Neuroendocrine disruption: More than hormones are upset

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 5-7, 2011, Pages 270-291

  Waye, Andrew ^a   Trudeau, Vance L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT; NEUROHORMONE; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEX HORMONE;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EFFLUENT TOXICITY; FISH; GROWTH; HYPOTHESIS; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PAPER INDUSTRY; PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS; PHYSIOLOGY; POLLUTANT; POLLUTION; PULP MILL; REPRODUCTION; STRESS; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; INVERTEBRATES; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; REPRODUCTION;

ANIMALIA; INVERTEBRATA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 79961044243     PISSN: 10937404     EISSN: 15216950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578273     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Basu, N., Ta, C. A., Waye, A., Mao, J., Hewitt, M., Arnason, J. T., and Trudeau, V. L. 2009. Pulp and paper mill effluents contain neuroactive substances that potentially disrupt neuroendocrine control of fish reproduction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:1635-1641.
2. Basu, N., Scheuhammer, A. M., Rouvinen-Watt, K., Evans, R. D., Trudeau, V. L., and Chan, L. H. M. 2010. In vitro and whole animal evidence that methylmercury disrupts GABAergic systems in discrete brain regions in captive mink. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 151:379-385.
3. Berg C., Gyllenhammar, I., and Kvarnryd, M. 2009. Xenopus tropicalis as a test system for developmental and reproductive toxicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 72: 219-225.
4. Bisenius, E. S., Veeramachaneni, D. N. R., Sammonds, G. E., and Tobet, S. 2006. Sex differences and the development of the rabbit brain: Effects of vinclozolin. Biol. Reprod. 75:469-476. (Pubitemid 44268081)
5. Bourguignon, J. P., Rasier, G., Lebrethon, M. C., Gérard, A., Naveau, E., and Parent, A. S. 2010. Neuroendocrine disruption of pubertal timing and interactions between homeostasis of reproduction and energy balance. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 324:110-120.
6. Campbell, J. K. 1983. Residues of prochloraz in milk and tissues of a lacting goat fed straw containing residues of radiactive prochloraz. FBC report METAB/83/8 submitted to FAO by FBC Ltd. Unpublished.
7. Castoldi, A. F., Coccini, T., Ceccatelli, S., and Manzo, L. 2001. Neurotoxicity and molecular effects of methylmercury. Brain. Res. Bull. 55:197-203. (Pubitemid 32722159)
8. Colborn, T., vom Saal, F. S., and Soto, A. M. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 101:378-384. (Pubitemid 23343683)
9. Cooper, R. L., Goldman, J. M., and Stoker, T. E. 1999. Neuroendocrine and reproductive effects of contemporary-use pesticides. Toxicol. Ind. Health 15:26-36. (Pubitemid 30484115)
10. Crump, D., Lean, D., Trudeau, V. L. 2002. Octylphenol and UV-B radiation alter larval development and hypothalamic gene expression in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Environ. Health Perspect. 110:277-284. (Pubitemid 34257194)
11. Crump, K. L., and Trudeau, V. L. 2009. Mercury-induced reproductive impairment in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28:895-907.
12. Cummings, A. M. 1997. Methoxychlor as a model for environmental estrogens. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 27:367-379 (Pubitemid 27346509)
13. deFur, P. L. 2004. Use and role of invertebrate models in endocrine disruptor research and testing. Inst. Lab. Anim. Res. J. 45:484-493.
14. Desbrow, C., Routledge, E. J., Brighty, G. C., Sumpter, J. P., and Waldock, M. 1998. Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. 1. Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:1549-1558.
15. Devi, M., and Fingerman, M. 1995. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the central nervous system of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, by mercury, cadmium, and lead. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 55:746-750.
16. Diotel, N., Page, Y. L., Mouriec, K., Tong, S.-K., Pellegrini, E., Vaillant, C., Anglade, I., Brion, F., Pakdel, F., Chung, B., and Kah, O. 2010. Aromatase in the brain of teleost fish: Expression, regulation and putative functions. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 31:172-192.
