The Influence of Family Relationships on Adult Psychological Well-Being and Generativity

Handbook of Research on Adult Learning and Development

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 305-349

  Marks, Nadine F ^a   Greenfield, Emily A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79961200353     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203887882-14     Document Type: Chapter

References (286)

1. Acitelli, L. K., and Antonucci, T. C. (1994). Gender differences in the link between marital support and satisfaction in older couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 688-698.
2. Allen, K. R. (1989). Single women/family ties: Life histories of older women. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
4. Amato, P. R., and Afifi, T. D. (2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relations with parents and subjective well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 222-235.
5. Aneshensel, C. S., Frerichs, R. R., and Clark, V. A. (1981). Family roles and sex differences in depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 379-393.
6. Aseltine, R. H., and Kessler, R. C. (1993). Marital disruption and depression in a community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 237-251.
7. Bailey, W. T. (1992). Psychological development in men: Generativity and involvement with young children. Psychological Reports, 71, 929-230.
8. Barnett, R. C. (1993). Multiple roles, gender, and psychological distress. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (2nd ed., pp. 427-445). New York: The Free Press.
9. Barnett, R. C., Brennan, R. T., and Marshall, N. L. (1994). Gender and the relationships between parent role quality and psychological distress: A study of men and women in dual-career couples. Journal of Family Issues, 15, 229-252.
10. Barnett, R. C., Kibria, N., Baruch, G. K., and Pleck, J. H. (1991). Adult daughter-parent relationships and their associations with daughters’ subjective well-being and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 29-42.
11. Barnett, R. C., Marshall, N. L., and Pleck, J. H. (1992). Adult son-parent relationships and their associations with sons’ psychological distress. Journal of Family Issues, 13, 505-525.
12. Barrett, A. E. (2000). Marital trajectories and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 451-464.
13. Beach, S. R. H., Katz, J., Kim, S., and Brody, G. H. (2003). Prospective effects of marital satisfaction on depressive symptoms in established marriages: A dyadic model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 355-371.
14. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press.
15. Beckman, L. J., and Houser, B. B. (1982). The consequences of childlessness on the social-psychological well-being of older women. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 243-250.
16. Bengtson, V. L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1-16.
17. Bengston, V. L., and Allen, K. R. (1993). The life course perspective applied to families over time. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm, and S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of families, theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 469-499). New York: Plenum.
18. Bengston, V. L., Rosenthal, C., and Burton, L. (1990). Families and aging: Diversity and heterogeneity. In R.H. Binstock and L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed., pp. 205-226). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
19. Bernard, J. (1972). The future of marriage. New York: Bantam.
20. Biegel, D., Sales, E., and Schulz, R. (1991). Family caregiving in chronic illness: Heart disease, cancer, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and chronic mental illness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
21. Bierman, A., Fazio, E. M., and Milkie, M. A. (2006). A multifaceted approach to the mental health advantage of the married: Assessing how explanations vary by outcome measure and unmarried group. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 554-582.
22. Bird, C. E. (1997). Gender differences in the social and economic burdens of parenting and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 809-823.
23. Birtchnell, J. (1975). Psychiatric breakdown following recent parental death. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48, 379-390.
24. Blacher, J., Lopez, S., Shapiro, J., and Fusco, J. (1997). Contributions to depression in Latina mothers with and without children with retardation: Implications for caregiving. Family Relations, 46, 325-334.
25. Blustein, J., Chan, S., and Guanais, F. C. (2004). Elevated depressive symptoms among caregiving grandparents. Health Services Research, 39, 1671-1690.
26. Booth, A., and Amato, P. (1991). Divorce and psychological stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 396-407.
27. Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.
28. Brim, O. G. (1992). Ambition. New York: Basic Books.
29. Brim, O. G., Ryff, C. D., and Kessler, R. C. (2004). The MIDUS National Survey: An overview. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, and R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 1-34). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Brody, E. (1990). Women in the middle: Their parent-care years. New York: Springer.
31. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development (Vol. 6, pp. 187-249). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
32. Bronfenbrenner, U., and Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 993-1028). New York: Wiley.
33. Brown, S. L. (2000). The effect of union type on psychological well-being: Depression among cohabitors versus marrieds. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 241-255.
34. Browning, D. (1975). Generative man. New York: Dell.
35. Bryant, F. B., and Veroff, J. (1982). The structure of psychological well-being: Sociohistorical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 653-673.
36. Buhler, C. (1935). The curve of life as studied in biographies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 19, 405-409.
37. Bumpass, L. (1990). What’s happening to the family: Interactions between demographic and institutional change. Demography, 27, 483-98.
38. Burton, L. M. (1992). Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes, and social service needs. Gerontologist, 32, 744-751.
