Filariasis

Tropical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 2, Issue , 2006, Pages 1152-1162

  Nutman, Thomas B ^a   Kazura, James W ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79961067674     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50103-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (109)

1. Evans DB, Gelband H, Vlassoff C Social and economic factors and the control of lymphatic filariasis: A review. Acta Trop 1993, 53:1-26.
2. Ottesen EA The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 2000, 5:591-594.
3. Routh HB, Bhowmik KR History of elephantiasis. Int J Dermatol 1993, 32:913-916.
4. Rajan TV Lymphatic filariasis: A historical perspective. Lymphatic Filariasis 2000, 1:1-4. Imperial College Press, London. T.B. Nutman (Ed.).
5. Demarquay J-N Helminthologie. Gazette Med Paris 1863, 18:665-667.
6. Wucherer OEH Noticia preliminar sobrevermes de uma especie ainda nao descripta, encontrados na urina de donentes de hematuria intertropical no Brazil. Gazetas Med Bahia 1868, 3:97-99.
7. Lewis TR: On a hematozoan inhabiting human blood, its relation to chyluria and other diseases. Government of India, 1872.
8. Manson P On filarial periodicity. BMJ 1899, 2:644-646.
9. Manson P: Further observations on filaria sanguinis hominis, China imperial maritime customs. 1877.
10. Cobbold TS Discovery of the adult representative of a microscopic Filariae. Lancet 1877, 2:70-71.
11. Bourne AG A note on filaria Filaria Sanguinis Hominis (with description of a male specimen). BMJ 1888, 1:1050-1051.
12. Bancroft TL On the metamorphosis of the young form of Filaria bancrofti Cobbold ( Filaria sanguinis hominis Lewis; Filaria nocturna Manson) in the body of Culex ciliaris, the house mosquito of Australia. J Trop Med 1899, 2:91-94.
13. Low GC A recent observation on Filaria nocturna in Culex; Probable mode of infection of man. BMJ 1900, 1:1456-1457.
14. Buckley JJ On Brugia gen. nov. for Wuchereria spp. of the malayl' group, i.e., W malayi (Brug, 1927), W. pahangi Buckley and Edeson, 1956, and W. patei Buckley, Nelson and Heisch, 1958. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1960, 54:75-77.
15. O'Connor FW Filarial periodicity with observations and on the mechanisms of migration of the microfilariae and from parent worm to the blood stream. PR J Public Health Trop Med 1931, 6:263.
16. Southgate BA Intensity and efficiency of transmission and the development of microfilaraemia and disease: Their relationship in lymphatic filariasis. J Trop Med Hyg 1992, 95:1-12.
17. Kozek WJ, Marroquin HF Intracytoplasmic bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977, 26:663-678.
18. McLaren DJ, Worms MJ, Laurence BR, Simpson MG Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1975, 69:509-514.
19. Sironi M, Bandi C, Sacchi L, et al. Molecular evidence for a close relative of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia in a filarial worm. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995, 74:223-227.
20. Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes. Parasitol Today 1999, 15:437-442.
21. Hise AG, Gillette-Ferguson I, Pearlman E The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in filarial disease. Cell Microbiol 2004, 6:97-104.
22. Rajan TV Relationship of anti-microbial activity of tetracyclines to their ability to block the L3 to L4 molt of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 71:24-28.
23. Hoerauf A, Mand S, Volkmann L, et al. Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2003, 192:211-216.
24. Cross HF, Haarbrink M, Egerton G, et al. Severe reactions to filarial chemotherapy and release of Wolbachia endosymbionts into blood. Lancet 2001, 358:1873-1875.
25. Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Bilo K Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode Brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. J Exp Med 2000, 191:1429-1436.
26. Michael E, Bundy DA Global mapping of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 1997, 13:472-476.
27. Michael E, Bundy DA, Grenfell BT Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 1996, 112:409-428.
28. Bockarie M, Kazura J, Alexander N, et al. Transmission dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996, 54:577-581.
29. Sasa M Human Filariasis 1976, Baltimore University Press, Baltimore.
30. Kazura JW, Bockerie M, Alexander N, et al. Transmission intensity and its relationship to infection and disease due to Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:242-246.