17. Dobson, H., Ghuman, S., Prabhakar, S., and Smith, R. 2003. A conceptual model of the influence of stress on female reproduction. Reproduction 125:151-163. (Pubitemid 36284887)
18. Dufour, S., Weltzien, F.-A., Sebert, M.-E., Le Belle, N., Vidal, B., Vernier, P., and Pasqualini, C. 2005. Dopaminergic inhibition of reproduction in teleost fishes: Ecophysiological and evolutionary implications. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1040:9-21. (Pubitemid 40979755)
19. Duggan, R. E., Corneliussen, P. E., Duggan, M. G., McMahon, B. M., and Martin, R. J. 1983. Pesticide residue levels in foods in the United States from 1 July 1969 to 10 June 1976. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration and Association of Official Analytical Chemistry.
20. Fingerman, M., Jackson, N. C., and Nagabhushanam, R. 1998. Hormonally-regulated functions in crustaceans as biomarkers of environmental pollution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol, Endocrinol. 120:343-350. (Pubitemid 29027710)
21. Fonnum, F., and Mariussen, E. 2009. Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and bromi-nated flame retardants. J. Neurochem. 111:1327-1347.
22. Frazier, J. M. 1979. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms. Environ. Health Perspect. 28:75-79. (Pubitemid 9156618)
23. Gagné, F., and Blaise, C. 2003. Effects of municipal effluents on serotonin and dopamine levels in the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 136:117-125. (Pubitemid 37237546)
24. Gagné, F., Blaise, C., André, C., Gagnon, C., and Salazar, M. 2007a. Neuroendocrine disruption and health effects in Elliptio com-planata mussels exposed to aeration lagoons for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 68:731-743. (Pubitemid 46590288)
25. Gagné, F., Cejka, P., André, C., Hausler, R., and Blaise, C. 2007b. Neurotoxicological effects of a primary and ozonated treated wastewater on freshwater mussels exposed to an experimental flow-through system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 146:460-470. (Pubitemid 47494673)
26. Goldman, J. M., Stoker, T. E., and Cooper, R. L. 1999. Neuroendocrine and reproductive effects of contemporary-use pesticides. Toxicol. Ind. Health 15:26-36. (Pubitemid 30484115)
27. Gore, A. C. 2008. Neuroendocrine systems as targets for environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Fertil. Steril. 89:101-102.
28. Gore, A. C. 2010. Neuroendocrine targets of endocrine disruptors. Hormones 9:16-27.
29. Gore, A. C. and Patisaul, H. B. 2010. Neuroendocrine disruption: Historical roots, current progress, questions for the future. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 31:395-399.
30. Gyllenhammar, I., Eriksson, H., Söderqvist, A., Lindberg, R. H., Fick, J., and Berg, C. 2009. Clotrimazole exposure modulates aromatase activity in gonads and brain during gonadal differentiation in Xenopus tropicalis frogs. Aquat. Toxicol. 91:102-09.
31. Hanumante, M. M., Fingerman, S. W., and Fingerman, M. 1981. Antagonism of the inhibitory effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl preparation, Aroclor 1242, on color changes of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, by norepinephrine and drugs affecting noradrenergic neurotransmis-sion. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 26:479-484. (Pubitemid 11076015)
32. Hewitt, L. M., Parrott, J. L., and McMaster, M. E. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents in Canada: Sources and characteristics of bioactive substances. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 9:341-356. (Pubitemid 44567668)
33. Hewitt, L. M., Kovacs, T. G., Dube, M. G., MacLatchy, D. L., Martel, P. H., McMaster, M. E., Paice, M. G., Parrott, J. L., van den Heuvel, M. R., and van der Kraak, G. J. 2008. Altered reproduction in fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents: Roles of individual compounds and mill operating conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27:682-697. (Pubitemid 351413537)
34. Hogan, N. S., Crump, K. L., Duarte, P., Lean, D. R. S., and Trudeau, V. L. 2007. Hormone cross-regulation in the tadpole brain: Developmental expression profiles and effect of T3 exposure on thyroid hormone-and estrogen-responsive genes in Rana pipiens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 154:5-15. (Pubitemid 47362111)
35. Hotchkiss, A. K., Rider, C. V., Blystone, C. R., Wilson, V. S., Hartig, P. C., Ankley, G. T., Foster, P. M., Gray, C. L., and Gray, L. E. 2008. Fifteen years after "Wingspread"\Environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health: Where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicol. Sci. 105:235-259.
