The Soviet Union, Russia, and the biological and toxin weapons convention

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 59-69

  Moodie, Michael ^a  

^a Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960646708     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736700108436838     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, “Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction,” Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of the Negotiations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 98.
2. Valentin Bojtzov and Erhard Geissler, “Military Biology in the USSR, 192045,” in Erhard Geissler and John Ellis van Courtland Moon, eds., Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1999), pp. 153-189.
3. Claude Wachtel, “The Biological Strategic Defense Initiative in the USSR,” unpublished paper.
4. Jonathan Tucker, “Biological Weapons Proliferation Concerns,” in Malcolm R. Dando, Graham S. Pearson, and Tibor Toth, eds., Verification of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (Dordrecht, The Netherlands and Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000), p. 43.
5. U.S. Department of Defense, Soviet Military Forces in Transition (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1991).Its administrative personnel apparently were taken from the Ministry ofMedium Machine Building, which acted as the intermediary for funding and for the supply of resources. See Milton Leitenberg, Biological Weapons Arms Control, PRAC Paper No. 16, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, May 1996, p. 9.
6. Ken Alibek with Stephen Handleman, Biohazard (New York: Random House, 1999). Alibek has an M.D. in epidemiology and infectious diseases and a Ph.D. in microbiology. Before arriving in the United States in 1992
7. ANSER, A. “Interview with Serguei Popov,” Journal of Homeland Defense, November 13,2000, genetically enhanced weapons. He defected in 1992 and is currently working in the United States.
8. John Barry, “Planning a Plague?” Newsweek, February 1, 1993.
9. Biological Weapons in the Former Soviet Union: “An Interview with Dr. Kenneth Alibek,” The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999), pp. 2-3.
10. Richard Preston, “The Bioweaponeers,” The New Yorker, March 9,1998, p. 57.
11. James Adams, The New Spies: Exploring the Frontiers of Espionage (London: Hutchinson, 1994) pp. 270-283.
12. Alexander Langmuir, Ilona Popova, Alexis Shelokov, and Olga Yampolskaya, “The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979,” Science 266 (November 18,1994), pp. 1202-1208.
13. Sverdlovsk Outbreak: A Portent of Disaster,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, May 1988, p. 37.
14. Milton Leitenberg, “Conversion of BW RandD Facilities,” in Erhard Geissler and John P. Woodall, eds., Control of Dual Threat Agents: The Vaccines for Peace Programme (London: Oxford University Press for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1994), p. 90.
15. Milton Leitenberg, Control of Dual Threat Agents: The Vaccines for Peace Programme ., p. 91.
16. U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Biological Warfare Threat, DST- 1610F-057-86, 1986, p. 5.
17. U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Biological Warfare Threat., pp. 5-7.
18. Russell Disvik, “Russia Commits to End Bioweapons Program,” United States Information Agency.“The Soviet Biological Warfare Program: A Historical Perspective and Current Issues,” in the Seminar Series on Responding to the Biological Weapons Challenge, sponsored by the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, May 19,1998.
19. Tucker, T “Biological Weapons Proliferation Concerns,” p. 47.
20. “Biological Weapons Convention Chronology,” Arms Control Reporter, March 30,1992, p. 701.B.89.
21. “Biological Weapons Convention Chronology,”., May 23,1992, p. 701.B.94.
22. Tucker, T. “Biological Weapons Proliferation Concerns,” p. 48.
23. U.S. Department of State, “Joint UK/US/Russian Statement on Biological Weapons,” September 14,1992.
24. U.S. “Officials Allege that Russians Are Working on Biological Arms,” Washington Post, April 8,1994, p. A28.
25. Washington Times, September 27,1994.
26. “Biological Weapons Convention Chronology,” Arms Control Reporter, July 19, 1995, p. 701.B.146.
27. U.S. Department of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1996), p. 32.
28. Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation, “Press Release by the Russian Delegation to the IV Review Conference ofthe 1972 Biological Weapons Convention,” Geneva, November 12, 1996.
29. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, “Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control Agreements, 1998,” p. 6.
30. James Adams, “The Red Death: The Untold Story of Russia’s Secret Biological Weapons,” Sunday Times, March 27, 1994, Section 4, pp. 1-2.
31. “Biological Weapons in the Former Soviet Union: An Interview with Dr. Kenneth Alibek,” p. 8.
32. Preston, P “The Bioweaponeers,” p. 59.
33. “Biological Weapons Convention Chronology,” Arms Control Reporter, November 18-21,1992, p. 701.B.103.
34. “U.S. Officials Allege that Russians Are Working on Biological Arms,” Washington Post, April 8, 1994, p. A28.
35. Radio Moscow World Service, April 12,1994, cited in Milton Leitenberg, Biological Weapons Arms Control, ftn. 17, p. 11.
36. Michael Moodie, “Arms Control Programs and Biological Weapons,” in Brad Roberts, ed., Biological Weapons: Weapons of the Future? (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993), pp. 47-58.
37. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, “Adherence To and Compliance With Arms Control Agreements: 1996 Report submitted to the Congress,” Washington, D.C., p 6. See also reports of the same title for 1997 and 1998.
38. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, “Official Text: Speech by Ronald F. Lehman, II, Director, U.S. ACDA, to the Third Review Conference ofthe Biological Weapons Convention,” Geneva, September 10,1991.
39. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, “Remarks of the Honorable John D. Holum, Director, U.S. ACDA, to the Fourth Review Conference ofthe Biological Weapons Convention,” Geneva, November 26,1996.
40. “The Soviet Biological Warfare Program: A Historical Perspective and Current Issues,” in the Seminar Series on Responding to the Biological Weapons Challenge, sponsored by the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, May 19, 1998.
41. “News Chronology,” The CBWConventions Bulletin, 39, March 1998, p. 28.
42. Paul Quinn-Judge, “The Breeding of Death,” Time, February 16, 1998, “The Bioweaponeers.”
43. Article VI (1) of the BWC states: “Any State Party to this Convention which finds that any other State Party is acting in breach of obligations deriving from the provisions of this Convention may lodge a complaint” with the Security Council of the United Nations. Such a complaint should include all possible evidence confirming its validity, as well as a request for its consideration by the Security Council.
44. Jonathan B. Tucker and Kathleen Vogel, “Preventing the Proliferation of Chemical and Biological Weapon Materials and Know-How,” The Nonproliferation Review 7 (Spring 2000), pp. 88-97.