Toward a definition of sarcopenia

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 341-353

  Cederholm, Tommy E ^a,b   Bauer, Juergen M ^c   Boirie, Yves ^d,e   Schneider, Stephane M ^f   Sieber, Cornel C ^g   Rolland, Yves ^h,i,j  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c Geriatrischen Zentrums Oldenburg (GZO)   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF CLERMONT FERRAND   (France)

^e INRA and University of Auvergne   (France)

^f CENTRE HOSPITALIER UNIVERSITAIRE DE NICE   (France)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^h INSERM   (France)

ⁱ UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^j TOULOUSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

more..

Author keywords

Aging; Cachexia; Muscle mass; Sarcopenia

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; SOMATOMEDIN C;

AGING; BODY COMPOSITION; CACHEXIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GERIATRIC NUTRITION; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SENESCENCE; WASTING SYNDROME;

AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; BODY COMPOSITION; FRAIL ELDERLY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SARCOPENIA; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 79961070127     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: 18798853     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2011.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Rosenberg I. Summary comments: epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50:1231-1233.
2. Christensen K., Doblhammer G., Rau R., et al. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet 2009, 374:1196-1208.
3. United Nations World population ageing: 1950-2050. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, DESA, United Nations: New York Available at:, Accessed May, 2011. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/.
4. Nair K.S. Age-related changes in muscle. Mayo Clin Proc 2000, 75(Suppl):S14-S18.
5. Rosenberg I.H. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr 1997, 127(Suppl 5):990S-991S.
6. Evans W.J., Campbell W.W. Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr 1993, 123:465-468.
7. Holloszy J. Sarcopenia: muscle atrophy in old age. J Gerontol 1995, 50A:1-161.
8. Evans W. What is sarcopenia?. J Gerontol 1995, 50A:5-8. [Special issue].
9. Tzankoff S.P., Norris A.H. Longitudinal changes in basal metabolic rate in man. J Appl Physiol 1978, 33:536-539.
10. Frontera W.R., Hughes V.A., Fielding R.A., et al. Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88(4):1321-1326.
11. Ferrucci L., Guralnik J.M., Buchner D., et al. Departures from linearity in the relationship between measures of muscular strength and physical performance of the lower extremities: the Women's Health and Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997, 52:M275-M285.
12. Cohn S.H., Vartsky D., Yasumura S., et al. Compartmental body composition based on total-body nitrogen, potassium, and calcium. Am J Physiol 1980, 239:E524-E530.
13. Larsson L. Morphological and functional characteristics of the aging skeletal muscle in man. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1978, 457(Suppl):1-36.
14. Larsson L. Histochemical characteristics of human skeletal muscle during aging. Acta Physiol Scand 1983, 117:469-471.
15. Lexell J., Taylor C.C., Sjostrom M. What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men. J Neurol Sci 1988, 84:275-294.
16. Lexell J. Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995, 50(Spec No):11-16.
17. Marzetti E., Leeuwenburgh C. Skeletal muscle apoptosis, sarcopenia and frailty at old age. Exp Gerontol 2006, 41:1234-1238.
18. Edstrom E., Altun M., Bergman E., et al. Factors contributing to neuromuscular impairment and sarcopenia during aging. Physiol Behav 2007, 92:129-135.
19. Doherty T.J., Vandervoort A.A., Taylor A.W., et al. Effects of motor unit losses on strength in older men and women. J Appl Physiol 1993, 74:868-874.
20. Maggio M., Cappola A.R., Ceda G.P., et al. The hormonal pathway to frailty in older men. J Endocrinol Invest 2005, 28(11 Suppl Proceedings):15-19.
21. Franceschi C., Capri M., Monti D., et al. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2007, 128:92-105.
22. Schaap L.A., Pluijm S.M., Deeg D.J., et al. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med 2006, 119:526.e9-526.e17.
23. Clavel S., Coldefy A.S., Kurkdjian E., et al. Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are up-regulated in aged rat tibialis anterior muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 2006, 127:794-801.
24. Glass D.J. Signaling pathways perturbing muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010, 13:225-229.
25. Glass D., Roubenoff R. Recent advances in the biology and therapy of muscle wasting. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010, 1211:25-36.
26. Short K.R., Nair K.S. The effect of age on protein metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000, 3:39-44.
27. D'Antona G., Nisoli E. mTOR signaling as a target of amino acid treatment of the age-related sarcopenia. Interdiscip Top Gerontol 2010, 37:115-141. Mobbs CV, Hof PR, editors. Body Composition and Aging; Karger: Basel (Switzerland).
28. Thornell L.E. Sarcopenic obesity: satellite cells in the aging muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010, 14:22-27.
29. Liu W., Thomas S.G., Asa S.L., et al. Myostatin is a skeletal muscle target of growth hormone anabolic action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:5490-5496.
30. Lang T., Cauley J.A., Tylavsky F., et al. Computed tomography measurements of thigh muscle cross-sectional area and attenuation coefficient predict hip fracture: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Bone Miner Res 2010, 25:513-519.