36. Johansson, C., Castoldi, A., Onishchenko, N., Manzo, L., Vahter, M., and Ceccatelli, S. 2007. Neurobehavioural and molecular changes induced by methylmercury exposure during development. Neurotoxicol. Res. 11:241-260.
37. Khan, I. A., and Thomas, P. 2001. Disruption of neuroendocrine control of luteiniz-ing hormone secretion by Aroclor 1254 involves inhibition of hypothalamic tryp-tophan hydroxylase activity. Biol. Reprod. 64:955-964. (Pubitemid 32174069)
38. Kidd, K. A., Blanchfield, P. J., Mills, K. H., Palace, V. P., Evans, R. E., Lazorchak, J. M., and Flick, R. W. 2007. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:8897-8901. (Pubitemid 47175408)
39. Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., and Buxton, H. T. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:1202-1211. (Pubitemid 34228893)
40. Kovacs, T. G., Martel, P. H., and Ricci, M. 2007. A shortened adult fathead minnow reproduction test developed for investigation of cause and investigation of solution work involving pulp and paper mill effluents. Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 42:91-100. (Pubitemid 351222757)
41. Lafuente, A., Márquez, N., Pousada, Y., Pazo, D., and Esquifino, A. I. 2000a. Possible estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic effects of methoxychlor on prolactin release in male rats. Arch. Toxicol. 74:270-275.
42. Lafuente, A., Márquez, N., Pazo, D., and Esquifino, A. 2000b. Effects of subchronic alternating cadmium exposure on dopamine turnover and plasma levels of prolactin, GH and ACTH. Biometals 13:47-55. (Pubitemid 30243035)
43. Lafuente, A., Márquez, N., Pérez-Lorenzo, M., Pazo, D., and Esquifino, A. I. 2000c. Pubertal and postpubertal cadmium exposure differentially affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function in the rat. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38:913-923. (Pubitemid 32786710)
44. Lafuente, A., Marquez, N., Perez-Lorenzo, M., Pazo, D., and Esquifino, A. I. 2001a. Cadmium effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in male rats. Exp. Biol. Med. 226:605-611. (Pubitemid 32524509)
45. Lafuente, A., Marquez, N., Pazo, D., and Esquifino, A. I. 2001b. Cadmium effects on dopamine turnover and plasma levels of pro-lactin, GH and ACTH. J. Physiol. Biochem. 57:231-236. (Pubitemid 34026347)
46. Lafuente, A., Cano, P., and Esquifino, A. I. 2003. Are cadmium effects on plasma gonadotropins, prolactin, ACTH, GH and TSH levels, dose-dependent? BioMetals 16:243-250. (Pubitemid 36135456)
47. Lafuente, A., Cabaleiro, T., Caride, A., and Esquifino, A. I. 2008. Toxic effects of methoxychlor administered subcutaneously on the hypothalamic- pituitary-testicular axis in adult rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46:1570-1575.
48. Lagadic, L., Coutellec, M.-A., and Caquet, T. 2007. Endocrine disruption in aquatic pul-monate molluscs: Few evidences, many challenges. Ecotoxicology 16:45-59. (Pubitemid 46292045)
49. LeBlanc, G. 2007. Crustacean endocrine toxicology: A review. Ecotoxicology 16:61-81.
50. Lorenzon, S., Edomi, P., Giulianini, P. G., Mettulio, R., and Ferrero, E. A. 2004. Variation of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (cHH) level in the eyestalk and haemolymph of the shrimp Palaemon elegans following stress. J. Exp. Biol. 207:4205-4213. (Pubitemid 40099371)
51. Lorenzon, S., Edomi, P., Giulianini, P. G., Mettulio, R., and Ferrero, E. A. 2005. Role of biogenic amines and cHH in the crustacean hyperglycemic stress response. J. Exp. Biol. 208:3341-3347. (Pubitemid 41399781)
52. MacLatchy, D. L., and Van Der Kraak, G. J. 1995. The phytoestrogen β-sitosterol alters the reproductive endocrine status of goldfish. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134:305-312.