39. Burton, R. D. (1998). Global integrative meaning as a mediating factor in the relationship between social roles and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 201-215.
40. Cantor, M. A. (1979). The informal support system of New York’s inner city elderly: Is ethnicity a factor? In D. Gelfand and A. Kutzik (Eds.). Ethnicity and aging: Theory, research, and policy. New York: Springer.
41. Caregiving in the U.S. Study. (2004). Bethesda, MD/Washington, DC: National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP.
42. Carnelley, K. B., Wortman, C. B., and Kessler, R. C. (1999). The impact of widowhood on depression: Findings from a prospective survey. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1111-1123.
43. Carr, D., House, J., Kessler, R. C., Nesse, R.M., Sonnega, J., and Wortman, C. (2000). Marital quality and psychological adjustment to widowhood among older adults: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55, S197-S207.
44. Chappell, N. L. (1990). Aging and social care. In R. H. Binstock and L. K. George (Eds), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed., pp. 438-454). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
45. Cherlin, A. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 848-861.
46. Connidis, I. A., and McMullin, J. A. (1993). To have or have not: Parent status and the subjective well-being of older men and women. Gerontologist, 33, 630-636.
47. Cooney, T., and Uhlenberg, P. (1992). Support from parents over the life course: The adult child’s perspective. Social Forces, 71, 63-84.
48. Davey, A. and Eggebeen, D. J. (1998). Patterns of intergenerational exchange and mental health. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53, P86-P95.
49. Davies, L., Avison, W. R., and McAlpine, D. D. (1997). Significant life experiences and depression among single and married mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 294-308.
50. de St. Aubin, E., McAdams, D. P., and Kim, T. (Eds.). (2004). The generative society: Caring for future generations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
51. Demo, D. H., and Acock, A. C. (1996). Family structure, family process, and adolescent well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 457-488.
52. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., and Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
53. Doherty, W. J., Su, S., and Needle, R. (1989). Marital disruption and psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 10, 72-85.
54. Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A study in sociology (J. A. Spaulding and G. Simpson, Trans.). Ontario, Toronto: The Free Press. (Original work published 1897)
55. Dush, C. M. K., and Amato, P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 607-627.
56. Duvall, E. M. (1962). Family development (2nd ed.). New York: Lippincott.
57. Earle, J. R., Smith, M. H., Harris, C. T., and Longino, C. F., Jr. (1998). Women, marital status, and symptoms of depression in a midlife national sample. Journal of Women and Aging, 10, 41-57.
58. Edin, K., Kefalas, M. J., and Reed, J. M. (2004). A peek inside the black box: What marriage means for poor unmarried parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67, 1007-1014.
59. Eggebeen, D., and Hogan, D. P. (1990). Giving between generations in American families. Human Nature, 1, 211-232.
60. Elder, G. H., Jr., Johnson M. K., and Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer and M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3-22). New York: Plenum.
61. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
62. Erikson, E. H. (1969). Gandhi’s truth: On the origins of militant nonviolence. New York: Norton.
63. Evenson, R. J., and Simon, R. W. (2005). Clarifying the relationships between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 341-358.
64. Featherman, D. L. (1983). The life-span perspective in social science research. In P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 1-57). New York: Academic Press.
65. Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., Harold, G. T., and Osborne, L. N. (1997). Marital satisfaction and depression: Different causal relationships for men and women? Psychological Science, 8, 351-357.
66. Fitting, M., Rabins, P., Lucas, M. J., and Eastham, J. (1986). Caregivers for dementia patients: A comparison of husbands and wives. Gerontologist, 26, 248-252.
67. Freud, S. (1964). An outline of psychoanalysis. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 23). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1940)
68. Fuller-Thomson, E., and Minkler, M. (2000). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: A national Profile of demographic and health characteristics. Health and Social Work, 25, 109-118.
69. Fuller-Thomson, E., Minkler, M., and Driver, D. (1997). A Profile of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States. Gerontologist, 37, 406-411.
70. Futterman, A., Gallagher, D., Thompson, L., Lovett, S., and Gilewski, M. (1990). Retrospective assessment of marital adjustment and depression during the first two years of spousal bereavement. Psychology and Aging, 5, 277-283.
71. Gallagher-Thompson, D., Coon, D. W., Rivera, P., Powers, D. E., and Zeiss, A. M. (1998). Family caregiving: Stress, coping, and intervention. In M. Hersen and V. B. Van Hasselt (Eds.), Handbook of clinical geropsychology (pp. 469-493). New York: Plenum.
72. George, L. W., and Gwyther, L. P. (1986). Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. Gerontologist, 26, 253-259.
73. Gerstel, N., and Gallagher, S. K. (1993). Kinkeeping and distress: Gender, recipients of care, and work-family conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 598-607.
