Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal collisions between ships and whales in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, USA

Biological Conservation

Volumn 144, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 2377-2381

  Wiley, David N ^a   Thompson, Michael ^a   Pace, Richard M ^b   Levenson, Jake ^c  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^c INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR ANIMAL WELFARE   (United States)

Author keywords

Endangered whale; Lethal risk reduction; Marine reserve; Ship strike; Speed restriction; Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary

Indexed keywords

COLLISION; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENDANGERED SPECIES; GIS; MARINE PARK; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; RISK FACTOR; SHIP MOTION; SHIPPING; TRAFFIC CONGESTION; VESSEL; WHALE;

MASSACHUSETTS; STELLWAGEN BANK NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY; UNITED STATES;

CETACEA;

EID: 79960912800     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.007     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Carillo, M., Ritter, F., 2008. Increasing Numbers of Ship Strikes in the Canary Islands: Proposal for Immediate Action to Reduce Risk of Vessel/Whale Collisions. Int. Whal. Commn. Scientific Committee SC/60/BC6.
2. Caswell H., Fujiwara M., Brault S. Declining survival probability threatens the North Atlantic right whale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1999, 96:3308-3313.
3. De Stephanis, R., Urquiol, E., 2006.Collisions between Ships and Cetaceans in Spain. Int. Whal. Commn. Scientific Committee SC/58/BC5.
4. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI), 2006. ArcGIS. 9.2. <>. http://www.esri.com/.
5. Federal Register, 2003. Automatic Identification System; Vessel Carriage Requirement. Coast Guard, US Department of Home and Security, 60559-60570. October 22. <>. http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-26350.pdf.
6. Fujiwara M., Caswell H. Demography of the endangered North Atlantic right whale. Nature 2001, 414:537-541.
7. Hatch L., Clark C., Merrick R., Van Parijs S., Ponirakis D., Schwehr K., Thompson M., Wiley D. Characterizing the relative contributions of large vessels to total ocean noise fields: a case study using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Environmental Management 2008, 42:735-752.
8. International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), 2004. IALA Guideline No. 1028 on the Automatic Identification System (AIS): Part I. Operational issues. 1. Saint Germain en Laye, France. <>. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/enav/ais/IALA_AIS_Guidelines_Vol1_Pt1%20OPS%20(1.3).pdf.
9. Jensen, A.S., Silber, G.K., 2003. Large Whale Ship Strike Database. US Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR. 37 pp.
10. Kemper C.D., Coughran R., Warneke R., Pirzl M., Waston R., Gales N., Gibbs S. Southern right whale (Eubalaenaaustralis) mortalities and human interactions in Australia, 1950-2006. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2008, 10:1-8.
11. Kraus S.D., Brown M.W., Caswell H., Clark C.W., Fujiwara M., Hamilton P.K., Kenney R.D., Knowlton A.R., Landry S., Mayo C.A., McLellan W.A., Moore M.J., Nowacek D.P., Pabst D.A., Read A.J., Rolland R.M. North Atlantic right whales in crisis. Science 2005, 309:561-562.
12. Lagueux K.M., Zani M.A., Knowlton A.R., Kraus S.D. Response by vessel operators to protection measures for right whales Eubalaena glacialis in the southeast US calving ground. Endangered Species Research 2011, 14:69-77.
13. Laist D.W., Knowlton A.R., Mead J.G., Collet A.S., Podesta M. Collisions between ships and whales. Marine Mammal Science 2001, 17(1):35-75.
14. Lammers, M.O., Pack, A.A., Davis, L., 2007.Trends in Whale/Vessel Collisions in Hawaiian Waters. Int. Whal. Commn. Scientific Committee SC/59/BC14.
15. McGillivary, P., Schwehr, K., Fall, K., 2009. Enhancing AIS to Improve Whale-Ship Collision Avoidance and Maritime Security. MTS/IEEE, Biloxi, MI, October, 26-29.
16. Moller, J.C., Wiley, D.N., Cole, T.V.N., Niemeyer, M., Rosner, A., 2005. The behavior of commercial ships relative to right whale advisory zones in the Great South Channel during May of 2005. In: The 16th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Society for Marine Mammalogy, San Diego, CA, December 12-16.
17. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2006. Proposed Rule to Implement Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Ship Collisions with North Atlantic Right Whales. Federal Register, vol. 71, No. 122, Monday, June 26, 2006, Proposed Rules. Department of Commerce 50 CFR Part 224 [Docket No. 040506143-6016-02. I.D. 101205B]. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. <>. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/fr/fr71-36299.pdf.
18. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2008. Final Rule to Implement Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Ship Collisions. Federal Register, vol. 73, No. 198, Friday, October 10, 2008, Rules and Regulations Department of Commerce 50 CFR Part 224 [Docket No. 040506143-7024-03], National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. <>. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-24006.pdf.
19. Nowacek D.P., Johnson M.P., Tyack P.L. North Atlantic right whales (Eubalenaglacialis) ignore ships but respond to alerting stimuli. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 2004, 271:227-231.
20. National Research Council of the US National Academies (NRC), 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
21. Pace, R.M. III, Silber, G., 2005. Simple analysis of ship and large whale collisions: does speed kill? Poster paper. In: The 16th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Society for Marine Mammalogy, San Diego, CA, December 12-16.
22. Panigada S., Pesante G., Zanardelli M., Capoulade F., Gannier A., Weinrich M.T. Mediterranean fin whales at risk from fatal ship strikes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2006, 52:1287-1298.
23. Panigada, S., Leaper, R., Arcerdillo, A., 2009.Ship Strikes in the Mediterranean Sea: Assessment and Identification of Mitigation Measures. Int. Whal. Commn. Scientific Committee SC/61/BC2.
24. Pittman, S., Costa, B., Kot, C., Wiley, D., Kenney, R.D., 2006. Cetacean distribution and diversity. In: Battista, T., Clark, R., Pitman, S. (Eds.), An Ecological Characterization of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Region, vol. 45. Oceanographic, Biogeographic and Contaminants Assessment, NOAA Technical Memorandum NCCOS.
25. Schwehr, K., McGillivary, P., 2007. Marine Ship Automatic Identification System (AIS) for enhanced coastal security capabilities: an oil spill tracking application. In: Proc. Mar. Technol. Soc. Conf., October, Vancouver, BC.
26. Silber G.K., Slutsky J., Bettridge S. Hydrodynamics of a ship/whale collision. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2010, 391:10-19.
27. Vanderlaan A.S.M., Taggart C.T. Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed. Marine Mammal Science 2007, 23(1):145-156.
28. Vanderlaan A.S.M., Taggart C.T. Efficacy of a voluntary area to be avoided to reduce risk of lethal vessel strikes to endangered whales. Conservation Biology 2009, 23(6):1467-1474.
29. Vanderlaan A.S.M., Corbett J.J., Green S.L., Callahan J.A., Wang C., Kenney R.D., Taggart C.T., Firestone J. Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters with North Atlantic right whales. Endangered Species Research 2009, 6:273-285.
30. Wiley D.N., Asmutis R., Pitchford T., Gannon D. Stranding and mortality of humpback whales, Megapteranovaeanglia, in the mid-Atlantic and southeast regions of the United States. Fishery Bulletin 1995, 93:196-205.
31. Wiley D.N., Moller J.C., Pace R.M., Carleson C. Effectiveness of voluntary conservation agreements: case study of endangered whales and commercial whale-watching. Conservation Biology 2008, 22(2):450-457.
32. Williams R., O'Hara P. Modeling ship strike risk to fin, humpback and killer whales in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2010, 11:1-8.