53. Martyniuk, C. J., Xiong, H., Crump, K., Chiu, S., Sardana, R., Nadler, A., Gerrie, E. R., Xia, X., and Trudeau, V. L. 2006a. Gene expression profiling in the neuroendocrine brain of male goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to 17L]-ethinylestradiol. Physiol. Genom. 27:328-336. (Pubitemid 46708784)
54. Martyniuk, C, Marlatt, V, Gallant, N., Wiens, S., Woodhouse, M., and Trudeau, V. L. 2006b. Current perspectives on estrogen action and estrogen receptors in teleost fishes. In Fish endocrinology, ed. M. Reineke, G. Zaccone, and B.G. Kapoor, 625-664. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers.
55. Martyniuk, C. J., Gerrie, E. R., Popesku, J. T., Ekker, M., and Trudeau, V. L. 2007. Microarray analysis in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver and telencephalon after exposure to low concentration of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol. Aquat. Toxicol. 84:38-49. (Pubitemid 47096745)
56. Martyniuk, C. J., Sanchez, B. C., Szabo, N. J., Denslow, N. D., and Sepúlveda, M. S. 2009. Aquatic contaminants alter genes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and gonadotropin release in largemouth bass. Aquat. Toxicol. 95:1-9.
57. Martyniuk, C. J., Feswick, A., Spade, D. J., Kroll, K. J., Barber, D. S., and Denslow, N.D. 2010a. Effects of acute dieldrin exposure on neurotransmitters and global gene transcription in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) hypothalamus. Neurotoxicology 31:356-366.
58. Martyniuk, C. J., Kroll, K. J., Doperalski, N. J., Barber, D. S., and Denslow, N. D. 2010b. Genomic and proteomic responses to environmentally relevant exposures to dieldrin: Indicators of neurodegeneration? Toxicol. Sci. 117:190-199.
59. McGary, S., Henry, P. F. P., and Ann Ottinger, M. 2001. Impact of vinclozolin on reproductive behavior and endocrinology in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20:2487-2493. (Pubitemid 34117870)
60. McMaster, M. E., Hewitt, L. M., and Parrott, J. L. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents in Canada: field studies and mechanistic research. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 9:319-339. (Pubitemid 44567667)
61. Medesani, D. A., Greco, L. S. L., and Rodríguez, E. M. 2004. Interference of cadmium and copper with the endocrine control of ovarian growth, in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata. Aquat. Toxicol. 69:165-174. (Pubitemid 38917074)
62. Mennigen, J. A., Martyniuk, C. J., Crump, K., Xiong, H., Zhao, E., Popesku, J., Anisman, H., Cossins, A. R., Xia, X., and Trudeau, V. L. 2008. Effects of fluox-etine on the reproductive axis of female goldfish (Carassius auratus). Physiol. Genom. 35:273-282. (Pubitemid 352790817)
63. Mennigen, J. A., Harris, E. A., Chang, J. P., Moon, T. W., and Trudeau, V. L. 2009. Fluoxetine affects weight gain and expression of feeding peptides in the female goldfish brain. Regul. Peptides 155:99-104.
64. Mennigen, J. A., Stroud, P., Zamora, J. M., Moon, T. W., and Trudeau, V. L. 2011 Pharmaceuticals as neuroendocrine disrup-tors: Lessons learned from fish on Prozac. J. Environ. Toxicol. Health B. 14:387-412.
65. Metcalfe, C. D., Tindale, K., Li, H., Rodayan, A., and Yargeau, V. 2010. Illicit drugs in Canadian municipal wastewater and estimates of community drug use. Environ. Pollut. 158:3179-3185.
66. Molnár, G., Salánki, J., and Kiss, T. 2004. Cadmium inhibits GABA-activated ion currents by increasing intracellular calcium level in snail neurons. Brain Res. 1008:205-211. (Pubitemid 38624051)
67. Mordue, A. J., and Blackwell, A. 1993. Azadirachtin: An update. J. Insect Physiol. 39:903-24.
68. Oakes, K. D., Coors, A., Escher, B. I., Fenner, K., Garric, J., Gust, M., Knacker, T., Küster, A., Kussatz, C., Metcalfe, C. D., Monteiro, S., Moon, T. W., Mennigen, J. A., Parrott, J., Péry, A. R., Ramil, M., Roennefahrt, I., Tarazona, J. V., Sánchez-Argüello, P., Ternes, T. A., Trudeau, V. L., Boucard, T., Van Der Kraak, G. J., and Servos, M. R. 2010. Environmental risk assessment for the serotonin re-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine: Case study using the European risk assessment framework. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manage. 6:524-539.
