An overview of Triple infection with Hepatitis B, C and D viruses

Virology Journal

Volumn 8, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Riaz, Mehwish ^a   Idrees, Muhamad ^a   Kanwal, Hifza ^a   Kabir, Firoz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

HBV; HCV; HDV; hepatocellular carcinoma; liver cirrhosis; viral hepatitis

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALPHA INTERFERON; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; INTERFERON; LAMIVUDINE; VIRUS RNA;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANOREXIA; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ARTHRALGIA; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CHINA; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTAMINATION; DELTA AGENT HEPATITIS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FATIGUE; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; FOLLOW UP; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYGIENE; IMMUNIZATION; INDIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; JAUNDICE; LIVER CELL; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MIXED INFECTION; MONGOLIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING; SEROLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TRIPLE INFECTION; URINE COLOR; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION; VOMITING; COMORBIDITY; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS; INFECTION CONTROL; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; PAKISTAN; PATHOLOGY;

HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS;

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMORBIDITY; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS D; HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS; HUMANS; PAKISTAN;

EID: 79960686834     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1743422X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-368     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Molecular epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis D virus in a unique triple hepatitis viruses (B, C, D) endemic community in Taiwan. Lu SN Chen TM, Lee CM Wang JH, Tung HD Wu JC, J Med Virol 2003 70 74 80 10.1002/jmv.10361 12629646
2. Hepatitis B Fact sheet no 204. World Health Organization, 2000 http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en [cited March 16, 2008]
3. General seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in population. Khokhar N Gill ML Malik GJ,, J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004 14 534 6 15353136
4. Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease and its relationship to HBV and HDV infections. Gaeta GB Rapicetta M, Sardaro C Spadaro A, Chionne F Freni AM, Infection 1990 18 277 9 10.1007/BF01647003 2177452 (Pubitemid 20349305)
5. High prevalence of dual or triple infection of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses among patients with chronic liver disease in Mongolia. Tsatsralt-Od B Takahashi M, Nishizawa T Endo K, Inoue J Okamoto H, J Med Virol 2005 77 491 9 10.1002/jmv.20482 16254981 (Pubitemid 41609588)
6. Hepatitis C infection in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Fattovich G Tagger A Brollo L,, J Infect Dis 1991 163 400 402 10.1093/infdis/163.2.400 1846394
7. The interaction between hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in acute and chronic liver disease. Alberti A Pontisso P Chemello L,, J Hepatol 1995 22 38 S41
8. Role of hepatitis C and Delta viruses in the termination of chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state: a multivariate analysis in a longitudinal follow-up study. Sheen IS Liaw YF, Lin DY Chu CM, J Infect Dis 1994 170 358 361 10.1093/infdis/170.2.358 7518488
9. Rizzetto M Verma G, J Hepatol 1985 1 187 193 10.1016/S0168-8278(85)80766- 2 4056344
10. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual infection. Liu Z Hou J, Int J Med Sci 2006 3 57 62 16614744
11. Prevalence Pattern of Blood Borne Hepatitis Group of Viruses in Liver Disease Patients. Ganesh Kumar A Sridharan K Thirunalasundari T,, World Journal of Medical Sciences 2007 2 1 33 38
12. The hepatitis viruses: an overview. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Purcell RH, Springer Verlag, Tokyo, Japan, Nishioka K, Suzuki H, Mishiro S and Oda T, 1995
