Timing of decompressive surgery of spinal cord after traumatic spinal cord injury: An evidence-based examination of pre-clinical and clinical studies

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 28, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1371-1399

  Furlan, Julio C ^a,b   Noonan, Vanessa ^c   Cadotte, David W ^b,d   Fehlings, Michael G ^a,b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

animal studies; clinical research; spinal cord injury; systematic review; timing of surgery

Indexed keywords

METHYLPREDNISOLONE;

ATELECTASIS; AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COST CONTROL; DECUBITUS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART ARREST; HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION; HUMAN; LUNG EMBOLISM; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SPASTICITY; SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION; SPINAL CORD FUNCTION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINE STABILIZATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UROLITHIASIS;

DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79960803075     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: 15579042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1147     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Akhtar, A.Z., Pippin, J.J., and Sandusky, C.B. (2009). Animal studies in spinal cord injury: a systematic review of methylprednisolone. Altern. Lab. Anim. 37, 43-62.
2. Aki, T., and Toya, S. (1984). Experimental study on changes of the spinal-evoked potential and circulatory dynamics following spinal cord compression and decompression. Spine 9, 800-809. (Pubitemid 15158673)
3. Baptiste, D.C., and Fehlings, M.G. (2007). Update on the treatment of spinal cord injury. Prog. Brain Res. 161, 217-233. (Pubitemid 47017406)
4. Benzel, E.C., and Larson, S.J. (1986). Functional recovery after decompressive operation for thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Neurosurgery 19, 772-778. (Pubitemid 17182146)
5. Bohlman, H.H., Bahniuk, E., Raskulinecz, G., and Field, G. (1979). Mechanical factors affecting recovery from incomplete cervical spinal cord injury: a preliminary report. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 145, 115-125. (Pubitemid 10239986)
6. Botel, U., Glaser, E., and Niedeggen, A. (1997). The surgical treatment of acute spinal paralysed patients. Spinal Cord 35, 420-428. (Pubitemid 27316461)
7. Bracken, M.B., Shepard, M.J., Collins, W.F., Holford, T.R., Young, W., Baskin, D.S., Eisenberg, H.M., Flamm, E., Leo-Summers, L., Maroon, J. (1990). A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naxoxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. NEJM 322, 1405-1411. (Pubitemid 20152525)
8. Brodkey, J.S., Richards, D.E., Blasingame, J.P., and Nulsen, F.E. (1972). Reversible spinal cord trauma in cats. Additive effects of direct pressure and ischemia. J. Neurosurg. 37, 591-593.
9. Campagnolo, D.I., Esquieres, R.E., and Kopacz, K.J. (1997). Effect of timing of stabilization on length of stay and medical complications following spinal cord injury. J. Spinal Cord Med. 20, 331-334. (Pubitemid 127758369)
10. Carlson, G.D., Gorden, C.D., Oliff, H.S., Pillai, J.J., and LaManna, J.C. (2003). Sustained spinal cord compression: part I.: timedependent effect on long-term pathophysiology. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 85-A, 86-94. (Pubitemid 36537978)
11. Carlson, G.D., Minato, Y., Okada, A., Gorden, C.D., Warden, K.E., Barbeau, J.M., Biro, C.L., Bahnuik, E., Bohlman, H.H., and Lamanna, J.C. (1997a). Early time-dependent decompression for spinal cord injury: vascular mechanisms of recovery. J. Neurotrauma 14, 951-962. (Pubitemid 28087520)
12. Carlson, G.D., Warden, K.E., Barbeau, J.M., Bahniuk, E., Kutina- Nelson, K.L., Biro, C.L., Bohlman, H.H., and LaManna, J.C. (1997b). Viscoelastic relaxation and regional blood flow response to spinal cord compression and decompression. Spine 22, 1285-1291. (Pubitemid 27268529)
