Breaking internal waves and turbulent dissipation

Journal of Marine Research

Volumn 68, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 851-880

  Thorpe, S A ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BREAKING WAVE; DIFFUSION; INTERNAL WAVE; MIXING; OCEANIC CONVECTION; OVERTURN; RICHARDSON NUMBER; SHEAR FLOW; SURFACE WAVE; TURBULENT FLOW; WATER COLUMN;

EID: 80051478917     PISSN: 00222402     EISSN: 15439542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1357/002224010796673876     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Alford, M. and R. Pinkel. 2000. Observations of overturning in the thermocline: The context of ocean mixing. J. Phy. Oceangr., 30, 805-832.
2. Andreassen, Ø., P. Ø. Hvidsten, D. C. Fritts and S. Arendt. 1998. Vorticity dynamics in a breaking internal gravity wave. Part 1. Initial instability evolution. J. Fluid Mech., 367, 27-46.
3. Armi, L. and D. M. Farmer. 2002. Stratified flow over topography: bifurcation fronts and transitions to the uncontrolled state. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 458, 513-538.
4. Banner, M. L. and W. L. Peirson. 2007. Wave breaking onset and strength for two-dimensional deep-water wave groups. J. Fluid Mech., 585, 93-115.
5. Barad, M. F. and O. B. Fringer. 2010. Simulations of shear instabilities in interfacial gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 644, 61-95.
6. Booker, J. R. and F. P. Bretherton. 1967. The critical layer for internal waves in a shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 27, 513-539.
7. Briscoe, M. G. 1975. Preliminary results from the trimoored Internal Wave Experiment (IWEX), 1975. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3872-3884.
8. Cairns, J. L. 1975. Internal wave measurements from a midwater float. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 299-306.
9. D'Asaro, E. A. and R.-C. Lien. 2000. Lagrangian measurements of waves and turbulence in stratified flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 641-655.
10. D'Asaro, E. A., D. M. Farmer, J. T. Osse and G. T. Dairiki. 1996. A Lagrangian float. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 13, 1230-1246.
11. Donelan, M., M. S. Longuet-Higgins and J. S. Turner. 1972. Periodicity in whitecaps. Nature, 239, 449-451.
12. Drazen, D. A., W. K. Melville and L. Lenain. 2008. Inertial scaling of dissipation in unsteady breaking waves. J. Fluid Mech., 611, 307-332.
13. Duncan, J. H. 1981. An experimental investigation of breaking waves produced by a towed hydrofoil. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 337, 331-348.
14. Eriksen, C. C. 1978. Measurements and models of finestructure, internal gravity waves, and wave breaking in the deep ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 2989-3009.
15. Fringer, O. B. and R. L. Street. 2003. The dynamics of breaking progressive interfacial waves. J. Fluid Mech., 494, 319-353.
16. Fritts, D. C., S. Arendt and Ø. Andreassen. 1998. Vorticity dynamics in a breaking internal gravity wave. Part 2. Vortex interactions and transition to turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 367, 47-65.
17. Fructus, D., M. Carr, J. Grue, A. Jensen and P. A. Davies. 2009. Shear-induced breaking of large internal solitary waves. J. Fluid Mech., 620, 1-29.
18. Garrett, C. 1979. Mixing in the ocean interior. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 3, 239-265.
19. Garrett, C. and W. Munk. 1972. Oceanic mixing by breaking internal waves. Deep-Sea Res., 19, 823-832.
20. Goodman, L. 1990. Acoustic scattering from ocean microstructure. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11557-11573.
21. Grant, H. L., A. Moilliet and W. M. Vogel. 1968. Some observations of turbulence in and above the thermocline. J. Fluid Mech., 34, 443-448.
22. Gregg, M. C. 1980. Microstructure patches in the thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 915-943.
23. Gregg, M. C. 1989. Scaling turbulent dissipation in the termocline. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9686-9698.
24. Gregg, M. C. 1999. Uncertainties and limitations in measuring ε and χT. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 1483-1490.
