Pulmonary and nasal anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy inhalation aerosol delivery systems

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 215-229

  Wu, Xiao ^a   Adedoyin, Oreoluwa O ^a   Mansour, Heidi M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosol; Anti allergy; Anti cholinergics; Anti inflammatory; Antihistamines; Beta agonists; Corticosteroids; Decongestants; Long acting; Mast cell stabilizers; Nasal spray; Pulmonary drug delivery; Rhinitis; Short acting

Indexed keywords

ANTIALLERGIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; AZELASTINE; BECLOMETASONE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; BUDESONIDE PLUS FORMOTEROL; CICLESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; FLUNISOLIDE; FLUTICASONE; FLUTICASONE FUROATE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE PLUS SALMETEROL; FORMOTEROL; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE PLUS SALBUTAMOL SULFATE; MOMETASONE FUROATE; OLOPATADINE; OXYMETAZOLINE; PHENYLEPHRINE; PREDNISOLONE; SINEX; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; BLURRED VISION; BRONCHITIS; BRONCHOSPASM; BURNING SENSATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; COUGHING; DIZZINESS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRY NOSE; EMPHYSEMA; EPISTAXIS; EYE IRRITATION; HEART PALPITATION; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATION; INHALATION AEROSOL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; INSOMNIA; KERATITIS; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION; NERVOUSNESS; NOSE IRRITATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS; VERNAL KERATOCONJUCTIVITIS; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 79960570578     PISSN: 18715230     EISSN: 1875614X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1871523011109030215     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Myrdal, P.B.; Angersbach, B.S. Chapter 4, Pulmonary delivery of Drugs by Inhalation. In: Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology, Rathbone, M.J., Hadgraft, J., Roberts, M.S., Lane, M.E.; Eds. Informa Healthcare USA Inc.: New York, 2008, pp. 553-562.
2. Nichols, W.K. Respiratory Drugs. In: Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Gennaro, A.R., Marderosian, A.H.D., Hanson, G.R., Medwick, T., Popovich, N.G., Schnaare, R.L., Schwartz, J.B., White, H.S., Eds. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, 2000, pp. 1297-1303.
3. Abu-Dahab, R.; Schafer, U.F.; Lehr, C.M. Lectin-functionalized liposomes for pulmonary drug delivery: effect of nebulization on stability and bioadhesion. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2001, 14, 37-46.
4. Hickey, A.J.; Mansour, H.M. Chapter 5: Delivery of Drugs by the Pulmonary Route. In: Modern Pharmaceutics, Florence, A.T., Siepmann, J., Eds. Taylor and Francis, Inc.: New York, 2009, pp. 191-219.
5. Pilcer, G.; Amighi, K. Formulation strategy and use of excipients in pulmonary drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 2010, 392, 1-19.
6. Chrystyn, H.; Price, D. Not all asthma inhalers are the same: factors to consider when prescribing an inhaler. Prim. Care. Resp. J., 2009, 18, 243-249.
7. Nicolini, G.; Cremonesi, G.; Melani, A.S. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy with nebulized beclometasone dipropionate. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 23, 145-155.
8. Hickey, A.J.; Mansour, H.M. Chapter 43: Formulation Challenges of Powders for the Delivery of Small Molecular Weight Molecules as Aerosols. In: Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology, Rathbone, M.J., Hadgraft, J., Roberts, M. S., and Lane, M., Eds. Informa Healthcare: New York, 2008, pp. 573-602.
9. Newhouse, M.T.; Hirst, P.H.; Duddu, S.P.; Walter, Y.H.; Tarara, T.E.; Clark, A.R.; Weers, J.G. Inhalation of a Dry Powder Tobramycin PulmoSphere Formulation in Healthy Volunteers*. Chest, 2003, 124, 360-366.
10. Islam, N.; Gladki, E. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)--a review of device reliability and innovation. Int. J. Pharm., 2008, 360, 1-11.
11. [ASMANEX® TWISTHALER® Product Information. http://www.spfiles.com/piasmanex.pdf (Accessed April 23, 2010).
12. [AHFS Drug Information 2010. 1 ed.; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 2010.
13. Huynh, P.N.; Scott, L.G.; Kwong, K.Y.C. Long-term maintenance of pediatric asthma: focus on budesonide/formoterol inhalation aerosol. Ther. Clin. Risk Manage., 2010, 6, 65-75.
14. Zeidler, M.; Corren, J.; Tashkin, D.P. Use of mometasone furoate administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of asthma. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2010, 26, 1295-1305.
15. [MICROMEDEX® Healthcare series: DRUGDEX® Drug point: Budesonide/Formoterol http://www.thomsonhc.com/hcs/librarian/ND_T/HCS/ND_CPR/Therapeutic/ND_PR/Drugs/CS/EC2F02/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/360B2A/ND_PG/PRIH/ND_B/HCS/ND_P/Drugs/PFActionId/hcs.DrugsTherapeuticShowDP/hcs.drugs.DrugId/928556 (Accessed April 24, 2010).