13. Cengiz, S.L., Kalkan, E., Bayir, A., Ilik, K., and Basefer, A. (2008). Timing of thoracolomber spine stabilization in trauma patients; impact on neurological outcome and clinical course. A real prospective (rct) randomized controlled study. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 128, 959-966.
14. Chen, L., Yang, H., Yang, T., Xu, Y., Bao, Z., and Tang, T. (2009). Effectiveness of surgical treatment for traumatic central cord syndrome. J. Neurosurg. Spine 10, 3-8.
15. Chipman, J.G., Deuser, W.E., and Beilman, G.J. (2004). Early surgery for thoracolumbar spine injuries decreases complications. J. Trauma 56, 52-57. (Pubitemid 38182161)
16. Clohisy, J.C., Akbarnia, B.A., Bucholz, R.D., Burkus, J.K., and Backer, R.J. (1992). Neurologic recovery associated with anterior decompression of spine fractures at the thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1). Spine 17, S325-S330.
17. Croce, M.A., Bee, T.K., Pritchard, E., Miller, P.R., and Fabian, T.C. (2001). Does optimal timing for spine fracture fixation exist? Ann. Surg. 233, 851-858. (Pubitemid 32494567)
18. Croft, T.J., Brodkey, J.S., and Nulsen, F.E. (1972). Reversible spinal cord trauma: a model for electrical monitoring of spinal cord function. J. Neurosurg. 36, 402-406.
19. Delamarter, R.B., Sherman, J.E., and Carr, J.B. (1991). 1991 Volvo Award in experimental studies. Cauda equina syndrome: neurologic recovery following immediate, early, or late decompression. Spine 16, 1022-1029.
20. Delamarter, R.B., Sherman, J., and Carr, J.B. (1995). Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury. Recovery after immediate and delayed decompression. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 77, 1042-1049.
21. Dimar, J.R., 2nd, Glassman, S.D., Raque, G.H., Zhang, Y.P., and Shields, C.B. (1999). The influence of spinal canal narrowing and timing of decompression on neurologic recovery after spinal cord contusion in a rat model. Spine 24, 1623-1633. (Pubitemid 29387917)
22. Dolan, E.J., Tator, C.H., and Endrenyi, L. (1980). The value of decompression for acute experimental spinal cord compression injury. J. Neurosurg. 53, 749-755. (Pubitemid 11194433)
23. Downs, S.H., and Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 52, 377-384. (Pubitemid 28438523)
24. Duh, M.S., Shepard, M.J., Wilberger, J.E., and Bracken, M.B. (1994). The effectiveness of surgery on the treatment of acute spinal cord injury and its relation to pharmacological treatment. Neurosurgery 35, 240-248; discussion 248-249.
25. Fehlings, M.G., and Arvin, B. (2009). The timing of surgery in patients with central spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg. Spine 10, 1-2.
26. Guest, J., Eleraky, M.A., Apostolides, P.J., Dickman, C.A., and Sonntag, V.K. (2002). Traumatic central cord syndrome: results of surgical management. J. Neurosurg. 97, 25-32. (Pubitemid 34686597)
27. Guha, A., Tator, C.H., Endrenyi, L., and Piper, I. (1987). Decompression of the spinal cord improves recovery after acute experimental spinal cord compression injury. Paraplegia 25, 324-339.
28. Hejcl, A., Urdzikova, L., Sedy, J., Lesny, P., Pradny, M., Michalek, J., Burian, M., Hajek, M., Zamecnik, J., Jendelova, P., and Sykova, E. (2008). Acute and delayed implantation of positively charged 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate scaffolds in spinal cord injury in the rat. J. Neurosurg. Spine 8, 67-73.
29. Kerwin, A.J., Frykberg, E.R., Schinco, M.A., Griffen, M.M., Murphy, T., and Tepas, J.J. (2005). The effect of early spine fixation on non-neurologic outcome. J. Trauma 58, 15-21. (Pubitemid 40221727)
30. Kobrine, A.I., Evans, D.E., and Rizzoli, H. (1978). Correlation of spinal cord blood flow and function in experimental compression. Surg. Neurol. 10, 54-59. (Pubitemid 8369667)
31. Kobrine, A.I., Evans, D.E., and Rizzoli, H.V. (1979). Experimental acute balloon compression of the spinal cord. Factors affecting disappearance and return of the spinal evoked response. J. Neurosurg. 51, 841-845. (Pubitemid 10157876)
