Sustaining tourism, sustaining capitalism? The tourism industry's role in global capitalist expansion

Tourism Geographies

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 443-461

  Fletcher, Robert ^a  

^a Department of Environment Peace and Security ^*  (Costa Rica)

Author keywords

Capitalism; Conservation; Ecotourism; Marxism; Neo liberalism; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ECONOMIC IMPACT; ECOTOURISM; GLOBAL ECONOMY; MARXISM; NEOLIBERALISM; SUSTAINABILITY; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 79961212060     PISSN: 14616688     EISSN: 14701340     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2011.570372     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Arrighi, G. (1994) The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origin of Our Times (London: Verso).
2. Bianchi, R. (2005) Tourism restructuring and the politics of sustainability: A critical view from the European periphery (The Canary Islands), Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(6), pp. 495-529.
3. Bianchi, R. (2009) The 'critical turn' in tourism studies: A radical critique, Tourism Geographies, 11(4), pp. 484-504.
4. B̈ohm, S. & Dabhi, S. (Eds) (2009) Upsetting the Offset: The Political Economy of Carbon Markets (London: Mayfly Books).
5. Boyd, W., Prudham, S. & Schurman, R. A. (2001) Industrial dynamics and the problem of nature, Society and Natural Resources, 14, pp. 555-570.
6. Britton, S. (1982) The political economy of tourism in the Third World, Annals of Tourism Research, 9, pp. 331-358.
7. Britton, S. (1991) Tourism, capital, and place: Towards a critical geography of tourism, Environment and Planning D, 9, pp. 451-78.
8. Brockington, D., Duffy, R. & Igoe, J. (2008) Nature Unbound: Conservation, Capitalism and the Future of Protected Areas (London: Earthscan).
9. Brockington, D. & Duffy, R. (Eds) (2010) Antipode, 42(3). Special issue on 'Capitalism and Conservation'.
10. Butler, R. W. (1980) The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for the management of resources, Canadian Geographer, 24, pp. 5-12.
11. B̈uscher, B. (2010) Derivative nature: interrogating the value of conservation in 'Boundless Southern Africa', Third World Quarterly, 31(2), pp. 259-276.
12. Carrier, J. G. & Macleod, D. V. L. (2005) Bursting the bubble: The socio-cultural context of ecotourism, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, pp. 315-334.
13. Castree, N. (2008) Neoliberalising nature: The logics of deregulation and reregulation, Environment and Planning A, 40, pp. 131-152.
14. Chapin, M. (2004) A challenge to conservationists, World Watch, November/December, pp. 16-31.
15. Coleman, A. G. (2004) Ski Style: Sport and Culture in the Rockies (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press).
16. Duffy, R. (2002) Trip Too Far: Ecotourism, Politics, and Exploitation (London: Earthscan).
17. Duffy, R. (2008) Neoliberalising nature: Global networks and ecotourism development in Madagascar, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), pp. 327-344.
18. Duffy, R. & Moore, L. (2010) Neoliberalising nature? Elephant-back tourism in Thailand and Botswana, Antipode, 42(3), pp. 742-766.
19. Ehrenreich, B. (1989) Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: HarperPerennial).
20. Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering Development: TheMaking and Unmaking of the ThirdWorld (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
21. Fletcher, R. (2001) What are we fighting for?: Rethinking resistance in a Pewenche community in Chile, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 28(3), pp. 36-67.
22. Fletcher, R. (2008) Living on the edge: The appeal of risk sports for the professional middle class, Sociology of Sport Journal, 25(3), pp. 310-330.
23. Fletcher, R. (2009) Ecotourism discourse: Challenging the stakeholders theory, Journal of Ecotourism, 8(3), pp. 269-285.
24. Foster, J. B. (2000) Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature (New York: Monthly Review Press).
25. Friedman, J. (1994) Cultural Identity and Global Process (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
26. Garland, E. (2008) The elephant in the room: Confronting the colonial character of wildlife conservation in Africa, African Studies Review, 51(3), pp. 51-74.
27. Gibson, C. (2009) Geographies of tourism: Critical research on capitalism and local livelihoods, Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), pp. 527-534.
28. Gibson-Graham, J. K. (1996) The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
29. G̈ossling, S. & Peeters, P. (2007) 'It does not harm the environment!': An analysis of industry discourses on tourism, air travel and the environment, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(4), pp. 402-417.
30. G̈ossling, S., Broderick, J., Upham, P., Peeters, P., Strasdas, W., Ceron, J-P. & Dubois, G. (2007) Voluntary carbon offsetting schemes for aviation: Efficiency and credibility, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(3), pp. 223-248.
31. Graburn, N. (2004) Secular ritual: A general theory of tourism, in: S. Gmelch (Ed.) Tourists and Tourism, pp. 23-34 (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press).
32. Greenwood, D. J. (1989) Culture by the pound: An anthropological perspective on tourism as cultural commodification, in: V. Smith (Ed.) Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, 2nd edn, pp. 171-185 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).
33. Hamilton, J. M., Maddison, D. J. & Tol, R. S. J. (2005) The effects of climate change on international tourism, Climate Research, 29, pp. 255-268.
34. Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell).
35. Harvey, D. (2005) A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
36. Harvey, D. (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development (London: Verso).