16. Pinto-Plata, V.M.; Müllerova, H.; Toso, J.F.; Feudjo-Tepie, M.; Soriano, J.B.; Vessey, R.S.; Celli, B.R. C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers. Thorax., 2006, 61, 23-28.
17. [Ducharme, F.M.; Ni Chroinin, M.; Greenstone, I.; Lasserson, T.J. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4, CD005533.
18. Tohda, Y.; Nishima, S.; Arakawa, I.; Shiragami, M.; Miyamoto, T. Cost-effectiveness of salmeterol/fluticasone combination therapy vs. fluticasone propionate in Japanese asthmatic patients. Yakugaku Zasshi, 2010, 130, 593-603.
19. Kuo, L.Y.; Hung, C.H.; Tseng, H.I.; Wu, J.R.; Jong, Y.J.; Chu, Y.T. Effects of budesonide and fluticasone propionate in pediatric asthma patients. Pediatr. Neonatol., 2010, 51, 31-36.
20. Murphy, K.; Nelson, H.; Parasuraman, B.; Boggs, R.; Miller, C.; O'Dowd, L. The effect of budesonide and formoterol in one pressurized metered-dose inhaler on patient-reported outcomes in adults with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2008, 24, 879-894.
21. Katial, R.K.; Oppenheimer, J.J.; Ostrom, N.K.; Mosnaim, G.S.; Yancey, S.W.; Waitkus-Edwards, K.R.; Prillaman, B.A.; Ortega, H.G. Adding montelukast to fluticasone propionate/salmeterol for control of asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2010, 31, 68-75.
22. Berger, W.E.; Leflein, J.G.; Geller, D.E.; Parasuraman, B.; Miller, C.J.; O'Brien, C.D.; O'Dowd, L. The safety and clinical benefit of budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler versus budesonide alone in children. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2010, 31, 26-39.
23. Nino, G.; Grunstein, M.M. Current concepts on the use of glucocorticosteroids and beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists to treat childhood asthma. Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 2010, 22, 290-295.
24. QVAR® (beclomethasone dipropionate) HFA, Product information. http://www.qvar.com/Document/PrescribingInformation.pdf (Accessed April 24, 2010).
25. [Leach, C. Effect of formulation parameters on hydrofluoroalkanebeclomethasone dipropionate drug deposition in humans. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 1999, 104, s250-s252.
26. Lipworth, B.J.; Jackson, C.M. Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1999, 48, 866-868.
27. Pauwels, R.A.; Löfdahl, C.G.; Postma, D.S.; Tattersfield, A.E.; O'Byrne, P.; Barnes, P.J.; Ullman, A. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 337, 1405-1411.
28. Balanag, V.M.; Yunus, F.; Yang, P.C.; Jorup, C. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol compared with salbutamol in the treatment of acute asthma. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther., 2006, 19, 139-147.
29. Vogelmeier, C.; D'Urzo, A.; Pauwels, R.; Merino, J.M.; Jaspal, M.; Boutet, S.; Naya, I.; Price, D. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: an effective asthma treatment option? Eur. Respir. J., 2005, 26, 819-828.
30. [Symbicort® Prescribing information. http://www1.astrazenecaus.com/pi/symbicort.pdf (Accessed April 25).
31. [FLOVENT® HFA Prescribing information. http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_flovent_hfa.pdf (Accessed April 21, 2010).
32. Wilson, A.M.; Coutie, W.J.R.; Sims, E.J.; Lipworth, B.J. The skin vasoconstrictor assay does not correlate significantly to airway or systemic responsiveness to inhaled budesonide in asthmatic patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 58, 643-647.
33. Mckenzie, A.W.; Stoughton, R.B. Method for comparing percutaneous absorption of steroids. Arch. Dermatol. 1962, 86, 608-610.
34. Frois, C.; Wu, E.Q.; Ray, S.; Colice, G.L. Inhaled corticosteroids or long-acting [beta]-agonists alone or in fixed-dose combinations in asthma treatment: A systematic review of fluticasone/budesonide and formoterol/salmeterol. Clin. Ther., 2009, 31, 2779-2803.
35. [FLOVENT® DISKUS® prescribing information. http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_flovent.pdf (Accessed April 21, 2010).
36. Xu, Z.; Mansour, H.M.; Mulder, T.; McLean, R.; Langridge, J.; Hickey, A.J. Dry powder aerosols generated by standardized entrainment tubes from drug blends with lactose monohydrate: 2. Ipratropium bromide monohydrate and fluticasone propionate. J. Pharm. Sci., 2010, 10, 3415-3429.
