Mixing rates across the gulf stream, part 1: On the formation of eighteen degree water

Journal of Marine Research

Volumn 68, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 643-671

  Inoue, R ^a   Gregg, M C ^a   Harcourt, R R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENTRAINMENT; HEAT BUDGET; HEAT FLUX; MICROSTRUCTURE; MIXED LAYER; MIXING RATIO; OCEANIC CURRENT; SPATIAL VARIATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION; THERMOCLINE; WATER TEMPERATURE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF STREAM;

EID: 79960579645     PISSN: 00222402     EISSN: 15439542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1357/002224011795977662     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Brainerd, K. E. and M. C. Gregg. 1995. Surface mixed layer and mixing layer depths. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1521-1543.
2. J. Marshall, A. Andersson, N. Bates, W. Dewar, S. Doney, J. Edson, R. Ferrari, G. Forget, D. Fratantoni, M. Gregg, T. Joyce, K. Kelly, S. Lozier, R. Lumpkin, G. Maze, J. Palter, R. Samelson, K. Silverthorne, E. Skyllingstad, F. Straneo, L. Talley, L. Thomas, J. Toole and R. Weller. 2009. The Climode Field Campaign: Observing the cycle of convection and restratification over the Gulf Stream. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1337-1350.
3. Deardorff, J. W., G. E. Willlis and D. K. Lilly. 1969. Laboratory investigation of non-steady penetrative convection. J. Fluid Mech., 35, 7-31.
4. Efron, B. and G. Gong. 1983. A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation. The American Statistician, 37, 36-48.
5. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev and J. B. Edson. 2003. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Clim., 16, 571-591.
6. Gargett, A. E. 1990. Do we really know how to scale the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ε due to breaking of oceanic internal waves? J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15971-15974.
7. Gargett, A. E. and T. R. Osborn. 1981. Small-scale shear measurements during the Fine and Microstructure Experiment (FAME). J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1929-1944.
8. Garrett, C. J. R. and W. H. Munk. 1975. Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 291-297.
9. Gill, A. E. 1982. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, Academic Press, 662 pp.
10. Graber, H. C., E. A. Terray, M. A. Donelan, W. M. Drennan, J. C. Van Leer and D. B. Peters. 2000. ASIS-A new air-sea interaction Spar buoy: Design and performance at sea. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 17, 708-720.
11. Grant, H., B. Hughes, W. Vogel and A. Moilliet. 1968. The spectrum of temperature fluctuations in turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech., 34, 423-442.
12. Gregg, M. C. 1989. Scaling turbulent dissipation in the thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9686-9698.
13. Gregg, M. C. and T. B. Sanford. 1980. Signatures of mixing from Bermuda slope, the Sargasso Sea and the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 105-127.
14. Gregg, M. C. and T. B. Sanford. 1988. The dependence of turbulent dissipation on stratification in a diffusively stable thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 12381-12392.
15. Gregg, M. C., T. B. Sanford and D. P. Winkel. 2003. Reduced mixing from the breaking of internal waves in equatorial waters. Nature, 422, 513-515.
16. Hanawa, K. and L. D. Talley. 2001. Mode waters, in Ocean Circulation and Climate: Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean, G. Siedler, J. Church and J. Gould, eds., Academic, San Diego, CA, 373-386.
17. Henyey, F. S., J. Wright and S. M. Flatt. 1986. Energy and action flow through the internal wave field. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8487-8495.
18. Inoue, R., R. R. Harcourt and M. C. Gregg. 2010. Mixing rates across the Gulf Stream, Part 2: Implications for nonlocal parameterization of vertical fluxes in surface boundary layers. J. Mar. Res., 68, 673-698.
19. Kantha, L. H. and C. A. Clayson. 1994. An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25235-25266.
20. Kunze, E. 1986. The mean and near-inertial velocity fields in a warm-core ring. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1444-1461.
21. Kunze, E. and T. B. Sanford. 1984. Observations of near-inertial waves in a front. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 566-581.
22. Kwon, Y.-O. and S. C. Riser. 2004. North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water: A history of ocean-atmosphere interaction 1961-2000. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL021116.
23. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams and S. C. Doney. 1994. Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.
24. Lombardo, C. P. and M. C. Gregg. 1989. Similarity scaling of viscous and thermal dissipation in a convecting surface boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6273-6284.
25. Lozier, M. S., W. B. Owens and R. G. Curry. 1995. The climatology of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 36, 1-44.
26. Marshall, J. 2005. CLIMODE: A mode water dynamics experiment in support of CLIVAR. U.S. Clivar Variations, 3, (2), 8-14.
27. McCartney, M. S. 1982. The subtropical recirculation of Mode Waters. J. Mar. Res., 40, 427-464.
28. Mied, R. P., C. Y. Shen, C. L. Trump and G. J. Lindermann. 1986. Internal inertial waves in a Sargasso Sea front. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1751-1762.
29. Mironov, D. V., V. M. Gryanik, C.-H. Moeng, D. J. Olbers and T. H. Warncke. 2000. Vertical turbulence structure and second-moment budgets in convection with rotation: A large-eddy simulation study. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 126, 477-515.
30. Niiler, P. P. and E. B. Kraus. 1977. One-dimensional models, in Modeling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean, E. B. Kraus, ed., Pergamon, NY, 143-172.
31. Oakey, N. S. and J. A. Elliott. 1977. Vertical temperature gradient structure across the Gulf Stream, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1369-1380.
32. Oakey, N. S. and J. A. Elliott. 1982. Dissipation within the surface mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 171-185.
33. Osborn, T. R. 1980. Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89.
34. Peng, G., E. P. Chassignet, Y.-O. Kwon and S. C. Riser. 2006. Investigation of variability of the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water using profiling float data and numerical model output. Ocean Model., 13, 65-85.
35. Polzin, K. L., E. Kunze, J. Hummon and E. Firing. 2002. The finescale response of lowered ADCP velocity profiles. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 19, 205-224.
36. Polzin, K. L., J. M. Toole and R. W. Schmitt. 1995. Finescale parameterizations of turbulent dissipation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 306-328.
37. Price, J., R. Weller and R. Pinkel. 1986. Diurnal cycling: observations and models of upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427.
38. Rainville, L. and R. Pinkel. 2004. Observations of energetic high-wavenumber internal waves in the Kuroshio. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1495-1505.
39. Shcherbina, A., L. D. Talley, E. Firing and P. Hacker. 2003. Near surface frontal zone trapping and deep upward propagation of internal wave energy in the Japan/East Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 900-912.
40. Stull, R. B. 1976. The energetics of entrainment across a density interface. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1260-1267.
41. Talley, L. D. and M. E. Raymer. 1982. Eighteen Degree Water variability. J. Mar. Res., 40, 757-777.
42. Winkel, D. P., M. C. Gregg and T. B. Sanford. 2002. Patterns of shear and turbulence across the Florida Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3269-3285.
43. Worthington, L. V. 1959. The 18° water in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 5, 297-305.
44. Worthington, L. V. 1976. On the North Atlantic Circulation, Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies, 6, 110 pp.