37. Harvey, D. (2009) Is this really the end of neoliberalism?, Counterpunch, March 13. Available at http:// www.counterpunch.org/harvey03132009.html (accessed 29 April 2011).
38. Hayakawa, T. & Rivero, M. (2009) Local Economic Development and Tourism. En Breve Responsible Tourism Series #145 (Washington, DC: World Bank).
39. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2006) More than an 'industry': The forgotten power of tourism as a social force, Tourism Management, 27, pp. 1192-1208.
40. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2008) Justice tourism and alternative globalization, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), pp. 345-364.
41. Honey, M. (2008) Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?, 2nd edn (Washington, DC: Island Press).
42. Hochschild, A. R. (1999) The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, 20th anniversary edn (Los Angeles: University of California Press).
43. Igoe, J., Neves, K. & Brockington, D. (2010) A spectacular eco-tour around the historic bloc: Theorising the convergence of biodiversity conservation and capitalist expansion, Antipode, 42(3), pp. 486-512.
44. Klein, N. (2007) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books).
45. Korten, D. C. (2001) When Corporations Rule the World, 2nd edn (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press).
46. Lash, S. & Urry, J. (1987) The End of Organized Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity Press).
47. Lenin, V. I. (1916) Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Collected Works, Vol. 22 (Moscow: Progress).
48. Lyng, S. (1990) Edgework: A social psychological analysis of voluntary risk taking, American Journal of Sociology, 95, pp. 851-886.
49. MacCannell, D. (1999) The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, 2nd edn (Berkeley: University of California Press).
50. MacDonald, C. C. (2008) Green, Inc.: An Environmental Insider Reveals How a Good Cause Has Gone Bad (New York: Lyons Press).
51. Marx, K. (1967) Capital, Volume I (New York: International Publishers).
52. Marx, K. (1973) Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Harmondsworth: Penguin).
53. Mills, C. W. (1956) White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press).
54. Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. (2003) Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World, 2nd edn (London: Routledge).
55. Munt, I. (1994) Eco-tourism or ego-tourism?, Race and Class, 36, pp. 49-60.
56. Neves, K. (2010) Cashing in on cetourism: A critical engagement with dominant E-NGO discourses on whaling, cetacean conservation, and whale watching, Antipode, 42(3), pp. 719-741.
57. O'Connor, J. (1988) Capitalism, nature, socialism: A theoretical introduction, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 1(1), pp. 11-38.
58. O'Connor, J. (1994) Is sustainable capitalism possible?, in: P. Allen (Ed.) Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability, pp. 125-137 (New York: Wiley-Interscience).
59. O'Connor, M. (1994) On the misadventures of capitalist nature, in: M. O'Connor (Ed.) Is Capitalism Sustainable?, pp. 125-151 (New York: Guilford Press).
60. Poon, A. (1993) Tourism, Technology, and Competitive Strategies (Wallingford: CABI).
61. Robbins, P. & Fraser, A. (2003). A forest of contradictions: Producing the landscapes of the Scottish highlands, Antipode, 35(1), 95-118.
62. Sandler, B. (1994) Grow or die: Marxist theories of capitalism and the environment, Rethinking Marxism, 7(2), pp. 38-57.
63. Savran, D. (1998) Taking It Like a Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
64. Sharpley, R. (2006) Ecotourism: A consumption perspective, Journal of Ecotourism, 5(1 & 2), pp. 7-22.
65. Sklair, L. (2001) The Transnational Capitalist Class (Oxford: Blackwell).
66. Smith, N. (2007) Nature as an accumulation strategy, Socialist Register, January, pp. 1-36.
67. Stander, S. (2009a). Why Capitalism Survives Crises: The Shock Absorbers, P. Zarembka (Ed.): Research in Political Economy, Vol. 25 (London: Emerald Group Publishing).
68. Stander, S. (2009b). The real roots of the 2007-2009 economic crisis: Questions and answers, Peace and Conflict Monitor, May 4. Available at http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id article=613 (accessed 29 April 2011).
69. Sullivan, S. (2006) The elephant in the room? Problematising 'new' (neoliberal) biodiversity conservation, Forum for Development Studies, 33(1), pp. 105-135.
70. Truong, T-D. (1990) Sex, Money, and Morality: Prostitution and Tourism in South Asia (London: Zed Books).
71. UNWTO (1998) Ecotourism, Now One-Fifth of Market (Madrid: UNWTO).
72. UNWTO (2009) Tourism Highlights: 2008 Edition (Madrid: UNWTO).
73. UNWTO (2009) World tourism in the face of the global economic recession, Press release, May 12. Available at http://www.unwto.org/media/news/en/press det.php?id=4181 & idioma=E (accessed 29 April 2011).
74. UNWTO (2010) World Tourism Baromenter, Interim Update, April (Madrid: UNWTO).
75. Urry, J. (2001) The Tourist Gaze, 2nd edn (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
76. Vivanco, L. A. (2001) Spectacular quetzals, ecotourism, and environmental futures inMonte Verde, Costa Rica, Ethnology, 402, pp. 79-92.
77. Vivanco, L. A. (2006) Green Encounters: Shaping and Contesting Environmentalism in Rural Costa Rica (New York: Berghahn).
78. Weaver, D. B. & Lawton, L. J. (1999). Sustainable Tourism: A Critical Analysis, Research Report 1 (Gold Coast, Australia: CRC for Sustainable Tourism).
79. West, P. (2006) Conservation is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
80. West, P. & Carrier, J. C. (2004) Ecotourism and authenticity: Getting away from it all?, Current Anthropology, 45(4), pp. 483-498.
81. Wheeller, B. (1993). Sustaining the ego, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(2), pp. 121-29.
82. Wheeller, B. (2004) The truth? The hole truth. Everything but the truth. Tourism and knowledge: A septic skeptic's perspective, Current Issues in Tourism, 7(6), pp. 467-477.