37. [MICROMEDEX® Healthcare series: DRUGDEX® Drug point: Fluticasone Propionate/SalmeterolXinafoate http://www.thomsonhc.com/hcs/librarian/ND_T/HCS/ND_CPR/Therapeutic/ND_PR/Drugs/CS/EC2F02/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/360B2A/ND_PG/PRIH/ND_B/HCS/ND_P/Drugs/PFActionId/hcs.DrugsTherapeuticShowDP/hcs.drugs.DrugId/926175 (Accessed April 24, 2010).
38. [Advair® Diskus®: Complete Prescribing Information and Medication Guide http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_advair.pdf (Accessed April 28, 2010).
39. Rojas, R.A.; Paluga, I.; Goldfrad, C.H.; Duggan, M.T.; Barnes, N. Initiation of maintenance therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination therapy in moderate asthma: a comparison with fluticasone propionate. J. Asthma, 2007, 44, 437-441.
40. [ALVESCO® (Ciclesonide) inhalation aerosol-Highlights of prescribing information. http://www.alvesco.us/AlvescoPI.pdf (Accessed April 24, 2010).
41. Schaffner, T.J.; Skoner, D.P. Ciclesonide: a safe and effective inhaled corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma. J. Asthma Allergy, 2009, 2009, 25-32.
42. [ALVESCO® Once daily Ciclesonide product information. http://www.alvesco.com/en/Menu/About+alvesco/ (Accessed April 21, 2010).
43. Rohatagi, S.; Luo, Y.; Shen, L.; Guo, Z.; Schemm, C.; Huang, Y.; Chen, K.; David, M.; Nave, R.; King, S.P. Protein binding and its potential for eliciting minimal systemic side effects with a novel inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide. Am. J. Ther. 2005, 12, 201-209.
44. Derom, E.; Van De Velde, V.; Marissens, S.; Engelstatter, R.; Vincken, W.; Pauwels, R. Effects of inhaled ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate on cortisol secretion and airway responsiveness to adenosine 5' monophosphate in asthmatic patients. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005, 18, 328-336.
45. Niphadkar, P.; Jagannath, K.; Joshi, J.M.; Awad, N.; Boss, H.; Hellbardt, S.; Gadgil, D.A. Comparison of the efficacy of ciclesonide 160 microg QD and budesonide 200 microg BID in adults with persistent asthma: a phase III, randomized, doubledummy, open-label study. Clin. Ther. 2005, 27, 1752-1763.
46. Korenblat, P.E. Ciclesonide and the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2010, 11, 463-479.
47. AEROBID® AEROBID®-M (flunisolide) Inhaler system: Product prescribing information. http://www.frx.com/pi/aerobid_pi.pdf (Accessed April 29, 2010).
48. Tzou, T.-Z.; Schultz, R.K.; Ross, D.L. Flunisolide aerosol formulations. United States Patent 5776433, 1999.
49. Newman, S.P.; Steed, K.P.; Reader, S.J.; Hooper, G.; Zierenberg, B. Efficient delivery to the lungs of flunisolide aerosol from a new portable hand-held multidose nebulizer. J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 960-964.
50. Karpel, J. An easy-to-use dry-powder inhaler. Adv. Ther., 2000, 17, 282-286.
51. Tan, R.A.; Corren, J. Mometasone furoate in the management of asthma: a review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2008, 4, 1201-1208.
52. [Azmacort® (triamcinolone acetonide). http://www.rxabbott.com/pdf/azmacort.pdf (Accessed April 23, 2010).
53. Azmacort® (triamcinolone acetonide) Inhalation aerosol: Product Information. http://www.rxabbott.com/pdf/azmacort.pdf (Accessed April 29, 2010).
54. [Azmacort® (triamcinolone acetonide) Inhalation aerosol. http://www.azmacort.com/ (Accessed April 23, 2010).
55. MICROMEDEX® Healthcare series: DRUGDEX® Drug point:Cromolyn Sodium. http://www.thomsonhc.com/hcs/librarian/ND_T/HCS/ND_CPR/DrugIdentification/ND_PR/Drugs/CS/0CC3DE/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/E2CF1B/ND_PG/PRIH/ND_B/HCS/ND_P/Drugs/PFActionId/hcs.DrugsTherapeuticShowDP/hcs.drugs.DrugId/147598#secN104DB (Accessed April 24, 2010).
56. Xu, Z.; Mansour, H.M.; Mulder, T.; McLean, R.; Langridge, J.; Hickey, A.J. Dry powder aerosols generated by standardized entrainment tubes from drug blends with lactose monohydrate: 1. albuterol sulfate and disodium cromoglycate. J. Pharm. Sci., 2010, 99, 3398-3414.
57. [Intal® Inhaler Prescribing information. http://kingpharm.com/products/product_document.cfm?brand_name=Intal&product_specific_name=Inhaler&document_type_code=PI (Accessed April 28, 2010).
58. [Ipratropium bromide inhalation solution 0.02%. http://www.nephronpharm.com/pdf/IPB02_Pkg_Insert.pdf (Accessed April 25, 2010).