74. Giarrusso, R., Feng, D., Wang, Q., and Silverstein, M. (1996). Parenting and co-parenting of grandchildren: Effects on grandparents’ well-being and family solidarity. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 16, 124-154.
75. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76. Glenn, N. D. (1975). Psychological well-being in the postparental stage: Some evidence from national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37, 105-110.
77. Glenn, N. D., and Weaver, C. N. (1979). A note on family situation and global happiness. Social Forces, 57, 960-967.
78. Glenn, N. D., and Weaver, C. N. (1988). The changing relationship of marital status to reported happiness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 317-324.
79. Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., MacCallum, F., and Lycett, E. (2004). Families created through surrogacy arrangements: Parent-child relationships in the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 40, 400-411.
80. Goode, W. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483-496.
81. Goodman, C. C., and Silverstein, M. (2005). Latina grandmothers raising grandchildren: Acculturation and psychological well-being. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60, 305-316.
82. Gore, S., and Mangione, T. W. (1983). Social roles, sex roles and psychological distress: Additive and interactive models of sex differences. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 300-312.
83. Gove, W. R. (1972). The relationship between sex roles, mental illness, and marital status. Social Forces, 51, 34-44.
84. Gove, W. R., Hughes, M., and Style, C. B. (1983). Does marriage have positive effects on the psychological well-being of the individual? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 122-131.
85. Gove, W. R., and Shin, H. (1989). The psychological well-being of divorced and widowed men and women. Journal of Family Issues, 10, 122-144.
86. Gove, W. R., and Tudor, J. F. (1973). Adult sex roles and mental illness. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
87. Greenberg, J., and Becker, M. (1988). Aging parents as family resources. Gerontologist, 28, 786-791.
88. Greenfield, E. A., and Marks, N. F. (2006). Linked lives: Adult children’s problems and their parents’ psychological and relational well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 442-454.
89. Grossman, A. H., D’Augelli, A. R., and Hershberger, S. L. (2000). Social support networks of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults 60 years of age and older. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 55, P171-P179.
90. Harper, S., and Lund, D. A. (1990). Wives, husbands, and daughters caring for institutionalized and noninstitutionalized dementia patients: Toward a model for caregiving burden. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 30, 241-262.
91. Hart, H. M., McAdams, D. P., Hirsch, B. J., and Bauer, J. J. (2001). Generativity and social involvement among African Americans and White adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 208-230.
92. Hewlett, S., and West, C. (1998). The war against parents. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
93. Hewlett, S., Rankin, N., and West, W. (2002). Taking parenting public: The case for a new social movement. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
94. Hirst, M. (2005) Carer distress: A prospective, population-based study. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 697-708.
95. Hope, S., Power, C., and Rodgers, B. (1999). Does financial hardship account for the elevated psychological distress in lone mothers? Social Science and Medicine, 29, 381-389.
96. Horowitz, A. (1985). Sons and daughters as caregivers to older parents: Differences in role performance and consequences. Gerontologist, 25, 612-617.
97. Horowitz, A. V., White H. R., and Howell-White, S. (1996). Becoming married and mental health. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58, 895-907.
98. Horowitz, M., Krupknick, J., Kaltreider, N., Wilner, N., Leong, A., and Marmar, R. C. (1981). Initial psychological response to parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 316-323.
99. Hoyert, D. L., and Seltzer, M. M. (1992). Factors related to the well-being and life activities of family caregivers. Family Relations, 41, 74-81.
100. Ihinger-Tallman, M. (1988). Research on stepfamilies. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 25-48.
101. Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Starrels, M., and Dowler, D. (1996). Caregiving for parents and parents-in-law: Is gender important? Gerontologist, 36, 483-491.
102. Jackson, P. B. (1997). Role occupancy and minority mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 237-255.
103. Jahoda, M. (1958) Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.
104. Jeffries, S., and Konnert, C. (2002). Regret and psychological well-being among voluntarily and involuntarily childless women and mothers. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 89-106.
105. Jendrek, M. P. (1993). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Effects on lifestyle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 609-621.
106. Johnson, D. R., and Wu, J. (2002). An empirical test of crisis, social selection, and role explanations of the relationship between marital disruption and psychological distress: A pooled time-series analysis of four-wave panel data. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 211-224.
107. Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul (W. S. Dell and C. F. Baynes, Trans.). New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.
108. Kahn, R. L., and Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles and social support. In P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 254-283). Boston: Lexington.
109. Kahneman, D., Diener, E., and Schwartz, N. (Eds.) (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage.
110. Kelley, S. J. (1993). Caregiver stress in grandparents raising grandchildren. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 331-337.
111. Keyes, C. L. M., and Ryff, C. D. (1998). Generativity in adult lives: Social structural contours and quality of life consequences. In D. P. McAdams and E. de St. Aubin (Eds.), Generativity and adult development: How and why we care for the next generation (pp. 227-263). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
112. Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., and Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007-1022.