31. Guillet C., Boirie Y. Insulin resistance: a contributing factor to age-related muscle mass loss?. Diabete Metab 2005, 31(Spec No 2). 5S20-5S6.
32. Guillet C., Delcourt I., Rance M., et al. Changes in basal and insulin and amino acid response of whole body and skeletal muscle proteins in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94(8):3044-3050.
33. Zamboni M., Mazzali G., Fantin F., et al. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008, 18:388-395.
34. Moldawer L.L., Copeland E.M. Proinflammatory cytokines, nutritional support, and the cachexia syndrome: interactions and therapeutic options. Cancer 1997, 79:1828-1839.
35. Argilés J.M., López-Soriano F.J. The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia. Med Res Rev 1999, 19:223-248.
36. Cederholm T., Wretlind B., Hellström K., et al. Enhanced generation of interleukins 1β and 6 may contribute to the cachexia of chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65:876-882.
37. Pouw E.M., Schols A.M., Deutz N.E., et al. Plasma and muscle amino acid levels in relation to resting energy expenditure and inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 158:797-801.
38. Stenvinkel P., Heimbürger O., Lindholm B., et al. Are there two types of malnutrition in chronic renal failure? Evidence for relationships between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis (MIA syndrome). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000, 15:953-960.
39. Baracos V., Rodemann H.P., Dinarello C.A., et al. Stimulation of muscle protein degradation and prostaglandin E2 release by leukocytic pyrogen (interleukin-1). A mechanism for the increased degradation of muscle proteins during fever. N Engl J Med 1983, 308:553-558.
40. Cederholm T., Hellström K. Reversibility of protein-energy malnutrition in a group of chronically ill elderly out-patients. Clin Nutr 1995, 14:81-87.
41. Creutzberg E.C., Schols A.M., Weling-Scheepers C.A., et al. Characterization of non-response to high caloric oral nutritional therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:745-752.
42. Roubenoff R., Heymsfield S., Kehayias J., et al. Standardization of nomenclature of body composition in weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66:192-196.
43. Schols A., Buurman W., Staal van den Brekel A., et al. Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996, 51:819-824.
44. Anker S.D., Ponikowski P.P., Clark A.L., et al. Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1999, 20:683-693.
45. Baracos V.E. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia: understanding gained from experimental studies. Cancer 2001, 92(Suppl 6):1669-1677.
46. Visser M., Pahor M., Taaffe D.R., et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002, 57:M326-M332.
47. Biolo G., Bosutti A., Iscra F., et al. Contribution of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to overall muscle proteolysis in hypercatabolic patients. Metabolism 2000, 49:689-691.
48. Baumgartner R.N., Koehler K.M., Gallagher D., et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 147(8):755-763.
49. Baumgartner R.N., Waters D.L., Gallagher D., et al. Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women. Mech Ageing Dev 1999, 107:123-136.
50. Morley J.E., Baumgartner R.N., Roubenoff R., et al. Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med 2001, 137:231-243.
51. Janssen I., Heymsfield S.B., Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002, 50:889-896.
52. Janssen I., Heymsfield S.B., Baumgartner R.N., et al. Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. J Appl Physiol 2000, 89:465-471.
53. Janssen I., Baumgartner R.N., Ross R., et al. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004, 159:413-421.
54. Newman A.B., Kupelian V., Visser M., et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51:1602-1609.
55. Visser M., Newman A.B., Nevitt M.C., et al. Reexamining the sarcopenia hypothesis. Muscle mass versus muscle strength. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000, 904:456-461.
56. Goodpaster B.H., Carlson C.L., Visser M., et al. Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: the Health ABC Study. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:2157-2165.
57. Visser M., Deeg D.J., Lips P., et al. Skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in relation to lower-extremity performance in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48:381-386.
58. Newman A.B., Kupelian V., Visser M., et al. Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006, 61:72-77.
59. Studenski S., Perera S., Patel K., et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 2011, 305:50-58.
60. Muscaritoli M., Anker S.D., Argiles J., et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics" Clin Nutr 2010, 29:154-159.
61. Guralnik J.M., Ferrucci L., Pieper C.F., et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000, 55:M221-M231.
62. Cruz-Jentoft A., Baeyens J.P., Bauer J., et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2010, 39:412-423.
63. Cruz-Jentoft A., Landi F., Topinková E., et al. Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010, 13:1-7.
64. Guralnik J.M., Simonsick E.M., Ferrucci L., et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 1994, 49:M85-M94.
65. Fielding R., Vellas B., Evans W., et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011, 12:249-256.
66. Morley J.E., Anker S.D., Evans W.J. Cachexia and aging: an update based on the fourth international cachexia meeting. J Nutr Health Aging 2009, 13:47-55.
67. Evans W.J., Morley J.E., Argiles J., et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 2008, 27:793-799.
68. Morley J.E., Argiles J.M., Evans W.J., et al. Nutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:391-396.
69. Available at: Accessed May, 2011. http://www.fnih.org/work/areas/life-stage/sarcopenia.