The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Faisalabad, Pakistan: A population-based study

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 735-742

  Hussain, Fatma ^a   Arif, Mohammad ^b   Ahmad, Munir ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b PUNJAB MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Retinopathy

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIABETIC PATIENT; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EYE EXAMINATION; EYE PHOTOGRAPHY; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OPHTHALMOSCOPY; PAKISTAN; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; RETINA MACULA EDEMA;

EID: 79960814865     PISSN: 13000144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3906/sag-1002-589     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Pota M, Bandello F. Diabetic retinopathy. A clinical update. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1617-34.
2. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 527-32.
3. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and high risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 520-6.
4. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86.
5. Wild S, Gojka R, Anders G, Richard S, Hilary K. Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1047-53.
6. Abdul B, Williams R. Promoting care in underserved communities: launching World Diabetes Day in Karachi. Diabetes Voice 2006; 51: 46-7.
7. Basit A, Hydrie ZI, Rubina Ahmedani MYH, Masood Q. Frequency of chronic complications of Type-II diabetes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004; 14: 79-83.
8. Shera AS, Jawad F, Maqsood A, Jamal S, Azfar M, Ahmed U. Prevalence of chronic complications and associated factors in type 2 diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc 2004; 54: 54-9.
9. Kayani H, Rehan N, Ullah N. Frequency of retinopathy among diabetics admitted in a teaching hospital of Lahore. J Ayub Med Coll Abbotabad 2003; 15: 53-6.
10. Khan AJ. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Pakistani subjects. A pilot study. J Pak Med Assoc 1991; 41: 49-50.
11. Aziz TM. Incidence of ophthalmic problems in diabetic patients in Pakistan. A preliminary report. Ophthalmic Practice 1996; 2: 6-8.
12. Jahangir S. Diabetic retinopathy in Pakistani diabetics. Pak J Ophthalmol 1989; 5: 77-9.
13. Mohammad Z, Khan MD. Incidence of ocular complications of diabetes mellitus in Pakistan. Pak J Ophthalmol 1992; 8: 7-11.
14. Jamal-u-Din, Qureshi MB, Khan AJ, Khan MD, Ahmad K. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among individuals screened positive for diabetes in five community-based eye camps in northern Karachi. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2006; 18: 1-13.
15. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 766-85.
16. Klein R, Klein BE, Neider MW, Hubbard LD, Meuer SM, Brothers RJ. Diabetic retinopathy as detected using ophthalmoscopy, a nonmydriatic camera and a standard fundus camera. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 485-91.
17. American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina Panel. Preferred practice pattern guidelines: diabetic retinopathy. San Francisco, American Academy of Ophthalmology 2008 (http://one.aao.org/CE/PracticeGuidelines/PPP_Content).
18. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CA, Davis M et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1677-82.
19. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. A modification of the Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy (DRS report no. 7). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981; 21: 210-26.
20. Furth AJ. Methods for assaying non-enzymatic glycosylation: a review. Anal Biochem 1988; 175: 347-60.
21. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Ophthalmology 2007; 7: 11-9.
22. Rema M, Premkumar S, Anitha B, Deepa R, Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study, I. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2328-33.
23. Zhang HX, Jia LL, Hou XH, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Du J et al. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in prediabetic and diabetic population in Shanghai community. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2009; 89: 1749-52.
24. Wahab S, Mahmood N, Shaikh Z, Kazmi WH. Frequency of retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. J Pak Med Assoc 2008; 58: 557-61.
25. Wong TY, Cheung N, Tay WT, Wang JJ, Aung T, Saw SM et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1869-75.
26. Ossama AW, Haddad EI, Saad MK. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 901-6.
27. Hu HY, Lu B, Zhang ZY, Mao LY, Song XY, Dong XH et al. An epidemiological study on diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Shanghai. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2007; 28: 838-40.
28. Dowse GK, Humphrey ARG, Collins VR, Plehwe W, Gareeboo H, Fared D et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in the multiethnic population of Mauritius. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 448-57.
29. Collins VR, Dowse GK, Plehwe WE, Imo TT, Toelupe PM, Taylor HR. High prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in Polynesians of Western Samoa. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1140-49.
30. Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Moss SE, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Patterson J et al. Is there an ethnic difference in the effect of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy? Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3; 2-8.
31. Hietala K, Carol F, Paula S, Per-Henrik G. Heritability of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2008; 57: 2176-80.
32. Morello CM. Etiology and natural history of diabetic retinopathy: An overview. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64: S3-S7.
33. Nugent DA, David MS, Huw BJ. A review of islet of Langerhans degeneration in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36: 529-51.