113. Kim, G., and Youn, G. (2002). The role of education in generativity differences of employed and unemployed women in Korea. Psychological Reports, 91, 1205-1211.
114. Kim, H. K., and McKenry, P. C. (2002). The relationship between marriage and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 885-911.
115. Kitson, G. C. (1992). Portrait of divorce: Adjustment to marital breakdown. New York: Guilford.
116. Kolomer, S. R., and McCallion, P. (2005). Depression and caregiver mastery in grandfathers caring for their grandchildren. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60, 283-294.
117. Kotre, J. (1984). Outliving the self: Generativity and the interpretation of lives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
118. Kramer, B. J. (1993). Marital history and the prior relationship as predictors of positive and negative outcomes among wife caregivers. Family Relations, 42, 367-375.
119. Kramer, B. J. (1997). Gain in the caregiving experience: Where are we? What next? Gerontologist, 37, 218-232.
120. Kramer, B. J., and Lambert, J. D. (1999). Caregiving as a life course transition among older husbands: A prospective study. Gerontologist, 38, 658-667.
121. Kramer, B. J., and Thompson, E. H., Jr. (2002). Men as caregivers: Theory, research, and service implications. New York: Springer.
122. Kurdek, L. A. (1991). The relations between reported well-being and divorce history, availability of a proximate adults, and gender. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 71-78.
123. Kurdek, L. A. (1998). The nature and predictors of the trajectory of change in marital quality over the first four years of marriage for first-married husbands and wives. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 494-510.
124. Kurdek, L. A. (2004). Are gay and lesbian cohabiting couples really different from heterosexual married couples? Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 880-900.
125. LaRossa, R., and Reitzes, D. C. (1993). Symbolic interactionism and family studies. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm, and S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 135-163). New York: Plenum.
126. Lawton, M. P., Moss, M., Hoffman, C., and Perkinson, M. (2000). Two transitions in daughters’ caregiving careers. Gerontologist, 40, 437-448.
127. Lawton, M. P., Rajagopal, D., Brody, E., and Kleban, M. (1992). The dynamics of caregiving for a demented elder among black and white families. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 47, S156-S164.
128. Lee, G., Seccombe, K., and Shehan, C. (1991). Marital status and personal happiness: An analysis of trend data. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 839-844.
129. Letherby, G. (2002). Childless and bereft? Stereotypes and realities in relation to ‘voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ childlessness and womanhood. Sociological Inquiry, 72, 7-20.
130. Li, L. W., Seltzer, M. M., and Greenberg, J. S. (1999). Change in depressive symptoms among daughter caregivers: An 18-month study. Psychology and Aging, 14, 208-219.
131. Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Jr., Johnson, C., and Chao, W. (1997). Married and recently divorced mothers’ stressful events and distress: Tracing change across time. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59, 219-232.
132. Leuscher, K., and Pillemer, K. (1998). Intergenerational ambivalence: A new approach to the study of parent-child relations in later life. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 413-425.
133. Marcussen, K. (2005). Explaining differences in mental health between married and cohabiting individuals. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 239-257.
134. Marks, N. F. (1995). Midlife marital status differences in social support relationships with adult children and psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 16, 5-28.
135. Marks, N. F. (1996a). Flying solo at midlife: Gender, marital status, and psychological well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 917-932.
136. Marks, N. F. (1996b). Caregiving across the lifespan: National prevalence and predictors. Family Relations, 45, 27-36.
137. Marks, N. F. (1996c). Social demographic diversity among American midlife parents. In C. D. Ryff and M. M. Seltzer (Ed.), When children grow up: Development and diversity in midlife parenting (pp. 29-75). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
138. Marks, N. F. (1998). Does it hurt to care? Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 951-966.
139. Marks, N. F., Bumpass, L. L. and Jun, H. (2004). Family roles and well-being during the middle life course. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, and R. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of wellbeing at midlife (pp. 514-549). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
140. Marks, N. F., Jun, H., and Song, J. (2007). Death of parents and adult psychological and physical health: Prospective evidence from a U.S. national study. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 1611-1628.
141. Marks, N. F., and Lambert, J. D. (1998). Marital status continuity and change among young and midlife adults: Longitudinal effects on psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 19, 652-686.
142. Marks, N. F., Lambert, J. D., and Choi, H. (2002). Transitions to caregiving, gender, and psychological well-being: Prospective evidence from the National Survey of Families and Households. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 657-667.
143. Mash, E. J., and Johnson, C. (1983). Parental perception of child behavior problems, parenting selfesteem, and mothers’ reported stress in younger and older hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 86-99.
144. Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand.