69. Ottinger, M. A., Wu, J. M., Hazelton, J. L., Abdelnabi, M. A., Thompson, N., Quinn, J. M. L., Donoghue, D., Schenck, F., Ruscio, M., Beavers, J., and Jaber, M. 2005. Assessing the consequences of the pesticide methoxychlor: neuroendocrine and behavioral measures as indicators of biological impact of an estrogenic environmental chemical. Brain Res. Bull. 65:199-209. (Pubitemid 40461964)
70. Ottinger, M. A., Lavoie, E., Thompson, N., Barton, A., Whitehouse, K., Barton, M., Abdelnabi, M., Quinn Jr, M. J., Panzica, G. C., and Viglietti-Panzica, C. 2008. Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in birds. Brain Res. Rev. 57:376-385. (Pubitemid 351381777)
71. Ottinger, M. A., Lavoie, E. T., Thompson, N., Bohannon, M., Dean, K., and Quinn, M. J., Jr. 2009. Is the gonadotropin releasing hormone system vulnerable to endocrine disruption in birds? Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 163:104-108.
72. Palanza, P., Morellini, F., Parmigiani, S., and vom Saal, F. S. 1999. Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: Effects on behavioral development. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23:1011-1027. (Pubitemid 29502405)
73. Panzica, G. C., Viglietti-Panzica, C., Mura, E., Quinn, M. J., Jr., Lavoie, E., Palanza, P., and Ottinger, M. A. 2007. Effects of xenoextrogens on the differentiation of behaviorally-relevant neural circuits. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 28:179-200. (Pubitemid 47404636)
74. Parrott, J. L., McMaster, M. E., and Hewitt, L. M. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents in Canada: Development and application of fish bioassays. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 9:297-317. (Pubitemid 44567666)
75. Perrot, V., Moiseeva, E. B., Gozes, Y., Chan, S. J., Ingleton, P., and Funkenstein, B. 1999. Ontogeny of the insulin-like growth factor system (IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-1R) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): Expression and cellular localization. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 116:445-460. (Pubitemid 30036134)
76. Pettersson, I., Arukwe, A., Lundstedt-Enkel, K., Mortensen, A. S., and Berg, C. 2006. Persistent sex-reversal and oviducal agenesis in adult Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs following larval exposure to the environmental pollutant ethynylestradiol. Aquat. Toxicol. 79:356-365. (Pubitemid 44374766)
77. Pillai, A., Priya, L., and Gupta, S. 2003. Effects of combined exposure to lead and cadmium on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis function in proestrous rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41:379-384. (Pubitemid 36015775)
78. Popesku, J. T., Martyniuk, C. J., Mennigen, J., Xiong, H., Zhang, D., Xia, X., Cossins, A. R., and Trudeau, V. L. 2008. The goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a model for neu-roendocrine signaling. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 293:43-56.
79. Popesku, J. T., Tan, E. Y. Z., Martel, P. H., Kovacs, T. G., Rowan-Carroll, A., Williams, A., Yauk, C., and Trudeau, V. L. 2010. Gene expression profiling of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) neuroendocrine brain in response to pulp and paper mill effluents. Aquat. Toxicol. 99:379-388.
80. Porte, C., Janer, G., Lorusso, L. C., Ortiz-Zarragoitia, M., Cajaraville, M. P., Fossi, M. C., and Canesi, L. 2006. Endocrine dis-ruptors in marine organisms: Approaches and perspectives. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 143:303-315. (Pubitemid 44183641)
81. Rao, K. V., Ghouselazam, S., and Surendranath, P. 1991. Inhibition and recovery of selected target enzyme activities in tissues of penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius), exposed to different insecticides. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 29:489-491.
