Zolpidem withdrawal delirium, seizure, and acute psychosis: Case reports and literature review

Journal of Substance Use

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 330-338

  Chien, Chia Chang ^a   Huanga, Hsien Te ^a   Lung, For Wey ^a   Lin, Chi Hung ^a  

^a KAOHSIUNG ARMED FORCES GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Benzodiazepines; BZ1 ( 1) receptor; GABAA receptor; Orofacial dyskinesia; Seizure; Withdrawal delirium; Zolpidem

Indexed keywords

LORAZEPAM; OLANZAPINE; PAROXETINE; ZOLPIDEM;

ADJUSTMENT DISORDER; ADULT; AGITATION; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; BORDERLINE STATE; CHEST TIGHTNESS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONFUSION; CONVULSION; DELIRIUM; DEPRESSION; DIZZINESS; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DETOXIFICATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSKINESIA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; FEMALE; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; NAUSEA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SUICIDE; TACHYCARDIA; VOMITING; WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 79960519026     PISSN: 14659891     EISSN: 14759942     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/14659890903013067     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Adamowicz, P., & Kala, M. (2005). Date-rape drugs scene in Poland. Przegl Lek, 62, 572-575.
2. Aragona, M. (2000). Abuse, dependence, and epileptic seizures after zolpidem withdrawal: Review and case report. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 23(5), 281-283. (Pubitemid 32015638)
3. Arbilla, S., Allen, J., Wick, A., & Langer, S. Z. (1986). High affinity [3H]zolpidem binding in the rat brain: An imidazopyridine with agonist properties at central benzodiazepine receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology, 130, 257-263. (Pubitemid 17193211)
4. Arbilla, S., Depoortere, H., George, P., & Langer, S. Z. (1985). Pharmacological profile of the imidazopyridine zolpidem at benzodiazepine receptors and electrocorticogram in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology, 330, 248-251. (Pubitemid 15003586)
5. Balíková, M. (2005). Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. Plausibility of interpretation. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacký, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia Republication, 149, 199-207.
6. Barrero-Hernandez, F. J., Ruiz-Veguilla, M., Lopez-Lopez, M. I., Casado-Torres, A. (2002). Epileptic seizures as a sign of abstinence from chronic consumption of zolpidem. Reviews in Neurology, 34, 253-256. (Pubitemid 34664460)
7. Bishnoi, M., Chopra, K., & Kulkarni, S. K. (2007). Possible anti-oxidant and neuroprotective mechanism of zolpidem in attenuating typical anti-psychotic induced orofacial dyskinesia: a biochemical and neurochemical study. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30, 1130-1138. (Pubitemid 46810111)
8. Boettger, S., & Breitbart, W. (2005). Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: A review of the empirical literature. Palliative Support Care, 3, 227-237.
9. Boulanger-Rostowsky, L., Fayet, H., Benmoussa, N., & Ferrandi, J. (2004). Dependence on zolpidem: A report of two cases. Encephale, 30, 153-155. (Pubitemid 38647747)
10. Cubala, W. J., & Landowski, J. (2006). Seizure following sudden zolpidem withdrawal. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2, 539-540. (Pubitemid 46209407)
11. Depoortere, H., Zivkovic, B., Lloyd, K. G., Sanger, D. J., Perrault, G., Langer, S. Z., & Bartholini, G. (1986). Zolpidem, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. I. Neuropharmacological and behavioral effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, 237, 649-658. (Pubitemid 16092830)
12. Druid, H., Holmgren, P., & Ahlner, J. (2001). Flunitrazepam: an evaluation of use, abuse and toxicity. Forensic Science International, 122(2-3), 136-141. (Pubitemid 32979236)
13. Goa, K. L., & Heel, R. C. (1986). Zopiclone. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmakinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy as a hypnotic. Drugs, 32, 48-65. (Pubitemid 16093297)
14. Griffiths, R. R., Sannerud, C. A., Ator, N. A., & Brady, J. V. (1992). Zolpidem behavioral pharmacology in baboons: Self-injection, discrimination, tolerance and withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, 260, 1199-1208.
15. Jansen, K. L., & Theron, L. (2006). Ecstasy (MDMA), methamphetamine, and date rape (drug-facilitated sexual assault): A consideration of the issues. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38, 1-12.