145. Mastekaasa, A. (1992). Marriage and psychological well-being: Some evidence on selection into marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family 54, 901-911.
146. Mastekaasa, A. (1994). Marital status, distress, and well-being: An international comparison. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25, 183-205.
147. Mastekaasa, A. (1995). Marital dissolution and subjective distress: Panel evidence. European Sociological Review, 11, 173-185.
148. McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
149. McAdams, D. P. (2001). Generativity in midlife. In M. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of midlife development (pp. 395-443). New York: Wiley.
150. McAdams, D. P., (2006). The redemptive self. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
151. McAdams, D. P., and de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1003-1015.
152. McAdams, D. P., de St. Aubin, E., and Logan, R. L. (1993). Generativity among young, midlife, and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 8, 221-230.
153. McAdams, D. P., Hart, H. M., and Maruna, S. (1998). The anatomy of generativity. In D. P. McAdams, and E. de St. Aubin (Eds.), Generativity and adult development: Psychosocial perspectives on caring for and contributing to the next generation (pp. 7-43). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
154. McHorney, C. A., and Mor, V. (1988). Predictors of bereavement depression and its health services consequences. Medical Care, 26, 882-893.
155. McKeering, H., and Pakenham, K. I. (2000). Gender and generativity issues in parenting: Do fathers benefit more than mothers from involvement in child care activities? Sex Roles, 43, 459-480.
156. McLanahan, S. S., and Adams, J. (1987). Parenthood and psychological well-being. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 237-258.
157. McLanahan, S. S., and Adams, J. (1989). The effects of children on adults’ psychological well-being: 1957-1976. Social Forces, 68, 124-146.
158. Menaghan, E. G., and Lieberman, M. A. (1986). Changes in depression following divorce: A panel study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 319-328.
159. Menaghan, E. G. (1989a). Role changes and psychological well-being: Variations in effects by gender and role repertoire. Social Forces, 67, 693-714.
160. Menaghan, E. G. (1989b). Psychological well-being among parents and nonparents: The importance of normative expectedness. Journal of Family Issues, 10, 547-565.
161. Milardo, R. M. (2005). Generative uncle and nephew relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1226-1236.
162. Milevsky, A. (2005). Compensatory patterns of sibling support in emerging adulthood: Variations in loneliness, self-esteem, depression, and life satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 743-755.
163. Minkler, M., Fuller-Thomson, E., Miller, D. and Driver, D. (1997). Depression in grandparents raising grandchildren: Results of a national longitudinal study. Archives of Family Medicine, 6, 445-452.
164. Minkler, M., and Roe, K. M. (1993). Grandmothers as caregivers. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
165. Minkler, M., Roe, K. M., and Price, M. (1992). The physical and emotional health of grandmothers raising grandchildren in the crack cocaine epidemic. Gerontologist, 32, 752-760.
166. Mirowsky, J., and Ross, C. E., (1989). The social causes of psychological distress. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
167. Moss, M. S., Moss, S. Z., Rubinstein, R., and Resch, N. (1993). Impact of elderly mother’s death on middle age daughters. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37, 1-22.
168. Moss, M. S., Resch, N., and Moss, S. Z. (1997). The role of gender in middle-age children’s responses to parent death. Omega, 35, 43-65.
169. Mui, A. C., and Morrow-Howell, N. (1993). Sources of emotional strain among the oldest caregivers: Differential experiences of siblings and spouses. Research on Aging, 15, 50-69.
170. Mutran, E., and Reitzes, D. C. (1984). Intergenerational support activities and well-being among the elderly: A convergence of exchange and symbolic interaction perspectives. American Sociological Review, 49, 117-130.
171. Neal, M., Chapman, N., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., and Emlen, A. (1993). Balancing work and caregiving for children, adults and elders. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
172. Neugarten, B. L. (1968). The awareness of middle age. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging (pp. 93-98). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
173. O’Connor, T. G., Cheng, H., Dunn, J., and Golding J. (2005). Factors moderating change in depressive symptoms in women following separation: Findings from a community study in England. Psychological Medicine, 35, 715-724.
174. Oropesa, R. S., and Landale, N. S. (2004). The future of marriage and Hispanics. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 901-920.
175. Ory, M. G., Hoffman, R. R., III, Yee, J. L., Tennstedt, S., and Schulz, R. (1999). Prevalence and impact of caregiving: A detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers. Gerontologist, 39, 177-185.
176. Parsons, T. (1943). The kinship system of the contemporary United States. American Anthropologist, 45, 22-38.
177. Palkovitz, R., Copes, M. A., and Woolfok, T. N. (2001). “It’s like…you discover a new sense of being”: Involved fathering as an evoker of adult development. Men and Masculinities, 4, 49-69.