59. [MICROMEDEX® Healthcare series: DRUGDEX® Drug point:Ipratropium Bromide/Albuterol Sulfate http://www.thomsonhc.com/hcs/librarian/ND_T/HCS/ND_CPR/Therapeutic/ND_PR/Drugs/CS/EC2F02/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/360B2A/ND_PG/PRIH/ND_B/HCS/ND_P/Drugs/PFActionId/hcs.DrugsTherapeuticShowDP/hcs.drugs.DrugId/924054 (Accessed April 24, 2010).
60. [Combivent ® (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) Inhalation Aerosol prescribing information. http://bidocs.boehringeringelheim.com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet.ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/Prescribing+Information/PIs/Combivent+IA/combivent.pdf (Accessed April 28, 2010).
61. [MICROMEDEX® Healthcare series: DRUGDEX® Drug point:Tiotropium Bromide http://www.thomsonhc.com/hcs/librarian/ND_T/HCS/ND_CPR/Therapeutic/ND_PR/Drugs/CS/EC2F02/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/360B2A/ND_PG/PRIH/ND_B/HCS/ND_P/Drugs/PFActionId/hcs.DrugsTherapeuticShowDP/hcs.drugs.DrugId/927703 (Accessed April 24, 2010).
62. SPIRIVA® Handihaler® (tiotropium bromide inhalation powder) Capsules for respiratory inhalation: Highlights of Prescribing Information. http://bidocs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet.ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/Prescribing+Information/PIs/Spiriva/Spiriva.pdf (Accessed April 25, 2010).
63. [Spiriva HandiHaler (tiotropium bromide inhalation powder) prescribing information. http://www.spiriva.com/consumer/takingspiriva/spiriva-capsules-and-handihaler.jsp (Accessed April 25, 2010).
64. Thorsson, L.; Borga, O.; Edsbacker, S. Systemic availability of budesonide after nasal administration of three different formulations: pressurized aerosol, aqueous pump spray, and powder. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1999, 47, 619-624.
65. Chowdhury, B.A.; Meyer, R.J. Role of mometasone furoate nasal spray as an adjunct treatment of acute sinusitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2001, 108, 148-149.
66. Meltzer, E.O.; Charous, B.L.; Busse, W.W.; Zinreich, S.J.; Lorber, R.R.; Danzig, M.R. Added relief in the treatment of acute recurrent sinusitis with adjunctive mometasone furoate nasal spray. The Nasonex Sinusitis Group. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 2000, 106, 630-637.
67. Lund, V.J.; Black, J.H.; Szabo, L.Z.; Schrewelius, C.; Akerlund, A. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide aqueous nasal spray in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Rhinology, 2004, 42, 57-62.
68. Giger, R.; Pasche, P.; Cheseaux, C.; Cantini, L.; Rossetti, A.; Landis, B.N.; Lacroix, J.S. Comparison of once-versus twice-daily use of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of allergic and non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 2003, 260, 135-140.
69. Nayak, A.S.; Settipane, G.A.; Pedinoff, A.; Charous, B.L.; Meltzer, E.O.; Busse, W.W.; Zinreich, S.J.; Lorber, R.R.; Rikken, G.; Danzig, M.R. Effective dose range of mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Ann. Allergy. Asthma Immunol., 2002, 89, 271-278.
70. Parikh, A.; Scadding, G.K.; Darby, Y.; Baker, R.C. Topical corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial using fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. Rhinology, 2001, 39, 75-79.
71. McCormack, P.L.; Scott, L.J. Fluticasone furoate: intranasal use in allergic rhinitis. Drugs, 2007, 67, 1905-1915.
72. Kaiser, H.B.; Naclerio, R.M.; Given, J.; Toler, T.N.; Ellsworth, A.; Philpot, E.E. Fluticasone furoate nasal spray: a single treatment option for the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007, 119, 1430-1437.
73. Lee, C.; Corren, J. Review of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2007, 8, 701-709.
74. Ratner, P.H.; Wingertzahn, M.A.; van Bavel, J.H.; Hampel, F.; Darken, P.F.; Shah, T. Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 118, 1142-1148.
75. Lund, V.J.; Grouin, J.M.; Eccles, R.; Bouter, C.; Chabolle, F. Efficacy of fusafungine in acute rhinopharyngitis: a pooled analysis. Rhinology, 2004, 42, 207-212.
76. Kita, H.; Jorgensen, R.K.; Reed, C.E.; Dunnette, S.L.; Swanson, M.C.; Bartemes, K.R.; Squillace, D.; Blomgren, J.; Bachman, K.; Gleich, G.J. Mechanism of topical glucocorticoid treatment of hay fever: IL-5 and eosinophil activation during natural allergen exposure are suppressed, but IL-4, IL-6, and IgE antibody production are unaffected. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2000, 106, 521-529.
77. Durham, S.R. The inflammatory nature of allergic disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1998, 28 (Suppl 6), 20-24.