25. Gregg, M. C. and T. B. Sanford. 1988. The dependence of turbulent dissipation on stratification in a diffusively stable thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 12381-12392.
26. Kleiss, J. M. and W. K. Melville. 2010. Observations of wave breaking kinematics in fetch-limited seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., doi:10.1175/2010JPO4383.1 40, 2575-2604.
27. Kleiss, J. M. and W. K. Melville 2011. The analysis of sea surface imagery for white cap kinematics. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., doi:10.1175/2010JTECH0744.1 28, 219-243
28. Kunze, E., M. G. Briscoe and A. J. Williams III. 1990a. Interpreting shear and strain from a neutrally buoyant float. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18111-18125.
29. Kunze, E., A. J. Williams III and M. G. Briscoe. 1990b. Observations of shear and vertical stability from a neutrally buoyant float. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16127-18142.
30. Kunze, E., A. J. Williams III and R. W. Schmitt. 1987. Optical microstructure in the thermohaline staircase east of Barbados. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1697-1704.
31. Li, H. and H. Yamazaki. 2001. Observations of a Kelvin-Helmholtz billow in the ocean. J. Oceanography. 57, 709-721.
32. Lien, R.-C., E. A. D'Asaro and G. T. Dairiki. 1998. Lagrangian frequency spectra of vertical velocity and vorticity in high-Reynolds-number oceanic turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 362, 177-198.
33. Liu, W., F. Bretherton, Z. Liu, L. Smith, H. Lu and C. J. Rutherford. 2010. Breaking of progressive internal waves: convective instability and shear instability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 2243-2263.
34. Marmorino, G. O. 1987. Observations of small-scale mixing processes in the seasonal thermocline. Part II: wave breaking. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1348-1355.
35. Marmorino, G. O., L. J. Rosenblum and C. L. Trump. 1987. Fine-scale temperature variability: the influence of near-inertial waves. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13049-13062.
36. Melville, W. K. and P. Matusov. 2002. Distribution of breaking waves at the ocean surface. Nature, 417, 58-63.
37. Moum, J. M., D. M. Farmer, W. D. Smyth, L. Armi and S. Vagle. 2003. Structure and generation of turbulence at interfaces strained by internal solitary waves propagating shoreward over the continental shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2093-2112.
38. Munk, W. 1966. Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res. 13, 207-230.
39. Nimmo Smith, W. A. M. 2008. A submersible three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry system for flow visualization in the coastal ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods, 6, 96-104.
40. Nimmo Smith, W. A. M., J. Katz and T. R. Osborn. 2005. On the structure of turbulence in the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 72-93.
41. Orlanski, I. and K. Bryan. 1969. Formation of the thermocline step structure by large-amplitude internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 6975-6983.
42. Osborn, T. R. 1974. Vertical profiling of velocity microstructure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 109-115.
43. Osborn, T. R. 1980. Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89.
44. Osborn, T. R. and R. G. Lueck. 1985. Turbulence measurements from a submarine. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1502-1520.
45. Osborne, T. R., D. M. Farmer, S. Vagle, S. A. Thorpe and M. Cure. 1992. Measurements of bubble plumes and turbulence from a submarine. Atmos. Ocean, 30, 419-440.
46. Ozen, B., S. A. Thorpe, U. Lemmin and T. R. Osborn. 2006. Cold-water events and dissipation in the mixed layer of a lake. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1928-1939.
47. Phillips, O. M. 1966. The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean, Cambridge University Press, 261 pp.
48. Phillips, O. M. 1985. Spectra and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 156, 505-531.
49. Pinkel, R. 1975. Upper ocean internal wave observations from FLIP. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3892-3910.
50. Polzin, K. 1996. Statistics of the Richardson number: mixing models and finestructure. J. Phys. Oceaonogr., 26, 1409-1425.
51. Ross, T. and R. Lueck 2003. Sound scattering from ocean turbulence. Geophy. Res. Lett., 30, 1343, doi:10.1029/2002GL016733.
52. Ross, T. and R. Lueck 2005. Estimating turbulent dissipation rates from acoustic backscatter. Deep-Sea Res. I, 52, 2353-2365.
