Effects of hydraulic loading rate and filter length on the performance of lateral flow sand filters for on-site wastewater treatment

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 639-649

  Wilson, Janice ^a   Boutilier, Leah ^a   Jamieson, Rob ^a   Havard, Peter ^a   Lake, Craig ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Residential location; Rural areas; Sand filters; Wastewater management; Water quality; Water treatment

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATIVE TRACERS; CONTAMINANT REMOVAL; DESIGN GUIDELINES; ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI); FILTER LENGTH; HYDRAULIC FUNCTIONS; HYDRAULIC LOADING RATES; HYDRAULIC RESIDENCE TIME; LATERAL FLOW; LINEAR LOADING RATE; LOADING RATE; LOG REDUCTIONS; LONG TERM PERFORMANCE; NOVA SCOTIA; ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT; ONSITE TREATMENT; PHYSICAL TREATMENTS; REMOTE REGIONS; REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES; RESIDENTIAL LOCATIONS; RESIDENTIAL WASTEWATERS; SAND FILTER; SAND FILTERS; SAND FILTRATION; SECONDARY TREATMENT; SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT; SOIL CONDITIONS; TECHNICAL GUIDELINES; TOTAL NITROGEN; TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS; TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS; TRACER STUDY; TREATMENT PERFORMANCE; WASTEWATER LOADINGS; WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS;

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; DESIGN; EFFLUENT TREATMENT; EFFLUENTS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FILTRATION; HYDRAULICS; IMPURITIES; LOADING; PHOSPHORUS; QUALITY CONTROL; RATING; RURAL AREAS; SAND; SEPTIC TANKS; TURBINES; WASTEWATER; WASTEWATER DISPOSAL; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; EFFLUENT; FILTER; FILTRATION; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; HYDRAULICS; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; RESIDENCE TIME; RESIDENTIAL LOCATION; RURAL AREA; TRACER; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WASTEWATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

CANADA; NOVA SCOTIA; TRURO;

ESCHERICHIA COLI;