78. Barnes, M.L.; Biallosterski, B.T.; Fujihara, S.; Gray, R.D.; Fardon, T.C.; Lipworth, B.J. Effects of intranasal corticosteroid on nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge in persistent allergic rhinitis. Allergy, 2006, 61, 1319-1325.
79. Kakumanu, S.S.; Mende, C.N.; Lehman, E.B.; Hughes, K.; Craig, T.J. Effect of topical nasal corticosteroids on patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and rhinitis. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc., 2003, 103, 423-427.
80. Scadding, G.K. Corticosteroids in the treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2001, 108, S59-S64.
81. Szefler, S.J. Pharmacokinetics of intranasal corticosteroids. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 2001, 108, S26-S31.
82. Berlin, J.M.; Golden, S.J.; Teets, S.; Lehman, E.B.; Lucas, T.; Craig, T.J. Efficacy of a steroid nasal spray compared with an antihistamine nasal spray in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc., 2000, 100, S8-S13.
83. Scadding, G.K. Other anti-inflammatory uses of intranasal corticosteroids in upper respiratory inflammatory diseases. Allergy, 2000, 55, 19-23.
84. Holm, A.F.; Godthelp, T.; Fokkens, W.J.; Severijnen, E.A.; Mulder, P.G.; Vroom, T.M.; Rijntjes, E. Long-term effects of corticosteroid nasal spray on nasal inflammatory cells in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1999, 29, 1356-1366.
85. Kondo, H.; Nachtigal, D.; Frenkiel, S.; Schotman, E.; Hamid, Q. Effect of steroids on nasal inflammatory cells and cytokine profile. Laryngoscope, 1999, 109, 91-97.
86. Nouri-Aria, K.T.; Masuyama, K.; Jacobson, M.R.; Rak, S.; Lowhagen, O.; Schotman, E.; Hamid, Q.; Durham, S. Granulocyte/ macrophage-colony stimulating factor in allergen-induced rhinitis: cellular localization, relation to tissue eosinophilia and influence of topical corticosteroid. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1998, 117, 248-254.
87. Masuyama, K.; Till, S.J.; Jacobson, M.R.; Kamil, A.; Cameron, L.; Juliusson, S.; Lowhagen, O.; Kay, A.B.; Hamid, Q.A.; Durham, S.R. Nasal eosinophilia and IL-5 mRNA expression in seasonal allergic rhinitis induced by natural allergen exposure: effect of topical corticosteroids. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1998, 102, 610-617.
88. Cameron, L.A.; Durham, S.R.; Jacobson, M.R.; Masuyama, K.; Juliusson, S.; Gould, H.J.; Lowhagen, O.; Minshall, E.M.; Hamid, Q.A. Expression of IL-4, Cepsilon RNA, and Iepsilon RNA in the nasal mucosa of patients with seasonal rhinitis: effect of topical corticosteroids. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1998, 101, 330-336.
89. Blom, H.M.; Godthelp, T.; Fokkens, W.J.; KleinJan, A.; Mulder, P.G.; Rijntjes, E. The effect of nasal steroid aqueous spray on nasal complaint scores and cellular infiltrates in the nasal mucosa of patients with nonallergic, noninfectious perennial rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1997, 100, 739-747.
90. Laberge, S.; Durham, S.R.; Ghaffar, O.; Rak, S.; Center, D.M.; Jacobson, M.; Hamid, Q. Expression of IL-16 in allergen-induced late-phase nasal responses and relation to topical glucocorticosteroid treatment. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 1997, 100, 569-574.
91. Wingertzahn, M.A.; Derebery, M.J.; Nelson, H.S. Optimization of intranasal corticosteroid formulations for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2007, 28, S18-S24.
92. Meltzer, E.O. Formulation considerations of intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2007, 98, 12-21.
93. Kaliner, M.A. Azelastine and olopatadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2009, 103, 373-380.
94. Bernstein, J.A. Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2007, 23, 2441-2452.
95. Horak, F. Effectiveness of twice daily azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2008, 4, 1009-1022.
96. Meltzer, E.O.; Garadi, R.; Laforce, C.; Chadwick, S.J.; Berger, W.E.; Gross, G.; Edwards, M.R.; Crenshaw, K.; Wall, G.M. Comparative study of sensory attributes of two antihistamine nasal sprays: olopatadine 0.6% and azelastine 0.1%. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2008, 29, 659-668.
97. Lieberman, P. Management of allergic rhinitis with a combination antihistamine/anti-inflammatory agent. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1999, 103, S400-S404.
98. Daley-Yates, P.T.; Price, A.C.; Sisson, J.R.; Pereira, A.; Dallow, N. Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 51, 400-409.