178. Pearlin, L. I., and Aneshensel, C. S. (1994). Caregiving: The unexpected career. Social Justice Research, 7, 373-390.
179. Pearlin, L. I., and Johnson, J. S. (1977). Marital status, life-strains, and depression. American Sociological Review, 42, 704-715.
180. Peters, A., and Liefbroer, A. C. (1997). Beyond marital status: Partner history and well-being in old age. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 687-699.
181. Peters-Davis, N. D., Moss, M. S., and Pruchno, R. A. (1999). Children-in-law in caregiving families. Gerontologist, 39, 66-75.
182. Peterson, B. E. (2002). Longitudinal analysis of midlife generativity, intergenerational roles, and caregiving. Psychology and Aging, 17, 161-168.
183. Peterson, B. E., and Klohnen, E. C. (1995). Realization of generativity in two samples of women at midlife. Psychology and Aging, 10, 20-29.
184. Peterson, B. E., and Stewart, A. J. (1990). Using personal and fictional documents to assess psychosocial development: A case study of Vera Brittain’s generativity. Psychology and Aging, 5, 400-411.
185. Pillemer, K., and Suitor, J. J. (1991). “Will I ever escape my child’s problems?" Effects of adult children’s problems on elderly parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 585-594.
186. Pinquart, M., and Sorensen, S. (2003). Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aging, 18, 250-267.
187. Pleck, J. H. (1993). Are “family supportive” employer policies relevant to men? In J. C. Hood (Ed.), Men, work, and family (pp. 217-237). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
188. Popenoe, D. (1993). American family decline, 1960-1990: A review and appraisal. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 527-555.
189. Pruchno, R., and McKenney, D. (2002). Psychological well-being of Black and White grandmothers raising grandchildren: Examination of a two-factor model. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57, P444-P452.
190. Radloff, L. S. (1975). Sex differences in depression: The effects of occupation and marital status. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1, 249-265.
191. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
192. Ramey, S. L., Krauss, M. W., and Simeonsson, R. J. (1989). Research on families: Current assessment and future opportunities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, ii-vi.
193. Reitzes, D. C., and Mutran, E. J. (2004). Grandparent identity, intergenerational family identity, and well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59, S213-S219.
194. Richards, M., Hardy, R., and Wadsworth, M. (1997). The effects of divorce and separation on mental health in a national UK birth cohort. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1121-1128.
195. Riessmann, C. K. (1990). Divorce talk: Women and men make sense of personal relationships. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
196. Riggio, H. R. (2000). Measuring attitudes toward adult sibling relationships: The Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 707-728.
197. Robins, L. N., and Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Free Press: New York.
198. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
199. Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.
200. Ross, C. E. (1995). Reconceptualizing marital status as a continuum of social attachment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 129-140.
201. Ross, C. E., and Mirowsky, J. (1988). Child care and emotional adjustment to wives’ employment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29, 127-138.
202. Ross, L. E. (2005). Perinatal mental health in lesbian mothers: A review of potential risk and protective factors. Women and Health, 41, 113-128.
203. Rossi, A. S., and Rossi, P. H. (1990). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
204. Rubinstein, R. L. (1996). Childlessness, legacy, and generativity. Generations, 20, 58-60.
205. Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 141-166.
206. Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30, 843-861.
207. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 1069-1081.
208. Ryff, C. D., and Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
209. Ryff, C. D., Lee, Y.H., Essex, M. J., and Schmutte, P. S. (1994). My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and self. Psychology and Aging, 9, 195-205.
210. Sanders, C. M. (1979-80). A comparison of adult bereavement in the death of a spouse, child, and parent. Omega, 10, 303-322.
211. Savolainen, J., Lahehna, E., Silventionen, K., and Gauthier, A. H. (2001). Parenthood and psychological well-being in Finland: Does public policy make a difference? Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32, 61-70.
212. Scharlach, A. E. (1991). Factors associated with filial grief following the death of an elderly parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 307-313.
213. Schulz, R., O’Brien, A. T., Bookwala, J., and Fleissner, K. (1995). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist, 35, 771-791.
214. Schulz, R., Visitainer, P., and Williamson, G. M. (1990). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of caregiving. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, 181-191.
215. Schulz, R., and Williamson, G. M. (1991). A two-year longitudinal study of depression in Alzheimer’s caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 6, 569-579.
216. Seltzer, J. A. (2004). Cohabitation in the United States and Britain: Demography, kinship, and the future. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 921-928.
217. Seltzer, M. M., and Greenberg, J. S. (2001). Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 265-286.
218. Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Krauss, M. W., Gordon, R., and Judge, K. (1997). Siblings of adults with mental retardation or mental illness: Effects on lifestyle and psychological well-being. Family Relations, 46, 395-405.