16. Lader, M. (1992). Rebound insomnia and newer hypnotics. Psychopharmacology, 108, 248-255.
17. Langer, S. Z., & Arbilla, S. (1988a). Imidazopyridines as a tool for the characterization of benzodiazepine receptors: A proposal for a pharmacological classification as omega receptor subtypes. Pharmacological and Biochemical Behaviour, 29, 763-766. (Pubitemid 19260922)
18. Langer, S. Z., & Arbilla, S. (1988b). Limitations of the benzodiazepine receptor nomenclature: A proposal for a pharmacological classification as omega receptor subtypes. Fundamental Clinical Pharmacology, 2(3), 159-170.
19. Langtry, H. D., & Benfield, P. (1990). Zolpidem. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs, 40, 291-313.
20. Leppik, I. E., Roth-Schecter, G. B., & Gray, G. W. (1997). Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of zolpidem, triazolam, and tremazepam in elderly patients with insomnia. Drug and Development Research, 40, 230-238. (Pubitemid 27334335)
21. Liappas, I. A., Malitas, P. N., Dimopoulos, N. P., Gitsa, O. E., Liappas, A. I., Nikolaou, C. K., & Christodoulou, G. N. (2003). Zolpidem dependence case series: Possible neurobiological mechanisms and clinical management. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 17, 131-135. (Pubitemid 36373152)
22. Markowitz, J. S., & Brewerton, T. D. (1996). Zolpidem-induced psychosis. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 8(2), 89-91. (Pubitemid 26248474)
23. Mariani, J. J., & Levin, F. R. (2007). Quetiapine treatment of zolpidem dependence. American Journal of Addiction, 16, 426. (Pubitemid 47450760)
24. McGeown, P., & Helliwell, D. (2006). Treating BZD dependency. Available at: http://216.55.99.51/clinical/drug&alcohol/drug&alcoho3585. html Accessed 3 December 2008.
25. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2006). Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk
26. Perrault, G., Morel, E., Sanger, D. J., & Zivkovic, B. (1990). Differences in pharmacological profiles of a new generation of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. European Journal of Pharmacology, 187, 487-494. (Pubitemid 20357499)
27. Pitner, J. K., Gardner, M., Neville, M., & Mintzer, J. (1997). Zolpidem-induced psychosis in an older woman. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 533-534.
28. Rappa, L. R., Larose-Pierre, M., Payne, D. R., Eraikhuemen, N. E., Lanes, D. M., & Kearson, M. L. (2004). Detoxification from high-dose zolpidem using diazepam. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38, 590-594. (Pubitemid 38352219)
29. Sanger, D. J., Benavides, J., Perrault, G., Morel, E., Cohen, C., Joly, D., & Zivkovic, B. (1994). Recent developments in the behavioral pharmacology of benzodiazepine (omega) receptors: Evidence for the functional significance of receptor subtypes. Neuroscience and Biobehaviour Review, 18, 355-372. (Pubitemid 24258708)
30. Sanger, D. J., Morel, E., & Perrault, G. (1996). Comparison of the pharmacological profiles of the hypnotic drugs, zaleplon and zolpidem. European Journal of Pharmacology, 313, 35-42. (Pubitemid 26342203)
31. Sanger, D. J., & Zivkovic, B. (1988). Further behavioural evidence for the selective sedative action of zolpidem. Neuropharmacology, 27, 1125-1130. (Pubitemid 18261175)
32. Schwartz, T. L., & Masand, P. S. (2002). The role of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics, 43(3), 171-174. (Pubitemid 34522526)
33. Schwartz, R. H., Milteer, R., & LeBeau, M. A. (2000). Drug-facilitated sexual assault (date rape). Southern Medical Journal, 93, 558-561. (Pubitemid 34263224)
34. Sethi, P. K., & Khandelwal, D. C. (2005). Zolpidem at supratherapeutic doses can cause drug abuse, dependence and withdrawal seizure. Journal of the Association of Physicians India, 53, 139-140. (Pubitemid 41280119)
35. Sharan, P., Bharadwaj, R., Grover, S., Padhy, S. K., Kumar, V., & Singh, J. (2007). Dependence syndrome and intoxication delirium associated with zolpidem. National Medical Journal of India, 20(4), 180-181.
36. Treiman, D. M. (2001). GABAergic mechanisms in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 42(Suppl. 3), 8-12. (Pubitemid 32781374)
37. Tripodianakis, J., Potagas, C., Papageorgiou, P., Lazaridou, M., & Matikas, N. (2003). Zolpidem-related epileptic seizures: a case report. European Psychiatry, 18(3), 140-141. (Pubitemid 36644318)
38. Van Puijenbroek, E. P., Egberts, A. C., & Krom, H. J. (1996). Visual hallucinations and amnesia associated with the use of zolpidem. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy, 34(7), 318. (Pubitemid 26235421)
39. Woods, J. H., Katz, J. L., & Winger, G. (1992). Benzodiazepines: Use, abuse and consequences. Pharmacological Review, 44, 151-347.