99. Dockhorn, R.; Aaronson, D.; Bronsky, E.; Chervinsky, P.; Cohen, R.; Ehtessabian, R.; Finn, A.; Grossman, J.; Howland, W.; Kaiser, H.; Pearlman, D.; Sublett, J.; Ratner, P.; Settipane, G.; Sim, T.; Storms, W.; Webb, R.; Drda, K.; Wood, C. Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1999, 82, 349-359.
100. Newson-Smith, G.; Powell, M.; Baehre, M.; Garnham, S.P.; MacMahon, M.T. A placebo controlled study comparing the efficacy of intranasal azelastine and beclomethasone in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 1997, 254, 236-241.
101. [Chervinsky, P. Clinical review of once-daily beclomethasone dipropionate for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Ther., 1996, 18, 790-796; discussion 789.
102. Prenner, B.M.; Chervinsky, P.; Hampel, F.C., Jr.; Howland, W.C.; Lawrence, M.; Meltzer, E.O.; Munk, Z.M.; Ratner, P.H.; Seltzer, J.M.; Settipane, G.A.; Lorber, R.R.; Harrison, J.E. Double-strength beclomethasone dipropionate (84 micrograms/spray) aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 1996, 98, 302-328.
103. Selner, J.C.; Weber, R.W.; Richmond, G.W.; Stricker, W.E.; Norton, J.D. Onset of action of aqueous beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Ther., 1995, 17, 1099-1109.
104. Stanaland, B.E. Once-daily budesonide aqueous nasal spray for allergic rhinitis: a review. Clin. Ther., 2004, 26, 473-492.
105. Ciprandi, G.; Tosca, M.A.; Cirillo, I.; Vizzaccaro, A. The effect of budesonide on the cytokine pattern in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2003, 91, 467-471.
106. Jankowski, R.; Schrewelius, C.; Bonfils, P.; Saban, Y.; Gilain, L.; Prades, J.M.; Strunski, V. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide aqueous nasal spray treatment in patients with nasal polyps. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2001, 127, 447-452.
107. Andersson, M.; Svensson, C.; Persson, C.; Akerlund, A.; Greiff, L. Dose-dependent effects of budesonide aqueous nasal spray on symptoms in a daily nasal allergen challenge model. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2000, 85, 279-283.
108. Dhillon, S.; Wagstaff, A.J. Ciclesonide nasal spray: in allergic rhinitis. Drugs, 2008, 68, 875-883.
109. Schmidt, B.M.; Timmer, W.; Georgens, A.C.; Hilt, M.; Mattinger, C.; Wurst, W.; Hormann, K.; Wehling, M. The new topical steroid ciclesonide is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1999, 39, 1062-1069.
110. Ratner, P.H.; Wingertzahn, M.A.; van Bavel, J.H.; Hampel, F.; Darken, P.F.; Hellbardt, S.; Brookman, S.; Shah, T. Effectiveness of ciclesonide nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2006, 97, 657-663.
111. Goyal, N.; Hochhaus, G. Fluticasone furoate nasal spray in allergic rhinitis. Drugs Today (Barc), 2008, 44, 251-260.
112. Scadding, G.K.; Keith, P.K. Fluticasone furoate nasal spray consistently and significantly improves both the nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a review of the clinical data. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2008, 9, 2707-2715.
113. Nathan, R.A.; Yancey, S.W.; Waitkus-Edwards, K.; Prillaman, B.A.; Stauffer, J.L.; Philpot, E.; Dorinsky, P.M.; Nelson, H.S. Fluticasone propionate nasal spray is superior to montelukast for allergic rhinitis while neither affects overall asthma control. Chest, 2005, 128, 1910-1920.
114. Ratner, P.H.; Howland, W.C., 3rd; Jacobs, R.L.; Reed, K.D.; Goode-Sellers, S.T.; Prillaman, B.A.; Philpot, E.E.; Cook, C.K. Relief of sinus pain and pressure with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray: a placebo-controlled trial in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2002, 23, 259-263.
115. Kleinjan, A.; Holm, A.F.; Dijkstra, M.D.; Boks, S.S.; Severijnen, L.; Mulder, P.G.; Fokkens, W.J. Preventive treatment of intranasal fluticasone propionate reduces cytokine mRNA expressing cells before and during a single nasal allergen provocation. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2000, 30, 1476-1485.
116. Hochhaus, G. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of mometasone furoate nasal spray: potential effects on clinical safety and efficacy. Clin. Ther., 2008, 30, 1-13.
117. Bachert, C.; Meltzer, E.O. Effect of mometasone furoate nasal spray on quality of life of patients with acute rhinosinusitis. Rhinology, 2007, 45, 190-196.
118. Schenkel, E. Features of mometasone furoate nasal spray and its utility in the management of allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2003, 4, 1579-1591.
119. Gawchik, S.; Goldstein, S.; Prenner, B.; John, A. Relief of cough and nasal symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis by mometasone furoate nasal spray. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2003, 90, 416-421.