219. Seltzer, M. M., and Krauss, M. W. (1989). Aging parents with mentally retarded children: Family risk factors and sources of support. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, 303-312.
220. Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., Choi, S. C., and Hong, J. (1996). Midlife and later-life parenting of adult children with mental retardation. In C. D. Ryff and M. M. Seltzer (Eds.), The parental experience in midlife (pp. 459-489). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
221. Seltzer, M. M., and Li, L. W. (1996). The transitions of caregiving: Subjective and objective definitions. Gerontologist, 36, 614-626.
222. Seltzer, M. M., and Li, L. W. (2000). The dynamics of caregiving: Transitions during a 3-year prospective study. Gerontologist, 40, 165-178.
223. Settersten, R. A., Jr. (2003). Propositions and controversies in life-course scholarship. In R.A. Settersten (Ed.), Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 15-45). Amityville, NY: Baywood..
224. Shanas, E., Townsend, P., Wedderburn, D., Fris, H., Milhof, P., and Stehouwer, J. (1968). Old people in three industrial societies. New York: Atherton.
225. Shapiro, A. D. (1996). Explaining psychological distress in a sample of remarried and divorced persons: The influence of economic distress. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 186-203.
226. Shore, R. J., and Hayslip, B., Jr. (1994). Custodial parenting: Implications for children’s development. In A. E. Gottfried and A. W. Gottfried (Eds.), Redefining families: Implications for children’s development (pp. 171-218). New York: Plenum.
227. Silverberg, S. B. (1996). Parents’ well-being at their children’s transition to adolescence. In C. D. Ryff and M. M. Seltzer (Eds.), The parental experience in midlife (pp. 215-254). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
228. Simmons, T., and Dye, J. L. (2003). Grandparents living with grandchildren: 2000. (Census 2000 Brief Report C2KBR-31). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
229. Simon, R. W. (1992). Parental role strains, salience of parental identity, and gender differences in psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 25-35.
230. Simon, R. W. (1998). Assessing sex differences in vulnerability among employed parents: The importance of marital status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 38-54.
231. Simon, R. W. (2002). Revisiting the relationships among gender, marital status, and mental health. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 1065-1096.
232. Simon, R. W., and Marcussen, K. (1999). Marital transitions, marital beliefs, and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 111-125.
233. Snarey, J. (1993). How fathers care for the next generation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
234. Snarey, J., Son, L., Kuchne, V. S., Hauser, S., and Vaillant, G. (1987). The role of parenting in men’s psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of early adulthood infertility and midlife generativity. Developmental Psychology, 23, 593-603.
235. Spitze, G., and Logan, J. (1992). Helping as a component of parent-adult child relations. Research on Aging, 14, 291-312.
236. Spitze, G., Logan, J. R., Joseph, G., and Lee, E. (1994). Middle generation roles and the well-being of men and women. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 49, S107-S116.
237. Stacey, J. (1990). Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late 20th century America. New York: Basic Books.
238. Stack, S., and Eshleman, J. R. (1998). Marital status and happiness: A 17-nation study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 527-536.
239. Stephens, M. A. P., and Townsend, A. L. (1997). Stress of parent care: Positive and negative effects on women’s other roles. Psychology and Aging, 12, 376-386.
240. Stewart, A. J., and Vandewater, E. A. (1998). The course of generativity. In D. P. McAdams and E. de St. Aubin (Eds.), Generativity and adult development: Psychosocial perspectives on caring for and contributing to the next generation (pp. 75-100). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
241. Stocker, C. M., Lanthier, R. P., and Furman, W. (1997). Sibling relationships in early adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 210-221.
242. Stoller, E. P. (1985). Exchange patterns in the informal support networks of the elderly: The impact of reciprocity on morale. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 335-342.
243. Stone, R., Cafferata, G. L., and Sangl, J. (1987). Caregivers of the frail elderly: A national Profile. Gerontologist, 27, 616-626.
244. Strawbridge, W. J., Wallhagen, M. I., Shema, S. J., and Kaplan, G. A. (1997). New burdens or more of the same: Comparing grandparent, spouse, and adult-child caregivers. Gerontologist, 37, 505-510.
245. Stroebe, W., and Stroebe, M. (1987). Bereavement and health. New York: Cambridge University Press.
246. Strohschein, L., McDonough, P., Monette, G., and Shao, Q. (2005). Marital transitions and mental health: Are there gender differences in the short-term effects of marital status change? Social Science and Medicine, 61, 2293-2303.
247. Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
248. Stryker, S. (2001). Traditional symbolic interactionism, role theory, and structural symbolic interactionism: The road to identity theory. In J. H. Turner (Ed.), Handbook of sociological theory (pp. 211-231). New York: Kluwer.
249. Stryker, S., and Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology: Vol. I. Theory and method (3rd ed., pp. 311-378). New York: Random House.
