Racial and geographic differences in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia: The reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study

Neuroepidemiology

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 39-44

  Zweifler, Richard M ^a,b   McClure, Leslie A ^c   Howard, Virginia J ^c   Cushman, Mary ^d   Hovater, Martha K ^c   Safford, Monika M ^e   Howard, George ^c   Goff Jr , David C ^f  

^a Sentara Medical Group   (United States)

^b EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^f WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Racial differences; Risk factor management; Risk factors; Stroke prevention

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGED; ARTICLE; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PREVALENCE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AWARENESS; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79961122495     PISSN: 02515350     EISSN: 14230208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000328258     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Howard G, Anderson R, Sorlie P, Andrews V, Backlund E, Burke GL: Ethnic differences in stroke mortality between non-Hispanic whites, Hispanic whites, and blacks: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Stroke 1994; 25: 2120-2125. (Pubitemid 24338361)
2. Lanska DJ: Geographic distribution of stroke mortality in the United States: 1939-1941 to 1979-1981. Neurology 1993; 43: 1839.
3. Howard G: Why do we have a Stroke Belt in the Southeastern United States? A review of unlikely and uninvestigated potential causes. Am J Med Sci 1999; 317: 160-167. (Pubitemid 30389700)
4. Kissela B, Schneider A, Kleindorfer D, Khoury J, Miller R, Alwell K, Woo D, Szaflarski J, Gebel J, Moomaw C, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Shukla R, Broderick J: Stroke in a biracial population: The excess burden of stroke among blacks. Stroke 2004; 35: 426-431. (Pubitemid 38174424)
5. Tanne D, Koren-Morag N, Graff E, Goldbourt U: Blood lipids and first-ever ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Registry: High triglycerides constitute an independent risk factor. Circulation 2001; 104: 2892-2897. (Pubitemid 33139099)
6. Sacco RL, Benson RT, Kargman DE, Boden-Albala B, Tuck C, Lin IF, Cheng JF, Paik MC, Shea S, Berglund L: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. JAMA 2001; 285: 2729-2735. (Pubitemid 32525369)
7. Koren-Morag N, Tanne D, Graff E, Goldbourt U, Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group: Low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic cerebrovascular disease: The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Registry. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 993-999. (Pubitemid 34492527)
8. Kurth T, Everett BM, Buring JE, Kase CS, Ridker PM, Gaziano JM: Lipid levels and the risk of ischemic stroke in women. Neurology 2007; 68: 556-562.
9. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 2004; 363: 757-767.
10. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallee P, Touboul PJ: Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: Systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke 2004; 35: 2902-2909. (Pubitemid 39565192)
11. Byington RP, Davis BR, Plehn JF, White HD, Baker J, Cobbe SM, Shepherd J: Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin: The Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project. Circulation 2001; 103: 387-392. (Pubitemid 32105978)
12. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4,444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvistatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-1389.
13. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT: Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1149-1158. (Pubitemid 36398384)
14. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration: Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: A metaanalysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomized trials. Lancet 2010; 376: 1670-1681.
15. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, et al., Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators: High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 549-559.
16. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley L, Gomez CR, Go RC, Prineas RJ, Graham A, Moy CS, Howard G: The reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study: Objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25: 135-143. (Pubitemid 41207066)
17. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ, Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program: A summary of implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1329-1330. (Pubitemid 39050420)
18. Goff DC Jr, Bertoni AG, Kramer H, Bonds D, Blumenthal RS, Tsai MY, Psaty BM: Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment, and control in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): Gender, ethnicity, and coronary artery calcium. Circulation 2006; 113: 647-656.
19. Hyre AD, Muntner P, Menke A, Raggi P, He J: Trends in ATP-III-defined high blood cholesterol prevalence, awareness, treatment and control among US adults. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: 548-555. (Pubitemid 46950925)
20. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S: The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project (LTAP): A multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 459-467. (Pubitemid 30112269)
21. Litaker D, Koroukian S: Racial differences in lipid-lowering agent use in Medicaid patients with cardiovascular disease. Med Care 2004; 42: 1009-1018. (Pubitemid 39530797)
22. Massing M, Foley K, Carter-Edwards L, Sueta C, Alexander C, Simpson R: Disparities in lipid management for African Americans and Caucasians with coronary artery disease: A national cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2004; 4: 15.
23. Amarenco P, Labreuche J: Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: Review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 453-463.
24. US Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2010 (Conference Ed, 2 vol). Washington, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000.
25. Fan AZ, Greenlund KJ, Dai S, Croft JB: Disparities in screening for an awareness of high blood cholesterol -United States, 1999-2002. MMWR 2005; 54: 117-119.