34. Salehi M, Aulinger BA, D'Alessio DA. Targeting ß-cell mass in type 2 diabetes: Promise and limitations of new drugs based on incretins. Endocr Rev 2008; 29: 367-79.
35. Screening for NIDDM. Why is there no national program? Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 440-44.
36. DF. Exploring the pharmacotherapeutic options for treating type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 2008; 34: 60S-65S.
37. Lu H, Yang Y, A llister EM, Wijesekara N, Wheeler MB. The identification of potential factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7: 1434-51.
38. Alberti KGMM. The costs of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Med 1997; 14: 7-9.
39. Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath TJ, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in southern India. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 937-40.
40. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112; 1217-28.
41. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Clustering of long-term complications in families with diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1829-39.
42. Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 881-85.
43. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA1c: analysis of glucose profiles and HbA1c in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 275-78.
44. Bastyr EJ, Stuart CA, Brodows RG, Schwartz S, Graf CJ, Zagar A et al. Therapy focused on lowering postprandial glucose, not fasting glucose, may be superior for lowering HbA1c: IOEZ Study Group. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1236-41.
45. Gugliucci A. Glycation as the glucose link to diabetic complications. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2000; 100: 621-34.
46. Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y, Wake N. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (Suppl. 2): B21-B29.
47. Singleton JR, Smith AG, Russell JW, Feldman EL. Microvascular complications of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2867-73.
48. Pistrosch F, Koehler C, Wildbrett J, Hanefeld M. Relationship between diurnal glucose levels and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 455-59.
49. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA 1988; 260: 2864-71.
50. Klein R, Palta M, Allen C, Shen G, Han DP, D'Alessio DJ. Incidence of retinopathy and associated risk factors from time of diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115: 351-56.
51. O'Sullivan CJ, Hynes N, Mahendran B, Andrews EJ, Avalos G, Tawfik S et al. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in non-diabetic and diabetic vascular patients. Is HbA1C an independent risk factor and predictor of adverse outcome? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32: 188-97.
52. Barak G, Hirsch B. The effects of improved glycemic control on complications in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 134-40.
53. de Rekeneire N, Rooks RN, Simonsick EM, Shorr RI, Kuller LH, Schwartz AV et al. Racial differences in glycemic control in a well-functioning older diabetic population: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1986-92.
54. Lau CY, Qureshi AK, Scott SG. Association between glycaemic control and quality of life in diabetes mellitus. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50: 189-94.
55. Chatterjee MN, Shind R. Textbook of medical biochemistry.5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publications Ltd.; 2002.
56. Robbinson SM, Kumar V. Basic pathology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1989.
57. Dice JF, Walker CD, Byrne B, Cardie A. General characteristics of protein degradation in diabetes and starvation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1978; 75: 2093-97.
58. Maillard LC. Action des acides amines sur les sucres: formation de melandides par voie methodique. Compte Rend Acad Sci (Paris) 1912; 154: 66-8.
59. Day JF, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Nonenzymatically glucosylated albumin. In vitro preparation and isolation from normal human serum. J Biol Chem 1979; 254: 595-97.
60. Gasser A, Forbes JM. Advanced glycation: implications in tissue damage and disease. Protein Pept Lett 2008; 15: 385-91.
61. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-53.
62. Omsland TK, Bangstad HJ, Berg TJ, Kolset SO. Advanced glycation end products and hyperglycemia. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2006; 126: 155-58.
63. Zhang Q, Tang N, Schepmoes AA, Phillips LS, Smith RD, Metz TO. Proteomic profiling of nonenzymatically glycated proteins in human plasma and erythrocyte membranes. J Proteome Res 2008; 7: 2025-32.
64. Monnier VM, Vishwanath V, Frank KE, Elmets CA, Dauchot P, Kohn RR. Relation between complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus and collagen-linked fluorescence. New Engl J Med 1986; 314: 403-8.
65. Goh SY, Cooper ME. The role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1143-52.
66. Stirban A, Negrean M, Götting C, Uribarri J, Gawlowski T, Stratmann B et al. Dietary advanced glycation endproducts and oxidative stress: in vivo effects on endothelial function and adipokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1126: 276-79.
67. Zhou H, Tan KCB, Shiu SWM, Wong Y. Increased serum advanced glycation end products are associated with impairment in HDL antioxidative capacity in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2008; 23: 927-33.
68. Tan KCB, Chow WS, Ai VHG, Metz C, Bucala R, Lam KSL. Advanced glycation end products and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1055-59.
69. Tan KCB, Chow WS, Tam S, Bucala R, Betteridge J. Association between acute-phase reactants and advanced glycation end products in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 233-28.
70. Anitha B, Sampathkumar R, Balasubramanyam M, Rema M. Advanced glycation index and its association with severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic subjects. J Diabetes Complicat 2008; 22: 261-66.