Pattern classification using functional magnetic resonance imaging

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science

Volumn 2, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 568-579

  Samuel Schwarzkopf, Dietrich ^a   Rees, Geraint ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79961212197     PISSN: 19395078     EISSN: 19395086     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.141     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Haynes J, Rees G. Predicting the orientation of invisible stimuli from activity in human primary visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8:686-691.
2. Kamitani Y, Tong F. Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8:679-685.
3. Haynes J, Rees G. Predicting the stream of consciousness from activity in human visual cortex. Curr Biol 2005, 15:1301-1307.
4. Kamitani Y, Tong F. Decoding seen and attended motion directions from activity in the human visual cortex. Curr Biol 2006, 16:1096-1102.
5. Misaki M, Kim Y, Bandettini PA, Kriegeskorte N. Comparison of multivariate classifiers and response normalizations for pattern-information fMRI. Neuroimage 2010, 53:103-118. Available at: (Accessed July 20, 2010).
6. Cox DD, Savoy RL. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) "brain reading": detecting and classifying distributed patterns of fMRI activity in human visual cortex. Neuroimage 2003, 19(2 Pt 1):261-270.
7. Hanson SJ, Schmidt A. High resolution imaging of the fusiform face area (FFA) using multivariate non-linear classifiers shows diagnosticity for nonface categories. Neuroimage 2010, 54:1715-1734. Available at: (Accessed August 28, 2010).
8. Mourao-Miranda J, Ecker C, Sato JR, Brammer M. Dynamic changes in the mental rotation network revealed by pattern recognition analysis of fMRI data. J Cogn Neurosci 2009, 21:890-904.
9. Kaul C, Bahrami B, Rees G. Multivoxel fMRI analysis reveals the representation of spatial frequency information in human primary visual cortex. J Vis 2009, 9: 766.
10. Kriegeskorte N, Simmons WK, Bellgowan PSF, Baker CI. Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12:535-540.
11. Ledoit O, Wolf M. Improved estimation of the covariance matrix of stock returns with an application to portfolio selection. J Emp Fin 2003, 10:603-621.
12. Kay KN, Naselaris T, Prenger RJ, Gallant JL. Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature 2008, 452:352-355.
13. Miyawaki Y, Uchida H, Yamashita O, Sato MA, Morito Y, Tanabe HC, Sadato N, Kamitani Y. Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multiscale local image decoders. Neuron 2008, 60:915-929.
14. Harrison SA, Tong F. Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas. Nature 2009, 458:632-635.
15. Hassabis D, Chu C, Rees G, Weiskopf N, Molyneux PD, Maguire EA. Decoding neuronal ensembles in the human hippocampus. Curr Biol 2009, 19:546-554.
16. Serences JT, Boynton GM. Feature-based attentional modulations in the absence of direct visual stimulation. Neuron 2007, 55:301-312.
17. Sterzer P, Haynes J, Rees G. Fine-scale activity patterns in high-level visual areas encode the category of invisible objects. J Vis 2008, 8:101-112.
18. Schurger A, Pereira F, Treisman A, Cohen JD. Reproducibility distinguishes conscious from nonconscious neural representations. Science 2010, 327:97-99.
19. Schwarzkopf DS, Sterzer P, Rees G. Decoding of coherent but not incoherent motion signals in early dorsal visual cortex. Neuroimage 2010. Available at: (Accessed July 10, 2010).
20. Brouwer GJ, Heeger DJ. Decoding and reconstructing color from responses in human visual cortex. J Neurosci 2009, 29:13992-14003.
21. Brouwer GJ, van Ee R. Visual cortex allows prediction of perceptual states during ambiguous structure-from-motion. J Neurosci 2007, 27:1015-1023.
22. Serences JT, Boynton GM. The representation of behavioral choice for motion in human visual cortex. J Neurosci 2007, 27:12893-12899.
23. Eger E, Ashburner J, Haynes J, Dolan RJ, Rees G. fMRI activity patterns in human LOC carry information about object exemplars within category. J Cogn Neurosci 2008, 20:356-370.
24. Ostwald D, Lam JM, Li S, Kourtzi Z. Neural coding of global form in the human visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2008, 99:2456-2469.
25. Natu VS, Jiang F, Narvekar A, Keshvari S, Blanz V, O'Toole AJ. Dissociable neural patterns of facial identity across changes in viewpoint. J Cogn Neurosci 2010, 22:1570-1582.
26. Preston TJ, Li S, Kourtzi Z, Welchman AE. Multivoxel pattern selectivity for perceptually relevant binocular disparities in the human brain. J Neurosci 2008, 28:11315-11327.
27. Li S, Mayhew SD, Kourtzi Z. Learning shapes the representation of behavioral choice in the human brain. Neuron 2009, 62:441-452.
28. Li S, Ostwald D, Giese M, Kourtzi Z. Flexible coding for categorical decisions in the human brain. J Neurosci 2007, 27:12321-12330.
29. Chadwick MJ, Hassabis D, Weiskopf N, Maguire EA. Decoding individual episodic memory traces in the human hippocampus. Curr Biol 2010, 20:544-547.
30. Ethofer T, Van De Ville D, Scherer K, Vuilleumier P. Decoding of emotional information in voice-sensitive cortices. Curr Biol 2009, 19:1028-1033.