32. Krengel, W.F., 3rd, Anderson, P.A., and Henley, M.B. (1993). Early stabilization and decompression for incomplete paraplegia due to a thoracic-level spinal cord injury. Spine 18, 2080-2087. (Pubitemid 23315918)
33. Levi, L., Wolf, A., Rigamonti, D., Ragheb, J., Mirvis, S., and Robinson, W.L. (1991). Anterior decompression in cervical spine trauma: does the timing of surgery affect the outcome? Neurosurgery 29, 216-222.
34. McKinley, W., Meade, M.A., Kirshblum, S., and Barnard, B. (2004). Outcomes of early surgical management versus late or no surgical intervention after acute spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85, 1818-1825. (Pubitemid 39441140)
35. McLain, R.F., and Benson, D.R. (1999). Urgent surgical stabilization of spinal fractures in polytrauma patients. Spine 24, 1646-1654. (Pubitemid 29387920)
36. Mirza, S.K., Krengel, W.F., 3rd, Chapman, J.R., Anderson, P.A., Bailey, J.C., Grady, M.S., and Yuan, H.A. (1999). Early versus delayed surgery for acute cervical spinal cord injury. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (359), 104-114. (Pubitemid 29110730)
37. Ng, W.P., Fehlings, M.G., Cuddy, B., Dickman, C., Fazl, M., Green, B., Hitchon, P., Northrup, B., Sonntag, V., Wagner, F., and Tator, C.H. (1999). Surgical treatment for acute spinal cord injury study pilot study #2: evaluation of protocol for decompressive surgery within 8 h of injury. Neurosurg. Focus 6:e3.
38. Nystrom, B., and Berglund, J.E. (1988). Spinal cord restitution following compression injuries in rats. Acta Neurol. Scand. 78, 467-472. (Pubitemid 19017785)
39. Papadopoulos, S.M., Selden, N.R., Quint, D.J., Patel, N., Gillespie, B., and Grube, S. (2002). Immediate spinal cord decompression for cervical spinal cord injury: feasibility and outcome. J. Trauma 52, 323-332. (Pubitemid 34183801)
40. Pollard, M.E., and Apple, D.F. (2003). Factors associated with improved neurologic outcomes in patients with incomplete tetraplegia. Spine 28, 33-39.
41. Rabinowitz, R.S., Eck, J.C., Harper, C.M., Jr., Larson, D.R., Jimenez, M.A., Parisi, J.E., Friedman, J.A., Yaszemski, M.J., and Currier, B.L. (2008). Urgent surgical decompression compared to methylprednisolone for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury: a randomized prospective study in beagle dogs. Spine (Phila, Pa 1976) 33(21), 2260-2268.
42. Reid, N. (1993). Health Care Research by Degrees. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
43. Rivlin, A.S., and Tator, C.H. (1978). Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat. Surg. Neurol. 10, 38-43.
44. Sackett, D.L., Straus, S.E., Richardson, W.S., Rosenberg, W.M., and Haynes, R.B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Toronto: Churchill Living-stone.
45. Sapkas, G.S., and Papadakis, S.A. (2007). Neurological outcome following early versus delayed lower cervical spine surgery. J. Orthop. Surg. (Hong Kong) 15, 183-186.
46. Schinkel, C., Frangen, T.M., Kmetic, A., Andress, H.J., and Muhr, G. (2006). Timing of thoracic spine stabilization in trauma patients: impact on clinical course and outcome. J. Trauma 61, 156-160; discussion 160. (Pubitemid 44098336)
47. Tator, C.H., Fehlings, M.G., Thorpe, K., and Taylor, W. (1999). Current use and timing of spinal surgery for management of acute spinal surgery for management of acute spinal cord injury in North America: results of a retrospective multicenter study. J. Neurosurg. 91, 12-18.
48. Thienprasit, P., Bantli, H., Bloedel, J.R., and Chou, S.N. (1975). Effect of delayed local cooling on experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg. 42, 150-154.
49. Vaccaro, A.R., Daugherty, R.J., Sheehan, T.P., Dante, S.J., Cotler, J.M., Balderston, R.A., Herbison, G.J., and Northrup, B.E. (1997). Neurologic outcome of early versus late surgery for cervical spinal cord injury. Spine 22, 2609-2613. (Pubitemid 28070650)
50. Zhang, Y., Hillered, L., Olsson, Y., and Holtz, A. (1993). Time course of energy perturbation after compression trauma to the spinal cord: an experimental study in the rat using micro-dialysis. Surg. Neurol. 39, 297-304. (Pubitemid 23150679)