120. Frieri, M.; Therattil, J.; Chavarria, V.; Cosachov, J.; Kumar, N.S.; Wang, S.F.; Sansone, G.; Etzel, J.; Dellevecchia, D.; Zitt, M.; Mesarina-Wicki, B.; Nolop, K.B. Effect of mometasone furoate on early and late phase inflammation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1998, 81, 431-437.
121. Weinstein, S.; Qaqundah, P.; Georges, G.; Nayak, A. Efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with an open-label extension. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2009, 102, 339-347.
122. Meltzer, E.O.; Gallet, C.L.; Jalowayski, A.A.; Garcia, J.; Diener, P.; Liao, Y.; Georges, G. Triamcinolone acetonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays significantly improve nasal airflow in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2004, 25, 53-58.
123. Berger, W.E.; Kaiser, H.; Gawchik, S.M.; Tillinghast, J.; Woodworth, T.H.; Dupclay, L.; Georges, G.C. Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray and fluticasone propionate are equally effective for relief of nasal symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2003, 129, 16-23.
124. Condemi, J.; Schulz, R.; Lim, J. Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray versus loratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: efficacy and quality of life. Ann. Allergy. Asthma Immunol., 2000, 84, 533-538.
125. Small, P.; Houle, P.A.; Day, J.H.; Briscoe, M.; Gold, M.; Brodarec, I.; Ham Pong, A.; Mandl, M.; Spenard, J.; Phillips, R.; Furlan, M. A comparison of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol spray and fluticasone propionate aqueous solution spray in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1997, 100, 592-595.
126. Lieberman, P.L.; Settipane, R.A. Azelastine nasal spray: a review of pharmacology and clinical efficacy in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2003, 24, 95-105.
127. Shah, S.R.; Nayak, A.; Ratner, P.; Roland, P.; Michael Wall, G. Effects of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray 0.6% in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled study in adolescents and adults. Clin. Ther. 2009, 31, 99-107.
128. Doty, R.L.; Mishra, A. Olfaction and its alteration by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope, 2001, 111, 409-423.
129. [Fireman, P. Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of common upper respiratory diseases. Pharmacotherapy, 1993, 13, 101S-109S; discussion 143S-146S.
130. [Hendeles, L. Selecting a decongestant. Pharmacotherapy, 1993, 13, 129S-134S; discussion 143S-146S.
131. Varghese, M.; Glaum, M.C.; Lockey, R.F. Drug-induced rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2010, 40, 381-384.
132. Borts, M.R.; Druce, H.M. The use of intranasal anticholinergic agents in the treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1992, 90, 1065-1070.
133. Sung, J.C.; Garcia-Contreras, L.; VerBerkmoes, J.L.; Peloquin, C.A.; Elbert, K.J.; Hickey, A.J.; Edwards, D.A. Dry Powder Nitroimidazopyran Antibiotic PA-824 Aerosol for Inhalation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, 53, 1338-1343.
134. Padilla-Carlin, D.J.; McMurray, D.N.; Hickey, A.J. The guinea pig as a model of infectious diseases. Comp. Med., 2008, 58, 324-340.
135. Fiegel, J.; Garcia-Contreras, L.; Thomas, M.; VerBerkmoes, J.; Elbert, K.; Hickey, A.; Edwards, D. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a dry powder for inhalation of capreomycin. Pharm. Res., 2008, 25, 805-811.
136. Dockhorn, R.; Grossman, J.; Posner, M.; Zinny, M.; Tinkleman, D. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of ipratropium bromide nasal spray versus placebo in patients with the common cold. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1992, 90, 1076-1082.
137. Sur, D.K.; Scandale, S. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am. Fam. Physician, 2010, 81, 1440-1446.
138. Lange, B.; Lukat, K.F.; Rettig, K.; Holtappels, G.; Bachert, C. Efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability of mometasone furoate, levocabastine, and disodium cromoglycate nasal sprays in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2005, 95, 272-282.
139. Meltzer, E.O. Efficacy and patient satisfaction with cromolyn sodium nasal solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled study. Clin. Ther., 2002, 24, 942-952.
140. el Naggar, M.; Kale, S.; Aldren, C.; Martin, F. Effect of Beconase nasal spray on olfactory function in post-nasal polypectomy patients: a prospective controlled trial. J. Laryngol. Otol., 1995, 109, 941-944.
141. [Rhinocort Aqua® Nasal Spray Package Insert (Astrazeneca). http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Rhinocort_Aqua.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
142. Creticos, P.; Fireman, P.; Settipane, G.; Bernstein, D.; Casale, T.; Schwartz, H. Intranasal budesonide aqueous pump spray (Rhinocort Aqua) for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Rhinocort Aqua Study Group. Allergy Asthma Proc., 1998, 19, 285-294.