53. Rudnick, D. L., T. Boyd, R. E. Brainard (and 16 others). 2003. From tides to mixing along the Hawaiian Ridge. Science, 301, 355-357.
54. Seim, H. E. 1999. Acoustic backscatter from salinity microstructure. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1491-1498.
55. Seim, H. E., M. C. Gregg and R. T. Miyamoto. 1995. Acoustic backscatter from turbulent microstructure. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 12, 367-380.
56. Shih, L. H., J. R. Koseff, G. N. Ivey and J. H. Ferziger. 2005. Parameterization of turbulent fluxes and scales using homogeneous sheared stably stratified turbulence simulations. J. Fluid Mech., 525, 193-214.
57. Smyth, W. D., P. O. Zavialov and J. N. Moum. 1997. Decay of turbulence in the upper ocean following sudden isolation from surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 810-822.
58. Staquet, C. and J. Sommeria. 2002. Internal gravity waves: from instabilities to turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 34, 559-593.
59. Thorpe, S. A. 1977. Turbulence and mixing in a Scottish loch. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 286, 125-181.
60. Thorpe, S. A. 1994a. The stability of statically unstable layers. J. Fluid Mech., 260, 315-331.
61. Thorpe, S. A. 1994b. Statically unstable layers produced by overturning internal gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 260, 333-350.
62. Thorpe, S. A. 1999a. On internal wave groups. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1085-1095.
63. Thorpe, S. A. 1999b. On the breaking of internal waves in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2433-2441.
64. Thorpe, S. A. 2002. On the dispersion of pairs of internal inertial gravity waves. J. Mar. Res., 60, 461-476.
65. Thorpe, S. A. 2010. The relation between the duration and shape of internal wave groups. J. Mar. Res., 68, 63-95.
66. Thorpe, S. A. and J. M. Brubaker. 1983. Observations of sound reflection by temperature microstructure. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28, 601-613.
67. Thorpe, S. A. and A. J. Hall. 1977. Mixing in upper layer of lake during heating cycle. Nature, 265, 719-722.
68. Thorpe, S. A., M. J. Ulloa, D. Baldwin and A. J. Hall. 1998. An Autonomously Recording Inverted Echo Sounder; ARIES II. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 1347-1361.
69. Tian, Z., M. Perlin and W. Choi. 2010. Energy dissipation in two-dimensional unsteady plunging breakers and an eddy viscosity model. J. Fluid Mech., 655, 217-257.
70. Troy, C. D. and J. R. Koseff. 2005. The instability and breaking of long internal waves. J. Fluid Mech., 543, 107-136.
71. van Haren, H. and L. Gostiaux. 2009. High-resolution open-ocean temperature spectra. J. Geophy. Res., 114, C05005, doi:10.1029/2008JC004967,2009.
72. van Haren, H. and L. Gostiaux. 2010. A deep-ocean Kelvin-Helmholtz billow train. Geo. Res. Letts, 37, L03605, doi:10.1029/2009GL041890, 2010-10-27.
73. van Haren, H., M. Laan, D.-J. Buijsman, M. G. Smit and E. Keijzer. 2009. NIOZ3: independent temperature sensors sampling yearlong data at a rate of 1 Hz. IEEE J. Ocean Eng., 34, 315-322.
74. van Haren, H., R. Groenewegen, M. Laan and B. Koster. 2001. A fast and accurate thermistor string. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 256-265.
75. Wesson, J. C. and M. C. Gregg. 1994. Mixing at the Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9847-9878.
76. Williams III, A. J. 1975. Images of ocean microstructure. Deep-Sea Res., 22, 811-829.
77. Winkel, D. P., M. C. Gregg and T. B. Sanford. 2002. Patterns of shear and turbulence across the Florida Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3269-3285.
78. Woods, J. D. 1968. Wave-induced shear instability in the summer thermocline. J. Fluid Mech., 32, 791-800.
79. Wunsch, C. and R. Ferrari. 2004. Vertical mixing, energy and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281-314.