82. Ratcliffe, H.E., Swanson, G. M., and Fischer, L.J. 1996. Human exposure to mercury: A critical assessment of the evidence of adverse effects. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 49: 221-270. (Pubitemid 26363180)
83. Reddy, M. S., Jayaprada, P., and Rao, K. V. 1990. Recovery of carbaryl inhibited AChE in penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros. Biochem. Int. 22:189-198. (Pubitemid 20375778)
84. Reddy, P. S., and Fingerman, M. 1995. Effect of cadmium chloride on physiological color changes of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 31:69-75.
85. Reddy, P. S., Nguyen, L. K., Obih, P., and Fingerman, M. 1997a. Effect of cadmium chloride on the distal retinal pigment cells of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58:504-510. (Pubitemid 27074565)
86. Reddy, P. S., Tuberty, S. R., and Fingerman, M. 1997b. Effects of cadmium and mercury on ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 37:62-65. (Pubitemid 27276729)
87. Repetto, G., Sanz, P., and Repetto, M. 1988. In vivo and in vitro effect of tri-clorfon on esterases of the red crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41:597-603.
88. Rodríguez, E. M., López Greco, L. S., and Fingerman, M. 2000. Inhibition of ovarian growth by cadmium in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator (Decapoda, Ocypodidae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 46:202-206. (Pubitemid 30368267)
89. Sarojini, R., Nagabhushanam, R., and Fingerman, M. 1994. A possible neurotransmitter-neuroendocrine mechanism in naphthalene-induced atresia of the ovary of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 108:33-38. (Pubitemid 24172936)
90. Sarojini, R., Nagabhushanam, R., and Fingerman, M. 1995. Mode of action of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine in stimulating ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii: An in vivo and in vitro study. J. Exp. Zool. 271:395-400.
91. Sayah, F., Idaomar, M., Soranzo, L., and Karlinsky, A. 1998. Endocrine and neu-roendocrine effects of Azadirachtin in adult females of the earwig Labidura riparia. Tissue Cell 30:86-94. (Pubitemid 28142346)
92. Shved, N., Berishvili, G., Baroiller, J.-F., Segner, H., and Reinecke, M. 2008. Environmentally relevant concentrations of 17β-ethinylestradiol (EE2) interfere with the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I system in developing bony fish. Toxicol. Sci. 106:93-102.
93. Shved, N., Berishvili, G., D'Cotta, H., Baroiller, J.-F., Segner, H., Eppler, E., and Reinecke, M. 2007. Ethinylestradiol differentially interferes with IGF-I in liver and extrahepatic sites during development of male and female bony fish. J. Endocrinol. 195:513-523.
94. Sickel, M. J., and McCarthy, M. M. 2000. Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity is a marker for a subdivision of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the rat: Developmental profile and gonadal steroid modulation. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12:397-402. (Pubitemid 30223985)
95. Singh, H., and Singh, T. P. 1980. Short-term effect of two pesticides on the survival, ovarian 32P uptake and gonadotrophic potency in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fos-silis (Bloch). J. Endocrinol. 85:193-199. (Pubitemid 10123076)
96. Smith, C. G. 1983. Reproductive toxicity: hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 4:107-112. (Pubitemid 13135982)
97. Staub, G. C., and Fingerman, M. 1984. A mechanism of action for the inhibition of black pigment dispersion in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, by naphthalene. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 79:447-453. (Pubitemid 15175326)
98. Surendranath, P., Lazam, S., and Rao, V. R. 1990. Monitoring insecticide biodegradation in penaeid prawn Penaeus indicus following subacute exposure to phosphamidon and DDT through reclamation studies. Environ. Ecol. 8:397-400.
99. Szücs, A., Salánki, J., and S.-Rózsa, K. 1994. Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium-or lead-enriched environments on ionic currents of identified neurons in Lymnaea stag-nalis L. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 14:769-780.