EID: 79961048111     PISSN: 10840699     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000359     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Beal C.D. Gardner E.A. Kirchhof G. Menzies N.W. Long-term flow rates and biomat zone hydrology in soil columns receiving septic tank effluent. Water Res. 2006, 40(12):2327-2338. WATRAG, 0043-1354, 10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.018
2. Beal C.D. Gardner E.A. Menzies N.W. Process performance and pollution potential: review of septic tank soil absorption systems. Aust. J. Soil Res. 2005, 43(7):781-802. ASORAB, 0004-9573, 10.1071/SR05018
3. Beal C.D. Rassam D.W. Gardner E.A. Kirchof G. Menzies N.W. Influence of hydraulic loading and effluent flux on surface surcharging in soil adsorption systems. J. Hydrol. Eng. 2008, 13(8):681-692. JHYEFF, 1084-0699, 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:8(681)
4. Blasing E.M. Converse J.C. Effluent quality of saturated mound and modified mound toes receiving septic tank or aerobically treated domestic wastewater. Proc., 10th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems 2004, and " Paper No. 701P0104, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), St. Joseph, MI.
5. Brandes M. Effect of precipitation and evapotranspiration of septic tank-sand filter disposal system. Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1980, 52(1):57-59. RJWFE7, 1047-7624
6. Onsite residential wastewater treatment technologies. 2009, Bureau de normalisation du Québec (BNQ), CAN/BNQ 3680-600/2009, Québec, Canada.
7. Check G. Design and evaluation of on-site wastewater treatment with lateral flow sand filters. 1992, M.S. thesis, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
8. Check G. Waller D. Lee S. Pak D. Mooers J. The lateral-flow sand-filter system for septic effluent treatment. Water Environ. Res. 1994, 66(7):919-928. WAERED, 1061-4303
9. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 1998, Clescerl, L. S., Greenberg, A. E., Eaton, A. D., and eds. 20th Ed., American Public Health Association. (APHA), American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
10. Atlantic Canada standards and guidelines manual for the collection, treatment, and disposal of sanitary sewage 2004, Environment Canada (EC), (May 6, 2011).
11. Fogler H.S. Elements of chemical reaction engineering 1992, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
12. Gill L.W. O'Luanaigh N. Johnston P.M. Misstear B.D. R. O'Suilleabhain C. Nutrient loading on subsoils from on-site wastewater effluent, comparing septic tank and secondary treatment systems. Water Res. 2009, 43(10):2739-2749. WATRAG, 0043-1354, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.024
13. Harden H.S. Chanton J.P. Rose J.B. John D.E. Hooks M.E. Comparison of sulfur hexafluoride, fluorescein, and rhodamine dyes and the bacteriophage PRD-1 in tracing subsurface flow. J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam) 2003, 277(1-2):100-115. JHYDA7, 0022-1694, 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00074-X
14. Harman J. Robertson W.D. Cherry J.A. Zanini L. Impacts on sand aquifer from an old septic system: Nitrate and phosphate. Ground Water 1996, 34(6):1105-1114. GRWAAP, 0017-467X, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02177.x
15. Harrison R. Treatment of septic tank effluent for fecal coliform and nitrogen in coarse textured soil only and sand filter systems. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2000, 124(1-2):205-215. WAPLAC, 0049-6979, 10.1023/A:1005298932244
16. Havard P. Jamieson R. Cudmore D. Boutilier L. Gordon R. Performance and hydraulics of lateral flow sand filters for on-site wastewater treatment. J. Hydrol. Eng. 2008, 13(8):720-728. JHYEFF, 1084-0699, 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:8(720)
17. Kristiansen R. Sand-filter trenches for purification of septic tank effluent: I. The clogging mechanism and soil physical environment. J. Environ. Qual. 1981, 10(3):353-357. JEVQAA, 0047-2425, 10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000030020x
18. McCray J.E. Kirkland S.L. Siegrist R.L. Thyne G.D. Model parameters for simulating fate and transport of on-site wastewater nutrients. Ground Water 2005, 43(4):628-639. GRWAAP, 0017-467X, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0077.x
19. Mihelcic J.R. Zimmerman J.B. Environmental engineering: Fundamentals, sustainability, design 2009, and Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
20. On-site sewage disposal systems: Technical guidelines. 2007, Nova Scotia Environment, (May 6, 2011).
21. Pell M. Nyberg F. Infiltration of wastewater in newly started pilot sand-filter system: I. Reduction of organic matter and phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 1989, 18:451-457. JEVQAA, 0047-2425, 10.2134/jeq1989.00472425001800040009x
22. Robertson W.D. Enhanced attenuation of septic system phosphate in non-calcareous sediments. Ground Water 2003, 41(1):48-56. GRWAAP, 0017-467X, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02567.x
23. Robertson W.D. Irreversible phosphorus sorption in septic tank plumes. Ground Water 2008, 46(1):51-60. GRWAAP, 0017-467X
24. Robertson W.D. Schiff S.L. Ptacek C.J. Review of phosphate mobility and persistence in 10 septic system plumes. Ground Water 1998, 36(6):1000-1010. GRWAAP, 0017-467X, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02107.x
25. Rodgers M. Clifford E. Mulqueen J. Ballantyne P. Organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen removal in laboratory sand percolation filter. J. Environ. Sci. Health Tox. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng. 2004, 39(9):2355-2368. JATEF9, 1093-4529, 10.1081/ESE-200026283
26. Sabatini D.A. Austin T.A. Characteristics of rhodamine WT and fluorescein as adsorbing ground-water tracers. Ground Water 1991, 29(3):341-349. GRWAAP, 0017-467X, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00524.x
27. Smart P.L. Laidlaw I.M. S. An evaluation of some fluorescent dyes for water tracing. Water Resour. Res. 1977, 13(1):15-33. WRERAQ, 0043-1397, 10.1029/WR013i001p00015
28. Population urban and rural, by province and territory. 2006, Statistics Canada, (Mar. 24, 2010).
29. Onsite wastewater treatment systems manual 2002, U.S. EPA, (Jan. 26, 2009).
30. Voluntary national guidelines for management of onsite and clustered (decentralized) wastewater treatment systems. 2003, U.S. EPA, EPA 832-B-03-001, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
31. Van Cuyk S. Siegrist R. Logan A. Masson S. Fischer E. Figueroa L. Hydraulic and purification behaviors and their interactions during wastewater treatment in soil infiltration systems. Water Res. 2001, 35(4):953-964. WATRAG, 0043-1354, 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00349-3
32. VanCuyk S. Siegrist R.L. Lowe K. Harvey R. Evaluating microbial purification during soil treatment of wastewater with multicomponent tracer and surrogate tests. J. Environ. Qual. 2004, 33(1):316-329. JEVQAA, 0047-2425, 10.2134/jeq2004.0316
33. Wilhelm S.R. Schiff S.L. Robertson W.D. Biogeochemical evolution of domestic waste water in septic systems: 2. Application of conceptual model in sandy aquifers. Ground Water 1996, 34(5):853-864. GRWAAP, 0017-467X, and ..