13. The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B. Di Marco V Lo Iacono O, Camma C Vaccaro A, Giunta M Martorana G, Hepatology 1999 30 257 64 10.1002/hep.510300109 10385664
14. Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Lihong W, Future Virol 2006 1 637 647 10.2217/17460794.1.5.637
15. Immune response in hepatitis B virus infection. Rehermann B, Semin Liver, Dis 2003 23 21 37 10.1055/s-2003-37586 (Pubitemid 36254660)
16. Kinetics of the immune response during HBV and HCV infection. Bertoletti A Ferrari C, Hepatology 2003 38 4 13 12829979 (Pubitemid 36775788)
17. To C or not to C: these are the questions. Alter HJ, Blood 1995 85 1681 95 7535582
18. Chronic hepatitis B. Lok AS, N Engl J Med 2002 346 1682 3 10.1056/NEJM200205303462202 12037146
19. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. Lavanchy D, J Viral Hepat 2004 11 97 107 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x 14996343 (Pubitemid 38365759)
20. Introduction to chronic hepatitis B infection. Wright TL, Am J Gastroenterol 2006 101 Suppl 1 1 6 16448446
21. Systemic distribution of woodchuck hepatitis virus in the tissues of experimentally infected woodchucks. Korba BE Gowans EJ, Wells FV Tennant BC, Clarke R Gerin JL, Virology 1988 165 172 181 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90670-8 3388768
22. Use of animal models to study hepatitis B viruses. Marion PL, Prog Med Virol 1988 35 43 75 3051133
23. Hepatitis C virus: eight years old. Gish RG Lau JYN, Viral Hepatitis Reviews 1997 1 17 37
24. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. Alter MJ Kruszon Moran D Nainan OV,, N Engl J Med 1999 341 556 562 10.1056/NEJM199908193410802 10451460 (Pubitemid 29384163)
25. The natural history of compensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus: a 17-year cohort study of 214 patients. Sangiovanni A Prati GM, Fasani P Ronchi G, Romeo R Manini M, Hepatology 2006 43 1303 10 10.1002/hep.21176 16729298
26. Comparative analysis of intracellular trans-splicing ribozyme Activity against hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site. Ryu KJ Lee SW, J Microbiol 2004 42 361 364 15650696
27. Hepatitis C virus infection in chronichepatitis B virus carriers. Tagger A Brollo L, J Infect Dis 1991 163 400 402 10.1093/infdis/163.2.400 1846394
28. Coinfection of hepatitis C virus in patientswith chronic hepatitis B infection. Sato S Fujiyama S Tanaka M,, J Hepatol 1994 21 159 166 10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80389-7 7527435 (Pubitemid 24270539)
29. Prevalence and significance of hepatitis C viremia in chronic active hepatitis B. Crespo J Lozano JL de la Cruz F,, Am J Gastroenterol 1994 89 147 1151
30. The interaction between hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in acute and chronic liver disease. Alberti A Pontisso P Chemello L,, J Hepatol 1995 22 38 41 7602074
31. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. Zarski JP Bohn B Bastie A,, J Hepatol 1998 28 27 33 10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80198-0 9537860 (Pubitemid 28122496)
32. Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen. An active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment. Rizzetto M Verme G Recchida S,, Annals of Internal Medicine 1983 98 437 441 6340574 (Pubitemid 13116609)
33. Prevention and control of hepatitis B in the community. Grosheide P van Damme P, Communicable Diseases Series, 1 World Health Organization, Geneva, Hallauer J, Kane M, McCoy E, Meleus A and Mource C, 1996
34. Hepatitis delta: an overview. Hadziyannis SJ, Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease Edizioni Minerva Medica, Rome, Italy, Rizzetto M, Purcell RH, Gerin JL and Verme G, 1997 283 289
35. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D: new advances, old challenges. Farci PF, Hepatology 2006 44 3 536 539 10.1002/hep.21351 16941704
36. Role of hepatitis delta virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma. Verme G Brunetto MR, Oliveri F Baldi M, Forzani B Piantino P, Ponzetto A Bonino F, Dig Dis Sci 1991 36 1134 1136 10.1007/BF01297460 1650690
37. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Pathogenetic implications of the hepatitis delta virus. Oliveri F Colombatto P, Derenzini M Trere D, Papotti M David E, Negro F Bellati G, Ideo G D'Aquino M, Michieletto L Verme G, Bonino F Brunetto MR, Prog Clin Biol Res 1993 382 165 170 8389050
38. Triple hepatitis: frequency and treatment outcome of co/super infection of hepatitis C and D among patient of hepatitis B. Zuberi BF Salahuddin A Quraishy MS,, J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008 18 404 407 18760062
39. Frequency and comparative analysis of hepatitis D in patients seeking treatment for hepatitis B. Zuberi BF Quraishy MS, Afsar S Kazi LA, Memon A Qadeer R, J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006 16 581 4 16945230 (Pubitemid 44566685)
40. Tracing hepatitis C and Delta viruses to estimate their contribution in HCC rates in Mongolia. Kurbanov F Tanaka Y Elkady A Oyunsuren T, Mizokami M,, J Viral Hepat 2007 14 667 74 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00864.x 17697020 (Pubitemid 47258269)
41. High prevalence of hepatitis B, C and delta virus infections among blood donors in Mongolia. Tsatsralt-Od B Takahashi M, Nishizawa T Inoue J, Ulaankhuu D Okamoto H, Arch Virol 2005 150 2513 28 10.1007/s00705-005-0590-1 16012782 (Pubitemid 41642139)
42. High prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses and viremia of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses among apparently healthy populations in Mongolia. Takahashi M Nishizawa T, Gotanda Y Tsuda F, Komatsu F Kawabata T, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004 11 392 8 15013993 (Pubitemid 38380823)
43. Detection of serum hepatitis B, C, and D viral nucleic acids and its implications in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Huang YH Wu JC, Chau GY Tsay SH, King KL Sheng WY, Lui WY Lee SD, J Gastroenterol 1998 33 4 512 516 10.1007/s005350050124 9719234
44. Role of molecular techniques in the detection of HBV DNA & HCV RNA among renal transplant recipients in India. Radhakrishnan S Abraham P Raghuraman S John GT, Thomas PP Jacob CK, Sridharan G,, Indian J Med Res 2000 111 204 11 10969488 (Pubitemid 30657560)
45. Multiple viral infections. Gaeta GB Precone DF Cozzi-Lepri A,, J Hepatol 2006 44 108 S113 16352369
46. Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus: Rates, Routes, and Cofactors. MacDonald M Crofts N Kaldor J,, Epidemiologic Reviews 18 2
47. Replication status and histological features of patients with triple (B, C, D) and dual (B, C) hepatic infections. Mathurin P Thibault V, Kadidja K Ganne-Carrie N, Moussalli J El Younsi M, J Viral Hepat 2000 7 15 22 10870175 (Pubitemid 30139847)
48. Role of hepatitis C virus in dual and triple hepatitis virus infection. Liaw YF, Hepatology 1995 22 1101 8 7557857
49. Hepatitis C virus: the major causative agent of viral non-A, non-B hepatitis. Choo QL Weiner AJ Overby LR,, Br Med Bull 1990 46 423 41 2116212 (Pubitemid 20158079)
50. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis. Strader DB Wright T, Thomas DL Seeff LB, C Hepatology 2004 39 4 1147 71 10.1002/hep.20119 (Pubitemid 38428955)
51. Hepatitis B epidemiology, disease burden, treatment and current and emerging prevention and control measures. Lavanchy D, J Viral Hepat 2004 11 97 107 (Pubitemid 38365759)
52. Clinical course and consequences of hepatitis B infection. Juszczyk J, Vaccine 2000 18 supplement 1 23 S25 10683539
53. The biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses. Kumar V Das S Jameel S,, Current Science 2010 98 3
54. A simple, rapid and sensitive integrated protein microarray for simultaneous detection of multiple antigens and antibodies of five human hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, and HGV). Xu R Gan X Fang Y Zheng S, Dong Q,, Anal Biochem 2007 362 69 75 10.1016/j.ab.2006.12.008 17239337 (Pubitemid 46198800)
55. Interference between non-A, non-B and hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees. Brotman B Prince AM, Huima T Richardson L, van den Ende MC Pfeifer U, J Med Virol 1983 11 191 205 10.1002/jmv.1890110303 6408223
56. Suppression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by hepatitis D virus (HDV) in HIV-infected hemophiliacs with chronic hepatitis B and C. Eyster ME Sanders JC, Battegay M Di Bisceglie AM, Dig Dis Sci 1995 40 1583 1588 10.1007/BF02285214 7628288
