.1
  • 199
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    • Initial Formaldehyde Emission Levels for Particleboard Manufactured in the United States
    • R. Margosian, "Initial Formaldehyde Emission Levels for Particleboard Manufactured in the United States," Forest Products Journal 40 (1990): 15.
    • (1990) Forest Products Journal , vol.40 , pp. 15
    • Margosian, R.1
  • 200
    • 80051508301 scopus 로고
    • Plywood Emissions: Problem Continues
    • 21 October
    • Plywood Emissions: Problem Continues, "New York Times, 21 October 1982.
    • (1982) New York Times
  • 201
    • 80051540313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FEMA Faulted on Response to Risks in Storm Trailers
    • See also, 20 July
    • See also Jacqueline Palank, "FEMA Faulted on Response to Risks in Storm Trailers," New York Times, 20 July 2007.
    • (2007) New York Times
    • Palank, J.1
  • 202
    • 80051481911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FEMA Runs for Cover
    • 22 July
    • FEMA Runs for Cover," New York Times, 22 July 2007.
    • (2007) New York Times
  • 203
    • 80051529516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stalled Health Tests Leave Storm Trailers in Limbo
    • 18 October
    • Ralph Blumenthal, Stalled Health Tests Leave Storm Trailers in Limbo," New York Times, 18 October 2007.
    • (2007) New York Times
    • Blumenthal, R.1
  • 204
    • 80051540678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gulf Coast: Report Issued on FEMA Trailers
    • 4 March
    • Gulf Coast: Report Issued on FEMA Trailers," New York Times, 4 March 2008.
    • (2008) New York Times
  • 205
    • 0001854082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature
    • ed. William Cronon, New York, quote on 89
    • William Cronon, The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York, 1996), 84-90, quote on 89.
    • (1996) Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature , pp. 84-90
    • Cronon, W.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.