31. Ottesen EA Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis-An immunological perspective. Parasitology 1992, 104:S71-S79.
32. Dreyer G, Ottesen EA, Galdino E, et al. Renal abnormalities in microfilaremic patients with bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992, 46:745-751.
33. Freedman DO, de Almeida Filho PJ, Besh S, et al. Lymphoscintigraphic analysis of lymphatic abnormalities in symptomatic and asymptomatic human filariasis. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:927-933.
34. Case T, Leis B, Witte M, et al. Vascular abnormalities in experimental and human lymphatic filariasis. Lymphology 1991, 24:174-183.
35. Witte MH, Jamal S, Williams WH, et al. Lymphatic abnormalities in human filariasis as depicted by lymphangioscintigraphy. Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:737-744.
36. Mand S, Marfa-Debrekyei Y, Dittrich M, et al. Animated documentation of the filaria dance sign (FDS) in bancroftian filariasis. Filaria J 2003, 2:3.
37. Noroes J, Addiss D, Santos A, et al. Ultrasonographic evidence of abnormal lymphatic vessels in young men with adult Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the scrotal area. J Urol 1996, 156:409-412.
38. Noroes J, Addiss D, Amaral F, et al. Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaraemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996, 90:55-56.
39. Michael E, Grenfell BT, Bundy DA The association between microfilaraemia and disease in lymphatic filariasis. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1994, 256:33-40.
40. Pani SP, Yuvaraj J, Vanamail D, et al. Episodic adenolymphangitis and lymphoedema in patients with bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995, 89:72-74.
41. Fourth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1984, 702:3-112. Lymphatic filariasis.
42. Dreyer G, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J, et al. Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: A clinical perspective. Parasitol Today 2000, 16:544-548.
43. Ottesen EA, Nutman TB Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Annu Rev Med 1992, 43:417-424.
44. Coutinho AD, Rocha A, Madeiros Z, et al. [Tropical filarial pulmonary eosinophilia and its differential diagnosis. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1998, 53:42-51.
45. Rom WN, Vijayan VJ, Cornelius MJ, et al. Persistent lower respiratory tract inflammation associated with interstitial lung disease in patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia following conventional treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142:1088-1092.
46. Wartman WB Filariasis in American armed servicemen in World War II. Medicine (Baltimore) 1947, 12:181.
47. Partono F, Pribadi PW, Soewarta A Epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori in a newly established village. Karakuak, West Flores, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978, 27:910-915.
48. Nutman TB Experimental infection of humans with filariae. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13:1018-1022.
49. King CL, Kumaraswami V, Poindexter RW, et al. Immunologic tolerance in lymphatic filariasis. Diminished parasite-specific T and B lymphocyte precursor frequency in the microfilaremic state. J Clin Invest 1992, 89:1403-1410.
50. Steel C, Guinea A, McCarthy JS, et al. Long-term effect of prenatal exposure to maternal microfilaraemia on immune responsiveness to filarial parasite antigens. Lancet 1994, 343:890-893.
51. Lammie PJ, Hitch WL, Walker Allen EM, et al. Maternal filarial infection as risk factor for infection in children. Lancet 1991, 337:1005-1006.
52. Nelson FK, Greiner DL, Schultz LD, et al. The immunodeficient scid mouse as a model for human lymphatic filariasis. J Exp Med 1991, 173:659-663.
53. Das PK, Srividya A, Pani SP, et al. Cumulative exposure and its relationship with chronic filarial disease in bancroftian filariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994, 25:516-521.
54. Ottesen EA, Ramachandran CP Lymphatic filariasis infection and disease: Control strategies. Parasitol Today 1995, 11:129.
55. Choi EH, Zimmerman PA, Fuster CB, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in molecules of innate immunity and susceptibility to infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in South India. Genes Immun 2001, 2:248-253.
56. Hise AG, Hazlett FE, Bockerie MJ, et al. Polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis. Genes Immun 2003, 4:524-527.
57. Cuenco KT, Halloran ME, Louis-Charles J, et al. A family study of lymphedema of the leg in a lymphatic filariasis-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:180-184.
58. Cuenco KT, Halloran ME, Lammie PJ Assessment of families for excess risk of lymphedema of the leg in a lymphatic filariasis-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:185-190.