57. Virologic and clinical expressions of reciprocal inhibitory effect of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses in patients with chronic hepatitis. Sagnelli E Coppola N, Scolastico C Filippini P, Santantonio T Stroffolini T, Hepatology 2000 32 1106 1110 10.1053/jhep.2000.19288 11050062
58. Role of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses in dual and triple infection: influence of viral genotypes and hepatitis B precore and basal core promoter mutations on viral replicative interference. Jardi R Rodriguez F, Buti M Costa X, Cotrina M Galimany R, Hepatology 2001 34 404 410 10.1053/jhep.2001.26511 11481626 (Pubitemid 32702354)
59. Infection with multiple hepatitis viruses: evidence for suppression of HCVreplication byHDVand HBV. Wedemeyer H Tillmann HL Tegtmeyer B,, Hepatology 2001 34 223 11481604
60. Clearance of Chronic HCV Infection During Acute D hepatitis. Deterding K Pothakamuri SV Schlaphoff V,, Infection 2009 37 159 62 10.1007/s15010-007-7204-7 18084714
61. The large delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus potently inhibits genomic but not antigenomic RNA synthesis: a mechanism enabling initiation of viral replication. Modahl LE Lai MM, J Virol 2000 74 7375 7380 10.1128/JVI.74.16.7375-7380.2000 10906190 (Pubitemid 30613082)
62. Clinical and virological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis C and D virus markers. Liaw Y-F Tsai S-L Sheen IS Chao M, Yeh CT Hsieh SY, Chu CM,, Am J Gastroenterol 1998 93 354 359 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998. 00354.x 9517639 (Pubitemid 29068336)
63. Coinfection with hepatitis B and C or B, C and delta viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-alpha treatment. Weltman MD Brotodihardjo A Crewe EB Farrell GC, Bilous M Grierson JM, Liddle C,, J Viral Hepat 1995 2 1 39 45 10.1111/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00070.x 7493293
64. Natural history of compensated viral B and D cirrhosis. Gheorghe L Iacob S, Simionov I Vadan R, Gheorghe C Iacob R, Rom J Gastroenterol 2005 14 329 35 16400347 (Pubitemid 43027120)
65. The role of hepatitis C virus in fulminant viral hepatitis in an endemic area of hepatitis A and B. Chu CM Sheen IS Liaw YF,, Gastroenterology 1994 107 189 195 8020661
66. Multiple viral infection as the most common cause of fulminant and sub-fulminant viral hepatitis in an area endemic for hepatitis B: application and limitation of the polymerase chain reaction. Wu JC Chen CL, Hou MC Chen TZ, Lee SD Lo KJ, Hepatology 1994 19 836 840 10.1002/hep.1840190406 8138254
67. Natural history and treatment of hepatitis B virus and hepatits C virus coinfection. Crockett SD Keeffe EB, Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2005 4 13 10.1186/1476-0711-4-13 16159399
68. Impact of acute hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Liaw YF Chen YC, Sheen IS Chien RN, Yeh CT Chu CM, Gastroenterology 2004 126 1024 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.011 15057742
69. The significance of antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Fong TL Di Bisceglie AM Waggoner JG Banks SM, Hoofnagle JH,, Hepatology 1991 14 64 67 10.1002/hep.1840140111 1648540
70. Longitudinal evaluation reveals a complex spectrum of virological profiles in hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus-co-infected patients. Raimondo G Brunetto MR, Pontisso P Smedile A, Maina AM Saitta C, Hepatology 2006 43 100 7 10.1002/hep.20944 16323213
71. Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis. Lau DT Doo E, Park Y Kleiner DE, Schmid P Kuhns MC, Hepatology 1999 30 546 9 10.1002/hep.510300217 10421666 (Pubitemid 29357523)
72. Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus. Wolters LM van Nunen AB, Honkoop P Vossen AC, Niesters HG Zondervan PE, J Viral Hepat 2000 7 428 34 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2000.00254.x 11115054
73. Clinical and virologic outcomes of hepatitis B and C viral coinfection after liver transplantation: effect of viral hepatitis D. Taniguchi M Shakil AO, Vargas HE Laskus T, Demetris AJ Gayowski T, Liver Transpl 2000 6 92 96 10648584
74. Global status of hepatitis B Immunization. Kane MA, Lancet 1996 348 696 8806284