31. Haynes J, Sakai K, Rees G, Gilbert S, Frith C, Passingham RE. Reading hidden intentions in the human brain. Curr Biol 2007, 17:323-328.
32. Schwarzkopf DS, Zhang J, Kourtzi Z. Flexible learning of natural statistics in the human brain. J Neurophysiol 2009, 102:1854-1867.
33. Zhang J, Kourtzi Z. Learning-dependent plasticity with and without training in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:13503-13508.
34. Rissman J, Greely HT, Wagner AD. Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:9849-9854.
35. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J Neurosci 1997, 17:4302-4311.
36. Haxby JV, Gobbini MI, Furey ML, Ishai A, Schouten JL, Pietrini P. Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science 2001, 293:2425-2430.
37. Boynton GM. Imaging orientation selectivity: decoding conscious perception in V1. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8:541-542.
38. Op de Beeck HP. Against hyperacuity in brain reading: spatial smoothing does not hurt multivariate fMRI analyses? Neuroimage 2010, 49:1943-1948.
39. Op de Beeck HP. Probing the mysterious underpinnings of multi-voxel fMRI analyses. Neuroimage 2010, 50:567-571.
40. Swisher JD, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, Wolfe BA, Moon CH, Kim SG, Tong F. Multiscale pattern analysis of orientation-selective activity in the primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 2010, 30:325-330.
41. Kriegeskorte N, Cusack R, Bandettini P. How does an fMRI voxel sample the neuronal activity pattern: compact-kernel or complex spatiotemporal filter? Neuroimage 2010, 49:1965-1976.
42. Gardner JL, Sun P, Tanaka K, Heeger DJ, Cheng K. Inferring population responses in human visual cortex with classification analysis. J Vis 2008, 8:34.
43. Schwarzkopf DS, Vorobyov V, Mitchell DE, Sengpiel F. Brief daily binocular vision prevents monocular deprivation effects in visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 25:270-280.
44. Shmuel A, Chaimow D, Raddatz G, Ugurbil K, Yacoub E. Mechanisms underlying decoding at 7 T: coarse structures, macroscopic blood vessels, and gray matter regions in V1 convey information on the stimulated eye. Neuroimage 2010, 49:1957-1964.
45. Sasaki Y, Rajimehr R, Kim BW, Ekstrom LB, Vanduffel W, Tootell RB. The radial bias: a different slant on visual orientation sensitivity in human and nonhuman primates. Neuron 2006, 51:661-670.
46. Mannion DJ, McDonald JS, Clifford CWG. Orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2010, 103:3465-3471.
47. Van Hooser SD, Heimel JAF, Chung S, Nelson SB, Toth LJ. Orientation selectivity without orientation maps in visual cortex of a highly visual mammal. J Neurosci 2005, 25:19-28.
48. Schuett S, Bonhoeffer T, Hübener M. Mapping retinotopic structure in mouse visual cortex with optical imaging. J Neurosci 2002, 22:6549-6559.
49. Girman SV, Sauvé Y, Lund RD. Receptive field properties of single neurons in rat primary visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 1999, 82:301-311.
50. Kriegeskorte N, Goebel R, Bandettini P. Information-based functional brain mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:3863-3868.
51. Mourão-Miranda J, Reynaud E, McGlone F, Calvert G, Brammer M. The impact of temporal compression and space selection on SVM analysis of single-subject and multi-subject fMRI data. Neuroimage 2006, 33:1055-1065.
52. Mitchell TM, Hutchinson R, Just MA, Niculescu RS, Pereira F, Wang X. Classifying instantaneous cognitive states from FMRI data. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003, 465-469.
53. Clithero JA, Smith DV, Carter RM, Huettel SA. Within- and cross-participant classifiers reveal different neural coding of information. Neuroimage 2010. Available at: (Accessed September 14, 2010).
54. Tosun D, Prince JL. A geometry-driven optical flow warping for spatial normalization of cortical surfaces. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2008, 27:1739-1753.
55. Sabuncu MR, Singer BD, Conroy B, Bryan RE, Ramadge PJ, Haxby JV. Function-based intersubject alignment of human cortical anatomy. Cereb Cortex 2010, 20:130-140.
56. Ecker C, Marquand A, Mourão-Miranda J, Johnston P, Daly EM, Brammer MJ, Maltezos S, Murphy CM, Robertson D, Williams SC, et al. Describing the brain in autism in five dimensions-magnetic resonance imaging-assisted diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using a multiparameter classification approach. J Neurosci 2010, 30:10612-10623.
57. Stonnington CM, Chu C, Klöppel S, Jack CR Jr, Ashburner J, Frackowiak RS; Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Predicting clinical scores from magnetic resonance scans in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2010, 51:1405-1413.
58. Duncan KK, Hadjipapas A, Li S, Kourtzi Z, Bagshaw A, Barnes G. Identifying spatially overlapping local cortical networks with MEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2010, 31:1003-1016.
59. Xiao Y, Rao R, Cecchi G, Kaplan E. Improved mapping of information distribution across the cortical surface with the support vector machine. Neural Netw 2008, 21:341-348.