59. Maizels RM, et al. Helminth parasites-Masters of regulation. Immunol Rev 2004, 201:89-116.
60. Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M Immune regulation by helminth parasites: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2003, 3:733-744.
61. Babu S, Nutman TB Proinflammatory cytokines dominate the early immune response to filarial parasites. J Immunol 2003, 171:6723-6732.
62. Graham SP, Trees AJ, Collins RA, et al. Down-regulated lymphoproliferation coincides with parasite maturation and with the collapse of both gamma interferon and interleukin-4 responses in a bovine model of onchocerciasis. Infect Immun 2001, 69:4313-4319.
63. Taubert A, Zahner H Cellular immune responses of filaria ( Litomosoides sigmodontis) infected BALB/c mice detected on the level of cytokine transcription. Parasite Immunol 2001, 23:453-462.
64. Schreuer D, Hammerberg B Modulation of cellular and humoral immunity, and disease manifestation during onset of patency in Brugia pahangi-infected dogs. Immunology 1993, 79:658-666.
65. Soboslay PT, Dreweck CM, Taylor HR, et al. Experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. Cell-mediated immune responses, and production and effects of IL-1 and IL-2 with Onchocerca volvulus infection. J Immunol 1991, 147:346-353.
66. Nutman TB, Kumaraswami V Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis: Perspectives on acute and chronic infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in South India. Parasite Immunol 2001, 23:389-399.
67. Bosshardt SC, Coleman SM, McVay CS, et al. Impact of microfilaremia on maintenance of a hyporesponsive cellular immune response in Brugia-infected gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus). Infect Immun 1995, 63:940-945.
68. Misra S, Mukherjee M, Dikshit M, et al. Cellular immune response of Mastomys and gerbils in experimental filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 1998, 3:124-129.
69. Rao UR, Nasarre C, Coleman SM, et al. Cellular immune responses of jirds to extracts of life cycle stages and adult excretory secretory products during the early development of Brugia pahangi. Exp Parasitol 1996, 82:255-266.
70. Mahanty S, Luke HE, Kumaraswami V, et al. Stage-specific induction of cytokines regulates the immune response in lymphatic filariasis. Exp Parasitol 1996, 84:282-290.
71. Piessens WF, Ratiwayanto S, Tuti S, et al. Antigen-specific suppressor cells and suppressor factors in human filariasis with Brugia malayi. N Engl J Med 1980, 302:833-837.
72. Piessens WF, Partono F, Hoffman SL, et al. Antigen-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in human lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 1982, 307:144-148.
73. Steel C, Nutman TB CTLA-4 in filarial infections: Implications for a role in diminished T cell reactivity. J Immunol 2003, 170:1930-1938.
74. Semnani RT, Nutman TB Toward an understanding of the interaction between filarial parasites and host antigen-presenting cells. Immunol Rev 2004, 201:127-138.
75. King CL, Mahanty S, Abrams JS, et al. Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. Preferential induction of a regulatory T helper type 2 lymphocyte subset. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:1667-1673.
76. Satoguina J, Mempel M, Larbi J, et al. Antigen-specific T regulatory-1 cells are associated with immunosuppression in a chronic helminth infection (onchocerciasis). Microbes Infect 2002, 4:1291-1300.
77. Hoerauf A, Brattig N Resistance and susceptibility in human onchocerciasis-Beyond Th1 vs. Th2. Trends Parasitol 2002, 18:25-31.
78. Ravindran B, Satapathy AK, Sahoo PK, et al. Protective immunity in human lymphatic filariasis: Problems and prospects. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2003, 192:41-46.
79. Steel C, Guinea A, Ottesen EA Evidence for protective immunity to bancroftian filariasis in the Cook Islands. J Infect Dis 1996, 174:598-605.
80. Freedman DO, Nutman TB, Ottesen EA Protective immunity in bancroftian filariasis. Selective recognition of a 43-kD larval stage antigen by infection-free individuals in an endemic area. J Clin Invest 1989, 83:14-22.
81. Yates JA, Higashi GI Brugia malayi: Vaccination of jirds with 60cobalt-attenuated infective stage larvae protects against homologous challenge. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985, 34:1132-1137.