143. [Omnaris® Nasal Spray Package Insert (Sepracor Inc.). http://www.omnaris.com/OMNARIS-Prescribing-Information.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
144. [Veramyst® Nasal Spray Package Insert (GlaxoSmithKline). http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_veramyst_pil.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
145. [Flonase® Nasal Spray Package Insert (GlaxoSmithKline). http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_flonase.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
146. Bonsmann, U.; Bachert, C.; Delank, K.W.; Rohdewald, P. Presence of fluticasone propionate on human nasal mucosal surface and in human nasal tissue over a period of 24 h after intranasal application. Allergy, 2001, 56, 532-535.
147. Holm, A.; Dijkstra, M.; Kleinjan, A.; Severijnen, L.A.; Boks, S.; Mulder, P.; Fokkens, W. Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray reduces inflammatory cells in unchallenged allergic nasal mucosa: effects of single allergen challenge. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2001, 107, 627-633.
148. Meltzer, E.O.; Rickard, K.A.; Westlund, R.E.; Cook, C.K. Onset of therapeutic effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2001, 86, 286-291.
149. [Nasonex® Nasal Spray Package Insert (Schering Corporation). http://www.spfiles.com/pinasonex.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
150. Bronsky, E.A.; Aaronson, D.W.; Berkowitz, R.B.; Chervinsky, P.; Graft, D.; Kaiser, H.B.; Moss, B.; Nathan, R.A.; Pearlman, D.S.; Ratner, P.H.; Adelglass, J.M.; Southern, D.L.; van Bavel, J.; Hampel, F.; Stricker, W.E.; Fourre, J.A.; Cuss, F.M.; Nolop, K.B. Dose ranging study of mometasone furoate (Nasonex) in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1997, 79, 51-56.
151. Berkowitz, R.B.; Roberson, S.; Zora, J.; Capano, D.; Chen, R.; Lutz, C.; Harris, A.G. Mometasone furoate nasal spray is rapidly effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in an outdoor (park), acute exposure setting. Allergy Asthma Proc., 1999, 20, 167-172.
152. Minshall, E.; Ghaffar, O.; Cameron, L.; O'Brien, F.; Quinn, H.; Rowe-Jones, J.; Davies, R.J.; Prior, A.; Lund, V.J.; Mackay, I.S.; Nolop, K.; Lutsky, B.; Durham, S.R.; Hamid, Q. Assessment by nasal biopsy of long-term use of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 1998, 118, 648-654.
153. Mandl, M.; Nolop, K.; Lutsky, B.N. Comparison of once daily mometasone furoate (Nasonex) and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays for the treatment of perennial rhinitis. 194-079 Study Group. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1997, 79, 370-378.
154. Ratner, P.H.; Meltzer, E.O.; Teper, A. Mometasone furoate nasal spray is safe and effective for 1-year treatment of children with perennial allergic rhinitis. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 2009, 73(5), 651-657.
155. Dibildox, J. Safety and efficacy of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in children with allergic rhinitis: results of recent clinical trials. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2001, 108, S54-S58.
156. Meltzer, E.O.; Berger, W.E.; Berkowitz, R.B.; Bronsky, E.A.; Dvorin, D.J.; Finn, A.F.; Galant, S.P.; Grossman, J.; Hampel, F.C.; Ratner, P.H.; Ruff, M.E.; Schenkel, E.J.; Segal, A.T.; Segall, N.; Stewart, G.E., 2nd; Tripathy, I.; Skoner, D.P.; Anolik, R.; Dockhorn, R.J.; van Bavel, J.; Mesarina-Wicki, B.; Nolop, K. A dose-ranging study of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1999, 104, 107-114.
157. Brannan, M.D.; Herron, J.M.; Affrime, M.B. Safety and tolerability of once-daily mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in children. Clin. Ther., 1997, 19, 1330-1339.
158. Stjarne, P.; Olsson, P.; Alenius, M. Use of mometasone furoate to prevent polyp relapse after endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2009, 135, 296-302.
159. Stjarne, P.; Mosges, R.; Jorissen, M.; Passali, D.; Bellussi, L.; Staudinger, H.; Danzig, M. A randomized controlled trial of mometasone furoate nasal spray for the treatment of nasal polyposis. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2006, 132, 179-185.
160. Nasacort AQ Nasal Spray Package Insert (Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC). http://products.sanofi-aventis.us/Nasacort_AQ/nasacortaq.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
161. [Astepro® Nasal Spray Package Insert (Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.). http://www.astepro.com/pdf/15percentPI.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).
162. Mosges, R.; Klimek, L. Azelastine reduces mediators of inflammation in patients with nasal polyps. Allergy Asthma Proc., 1998, 19, 379-383.
163. Laustsen, G.; Carrillo, F.; Johnson, J.; Smith, C. Drug approvals: '08 in review. Olopatadine hydrochloride (Patanase) nasal spray. Nurse Pract., 2009, 34, 29.
164. Patanase® Nasal Spray Package Insert (Alcon laboratories, Inc.). http://ecatalog.alcon.com/PI/Patanase_us_en.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2010).