250. Szinovacz, M. E., and Davey, A. (2006). Effects of retirement and grandchild care on depressive symptoms. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 62, 1-20.
251. Szinovacz, M. E., DeViney, S., and Atkinson, M. P., (1999). Effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents’ well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54, S376-S388.
252. Thoits, P. A. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174-187.
253. Thoits, P. A. (1991). On merging identity theory and stress research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 101-112.
254. Thoits, P. A. (1992). Identity structures and psychological well-being: Gender and marital status comparisons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 236-256.
255. Thomas, E. J., and Biddle, B. J. (1966). The nature and history of role theory. In E. J. Thomas and B. J. Biddle (Eds.), Role theory: Concepts and research. New York: Wiley.
256. Turner, R. H. (1978). The role and the person. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 84, 1-23.
257. Turner, M. J., Killian, T S., and Cain, R. (2004). Life course transitions and depressive symptoms among women in midlife. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58, 241-265.
258. Turvey, C. L., Carney, C., Arndt, S., Wallace, R. B., and Herzog, R. (1999). Conjugal loss and syndromal depression in a sample of elders aged 70 years or older. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1596-1601.
259. Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: Psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 664-674.
260. Umberson, D. (1995). Marriage as support or strain? Marital quality following the death of a parent. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 709-723.
261. Umberson, D. (2003). Death of a parent: Transition to a new adult identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
262. Umberson, D., and Chen, M. D. (1994). Effects of a parent’s death on adult children: Relationship salience and reaction to loss. American Sociological Review, 59, 152-168.
263. Umberson, D., and Gove, W. (1989). Parenthood and psychological well-being: Theory, measurement, and stage in the family life course. Journal of Family Issues, 10, 440-462.
264. Umberson, D., and Williams, C. L. (1993). Divorced fathers: Parental role strain and psychological distress. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 378-400.
265. Vaillant, G. E., and Milofsky, E. (1980). Natural history of male psychological health IX: Empirical evidence for Erikson’s model of the life cycle. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1348-1359.
266. Vega, W. A., Kolody, B., and Valle, R. (1988). Marital strain, coping, and depression among Mexican-American women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 391-403.
267. Ventura, S. J., and Bachrach, C. A. (2000). Nonmarital childbearing in the United States, 1940-1999 (National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 48, No. 16). Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.
268. Wade, T. J., and Pevalin, D. J. (2004). Marital transitions and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 155-170.
269. Waite, L. J. (1995). Does marriage matter? Demography, 32, 483-507.
270. Waite, L. J. (2000). Trends in men’s and women’s well-being in marriage. In L. J. Waite (Ed.), The ties that bind: Perspectives on marriage and cohabitation (pp. 368-392). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
271. Waite, L. J., and Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage. New York: Doubleday.
272. Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonic) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678-691.
273. Watkins, S. C., Mencken, J. A., and Bongaarts, J. (1987). Demographic foundations of family change. American Sociological Review, 50, 689-698.
274. Weingarten, H. R. (1985). Marital status and well-being: A national study comparing first-married, currently divorced, and remarried adults. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 653-662.
275. Westermeyer, J. F. (2004). Predictors and characteristics of Erikson’s life cycle among men: A 32-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58, 29-48.
276. Wheaton, B. (1990). Life transitions, role histories, and mental health. American Sociological Review, 55, 209-223.
277. Whisman, M. A. (2001). The association between depression and marital satisfaction. In S. R. H. Beach (Ed.), Marital and family process in depression: A scientific foundation for clinical practice (pp. 3-24). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
278. Whisman, M. A., and Bruce, M. L. (1999). Marital dissatisfaction and incidence of major depressive episode in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 674-678.
279. White, J. M. (1992). Marital status and well-being in Canada. Journal of Family Issues, 13, 390-409.
280. White, L. K., and Booth, A. (1985). The quality and stability of remarriages: The role of stepchildren. American Sociological Review, 50, 689-698.
281. Wilcox, S., Evenson, K. R., Aragaki. A., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Mouton, C. P., and Loevinger, B. L. (2003). The effects of widowhood on physical and mental health, health behaviors, and health outcomes: The Women’s Health Initiative. Health Psychology, 22, 513-522.
282. Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 470-487.
283. Willitts, M., Benzevel, M., and Stansfeld, S. (2004). Partnership history and mental health over time. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 53-58.
284. Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., and Kessler, R. C. (1993). The meaning of loss and adjustment to bereavement. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, and R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement (pp. 349-366). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
285. Young, R. F., and Kahana, E. (1989) Specifying caregiver outcomes: Gender and relationship aspects of caregiver strain. Gerontologist, 29, 660-666.
286. Zhang, Z., and Hayward, M. D. (2001). Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older persons. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 56, S311-S320.