82. Oothuman P, Denham DA, McGreevy PB, et al. Successful vaccination of cats against Brugia pahangi with larvae attenuated by irradiation with 10 krad cobalt 60. Parasite Immunol 1979, 1:209-216.
83. Storey DM, Al-Mukhtar AS Vaccination of jirds, Meriones unguiculatus, against Litomosoides carinii and Brugia pahangi using irradiate larvae of L. carinii. Tropenmed Parasitol 1982, 33:23-24.
84. Crandall R, Crandall C, Nayar J, et al. Resistance and disease in Brugia malayi infection of ferrets following prior infection, injection of attenuated infective larvae and injections of larval extracts. Parasite Immunol 1994, 16:425-433.
85. Gregory WF, Atmadja AK, Allen JE, et al. The abundant larval transcript-1 and -2 genes of Brugia malayi encode stage-specific candidate vaccine antigens for filariasis. Infect Immun 2000, 68:4174-4179.
86. Dreyer G, Santos A, Noroes J, et al. Amicrofilaraemic carriers of adult Wuchereria bancrofti. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996, 90:288-289.
87. Dreyer G, Noroes J, Rocha A, et al. Detection of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996, 29:1005-1008.
88. Dreyer G, Brandao AC, Amaral F, et al. Detection by ultrasound of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the female breast. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996, 91:95-96.
89. Dreyer G, Santos A, Noroes J, et al. Ultrasonographic detection of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti using a 3.5-MHz transducer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998, 59:399-403.
90. Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ Laboratory diagnosis of filariasis. Clin Lab Med 1991, 11:977-1010.
91. More SJ, Copeman DB A highly specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Parasitol 1990, 41:403-406.
92. Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N The ICT Filariasis Test: A rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 1997, 13:401-404.
93. Lizotte MR, Supali T, Partono F, et al. A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Brugia Malayi in blood. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994, 51:314-321.
94. Rao UR, Williams SA, Klei TR Quantification of PCR amplification products of Brugia HhaI repeat DNA using a semiautomated Q-PCR system. Mol Cell Probes 2002, 16:13-23.
95. Kluber S, Supali T, Williams SA, et al. Rapid PCR-based detection of Brugia malayi DNA from blood spots by DNA Detection Test Strips. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001, 95:169-170.
96. Rahmah N, Ashikin AN, Anuar AK, et al. PCR-ELISA for the detection of Brugia malayi infection using finger-prick blood. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998, 92:404-406.
97. McCarthy JS, Zhong M, Gopinath R, et al. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Infect Dis 1996, 173:1510-1514.
98. Nutman TB, Zimmerman PA, Kubofeik J, et al. A universally applicable diagnostic approach to filarial and other infections. Parasitol Today 1994, 10:239-243.
99. Lal RB, Ottesen EA Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment. J Infect Dis 1988, 158:1034-1037.
100. Lammie PJ, Weil G, Noordin R, et al. Recombinant antigen-based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis-A multicenter trial. Filaria J 2004, 3:9.
101. Rahmah N, Taniawati S, Shenoy RK, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of a rapid dipstick test (Brugia Rapid) in the detection of Brugia malayi infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001, 95:601-604.
102. Horton J, Witt C, Ottesen EA, et al. An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 2000, 121(Suppl):S147-S160.
103. Molyneux DH, Bradley M, Hoerauf A, et al. Mass drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Trends Parasitol 2003, 19:516-522.
104. Ottesen EA Major progress toward eliminating lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1885-1886.
105. Addiss D, Critchley J, Ejere H, et al: Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003753, 2004.
106. Jamal S Lymphovenous anastomosis in filarial lymphedema. Lymphology 1981, 14:64-68.
107. Bockarie MJ, Alexander ND, Hyun P, et al. Randomised community-based trial of annual single-dose diethylcarbamazine with or without ivermectin against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human beings and mosquitoes. Lancet 1998, 351:162-168.
108. Molyneux D Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) elimination: A public health success and development opportunity. Filaria J 2003, 2:13.
109. Soremekun S, Maxwell C, Zuwakuu M, et al. Measuring the efficacy of insecticide treated bednets: The use of DNA fingerprinting to increase the accuracy of personal protection estimates in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:664-672.