100. Takeda, N. 1982. Source of the tentacular hormone in terrestrial pulmonates. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 38:1058-1060. (Pubitemid 13197639)
101. Ternes, T. A., Stumpf, M., Mueller, J., Haberer, K., Wilken, R. D., and Servos, M. 1999. Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants\I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 225:81-90 (Pubitemid 29148048)
102. Trudeau, V. L. 1997. Neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotrophin II release and gonadal growth in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Rev. Reprod. 2:55-68
103. Trudeau, V. L., Chiu, S., Kennedy, S. W., and Brooks, R. J. 2002. Octylphenol (OP) alters the expression of members of the amyloid protein family in the hypothala-mus of the snapping turtle, Chelydra ser-pentina serpentina. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:269-275 (Pubitemid 34257193)
104. Trudeau, V. L., Turque, N., Le Mevel, S., Alliot, C., Gallant, N., Coen, L., Pakdel, F., and Demeneix, B. 2005. Assessment of estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemical actions in the brain using in vivo somatic gene transfer. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:329-334. (Pubitemid 40450666)
105. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Cadmium compounds (online). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/cadmium.html (accessed June 30, 2010).
106. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. What are endocrine disruptors? Available at: http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/edspoverview/whatare.htm (accessed July 30, 2010).
107. Van Der Kraak, G. J., Munkittrick, K. R., McMaster, M. E., Portt, C. B., and Chang, J. P. 1992. Exposure to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent disrupts the pituitary-gonadal axis of white sucker at multiple sites. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 115:224-233.
108. van der Ven, K., Keil, D., Moens, L. N., Van Leemput, K., van Remortel, P., and De Coen, W. M. 2006. Neuropharmaceuticals in the environment: mianserin-induced neuroendocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using cDNA microar-rays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25: 2645-2652. (Pubitemid 44898429)
109. Veeramachaneni, D. N. R., Palmer, J. S., Amann, R. P., Kane, C. M., Higuchi, T. T., and Pau, K.-Y. F. 2006. Disruption of sexual function, FSH secretion, and spermiogenesis in rabbits following developmental exposure to vinclozolin, a fungicide. Reproduction 131:805-816.
110. Vos, J. G., Dybing, E., Greim, H. A., Ladefoged, O., Lambre, C., Tarazona, J. V., Brandt, I., and Vethaak, A. D. 2000. Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 30:71-133. (Pubitemid 30090598)
111. Wijnhoven, S., Leuven, R. S., van der Velde, G., Jungheim, G., Koelemij, E. I., de Vries, F. T., Eijsackers, H. J., and Smits, A. J. 2007. Heavy-metal concentrations in small mammals from a diffusely polluted floodplain: Importance of species-and location-specific characteristics. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52:603-613. (Pubitemid 46626278)
112. Zarubin, T., Chang, E., and Mykles, D. 2009. Expression of recombinant eyestalk crustacean hyperglycemic hormone from the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lat-eralis, that inhibits Y-organ ecdysteroido-genesis in vitro. Mol. Biol. Rep. 36: 1231-1237.
113. Zhang, D., and Trudeau, V. L. 2006. Integration of membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor signalling. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 144:306-315. (Pubitemid 43956565)
114. Zhang, D., Popesku, J. T., Martyniuk, C. J., Xiong, H., Duarte-Guterman, P., Yao, L., Xia, X., and Trudeau, V. L. 2009. Profiling neuroendocrine gene expression changes following fadrozole-induced estrogen decline in the female goldfish. Physiol. Genom. 38:351-361.
115. Zhang, X., Hecker, M., Park, J.-W., Tompsett, A. R., Newsted, J., Nakayama, K., Jones, P. D., Au, D., Kong, R., Wu, R. S. S., and Giesy, J. P. 2008a. Real-time PCR array to study effects of chemicals on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of the Japanese medaka. Aquat. Toxicol. 88:173-182.
116. Zhang, X., Hecker, M., Jones, P. D., Newsted, J., Au, D., Kong, R., Wu, R. S. S., and Giesy, J. P. 2008b. Responses of the medaka HPG axis PCR array and reproduction to prochlo-raz and ketoconazole. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:6762-6769.
117. Zoeller, R. T. 2008. Environmental neuroen-docrine and thyroid disruption: relevance for reproductive medicine? Fertil. Steril. 89:99-100.
118. Zuccato, E., and Castiglioni, S. 2009. Illicit drugs in the environment. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 367:3965-3978.